本篇論文寫作的主軸，是藉由觀察與分析2003年國家杜馬選舉，以及2004年俄羅斯總統大選，並輔以杜弗傑選舉法則(Duverger’s electoral laws)和薩托里(Giovanni Sartori)的政黨體系理論，來檢視目前俄羅斯政黨政治發展的近況。 首先，筆者針對眾家學者對於政黨的角色、功能等定義予以陳述，之後再探討政黨體系與選舉制度之間的關係。在分析政黨體系之類型時，筆者從杜弗傑和薩托里等兩位學者的政黨理論來進行論述，之後再詳細地對於杜弗傑選舉法則的效果加以探討。另一方面，筆者也簡單敘述俄羅斯政黨政治的起源與發展過程，並嘗試交待俄羅斯政黨政治的發展脈絡，最後再針對俄羅斯獨特的混合選舉制度加以介紹，並淺析該制度對於政黨體系發展的影響。 再者，筆者介紹俄羅斯聯邦國家杜馬選舉。首先，針對俄羅斯國家杜馬之地位、功能與權責等方面作一簡單介紹。之後，再對於1993、1995、1999年等三次歷屆國家杜馬選舉結果予以陳述分析，以期使讀者能更瞭解歷年俄羅斯國家杜馬選舉對於政黨政治的影響脈絡。接下來，將直接進入介紹本章的主角，即2003年國家杜馬選舉。在陳述2003年國家杜馬選舉結果之後，筆者開始分析國家杜馬選舉結果之影響，例如對俄羅斯民主化發展、政黨體系的發展等。 最後，藉由研究2004年總統大選之過程與結果，筆者分析該次選舉對於現今俄羅斯聯邦政黨體系與民主化發展的影響。在第四章的前半部，筆者先針對俄羅斯聯邦總統制的起源、總統在憲法上的地位、權責、產生與罷免相關方面的辦法作簡易敘述。之後再針對1991、1996、2000年等三次總統選舉作歷史回顧，並期望在瞭解這三次選舉所衍生的脈絡之後，能更方便於分析2004年俄羅斯總統大選。在文章的後半段，筆者介紹與分析2004年俄羅斯總統選舉的過程、結果與其影響。同時，針對俄羅斯聯邦總統選舉辦法之修正，提出具體的意見。 / Basically, the theme of this thesis focuses on the political party formation and election observation in the Russian Federation. In order to examine Russia’s political party system, the author observes and analyzes Russia’s Duma election in 2003, and the presidential election in 2004, in terms of Maurice Duverger’s electoral laws and Giovanni Sartori’s theory on party system. First of all, the author discusses the roles and functions of political parties, and then explores the interactions between party system and electoral design. By introducing the mixed electoral design, the author examines it’s unique impact on Russia’s political party system. Secondly, four State Duma elections, which were held in 1993, 1995, 1999 and 2003 respectively, are analyzed in the context of Russia’s political party formation. After discussing the jurisdiction, function, and the previous electoral results of the State Duma, the author explores the major impact of the 2003 Duma election on the development of Russia’s political party system and democratization . Finally, the author also explores the constraints of presidential elections on Russia’s party system. With a detailed discussion about the origin and authority of Russian presidency and a historical review on the 1991, 1996 and 2000 Russian presidential elections, the author analyzes the result of the 2004 Russian presidential election and its implications for Russia’s political development in years to come.

The aim of this thesis is to indicate positive and negative impacts of tourism on the environment and to emphasize the importance of sustainable tourism development. The thesis analyses prerequisite of the Russian Federation for the development of alternative forms of sustainable tourism. In the theoretic part are characterized geographical, sociodemografical and environmental conditions as well as current situation of tourism and sustainable tourism in the Russian Federation. The main gain of the thesis is the identification of threats and opportunities in the development of sustainable tourism in the Russian Federation.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-12T17:50:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Fernando Mocelin Sperancete.pdf: 1912400 bytes, checksum: bd77f6a56f2773ce6b0c97f2867f7449 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-12T17:50:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Fernando Mocelin Sperancete.pdf: 1912400 bytes, checksum: bd77f6a56f2773ce6b0c97f2867f7449 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-19 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This work has as objective contribute to the study of the Russian Federation during the long period in which Vladimir Putin is in the Kremlin’s command (2000-2016), and analyze the main aspects of the correction of direction that the Russian leader has been promoting on the political, economic and social course of the country. To this end, references are made to the selected theoretical aspects from “political realism”, having as key-authors Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz and Nicolau Maquiavel, and to the aspects of historical and social of the Russian’s national identity formation after the 1917’s October Revolution / Este trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para o estudo da Federação Russa durante o longo período em que Vladimir Putin está no comando do Kremlin (2000-2016), e analisar os principais aspectos da correção de rumos que o líder russo vem promovendo no curso político, econômico e social do país. Para tanto, faz-se referência aos aspectos teóricos selecionados do “realismo político”, tendo como autores-chave Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz e Nicolau Maquiavel, e aos aspectos histórico e sociais da formação da identidade nacional russa após a Revolução de Outubro de 1917

For my thesis I have chosen a topical issue: A comparison of enterprise conditions in the CR and RF, because I have noticed growing cooperation between the Czech Republic and Russian Federation in recent years. The aim of this study is the evaluation and comparison of enterprise conditions for Czech businessmen who would like to enter the Russian market. In my thesis I analyze affecting the Czech businessmen expanding into Russia: Characteristics of the Russian market, trade and economic cooperation, forms of support for Czech businessmen, form of expansion into foreign markets and comparison of legal forms of business. The crucial section of my study is a research among Czech businessman who operate in the Czech and Russian market at the same time, therefore they can objectively compare the conditions in both markets. I came to the conclusion that entering into the Russian market is a lengthy and difficult process. However, after overcoming the initial barriers, a huge market with great potential and many possibilities for further progress is opened for the Czech businessmen.

Rund 20 Jahre nach dem Ende der Sowjetunion verharrt ein Großteil ländlich geprägter Regionen in der Russländischen Föderation in einer strukturellen Krise, die sich auf ökonomischer, sozialer und politischer Ebene niederschlägt. Auch wenn sich ländliche Räume als vermeintliche Verlierer der Transformation erwiesen haben, so sind sie doch vielfach in sich differenziert und zeigen verschiedenartige Problemlagen und Entwicklungspfade auf, die vom Umgang mit den Herausforderungen des Systemwechsels zeugen. Beispielhaft wird dies am Deutschen Nationalen Rayon Altai (DNR Altai) dargestellt, dessen Transformationsphase in der vorliegenden Arbeit rekonstruiert wird. Der DNR Altai stellt in vielerlei Hinsicht einen Sonderfall dar, da er als räumlicher Fixpunkt russlanddeutscher Entwicklungspolitik in die bundesdeutsche Förderkulisse eingebettet war. Mit dem allmählichen Rückzug der deutschen Förderinstitutionen stellt sich jedoch die Frage nach nachhaltigen Strukturen, Verstetigung von Projekten und der Zukunft russlanddeutscher Kultur im Altai.

This study focus on evolution of the business environment in Russia since the fall of Soviet Union, its main features and the impacts of Ukraine Crisis on it. At first, the term business environment is generally described. Next part is dedicated to the most important steps of transformation process Russia underwent and the consequences of 1998 Russian financial crisis. Evaluation of the current performace is based on main economic indicators and the rankings created by international organizations. Second part describes the roots and the development of Ukraine Crisis and the timeline of the measures imposed. Impacts are examined not only from macroeconomic view, but also from the point of view of czech companies exporting to Russia.

This diploma paper provides an overview of operation and meaning of multinational corporations in the modern global economy and in the economy of the Czech Republic. Likewise, the paper presents a comparison of conditions and consequences, connected with the activities of multinational corporations in the economies of Russian Federation and Czech Republic. During the process of studying the history and modern reality of multinational corporations in Czech Republic the author wanted to realize, how substantial was their influence in Czech economy. By comparison with multinational corporations' activities in Russian economy the author finds out, whether the scenario is unique in Czech republic, or it is possible to find certain analogues in other countries.

The thesis analyzes energy security in a group of countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the background of their relations with the Russian Federation. The first part defines energy security, then proceeds to a common energy policy of the European Union, analyzes the main problems and challenges and proposes possible solutions. The second part deals with energy dependency between the European Union and the Russian Federation, discusses Russian interests in the region and Russian energy policy. The last part of the thesis compares the energy policy of Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Germany and Ukraine.

The aim of this thesis is to provide the reader with basic information about doing business in Russia and about options of entering this market (entering in cooperation with a local partner, establishment of commercial representation, a subsidiary, a company and about specifics of joint ventures in Russia). The second and the main aim of this thesis is to compare the Czech and Russian regulation of the joint-stock company and this way to draw the attention of the people interested in establishment of this type of corporation to main differences compared to a well-known Czech law. After a general introduction the main part of this thesis if focused on comparison of the most important parts of the regulation which determine the functioning of the joint-stock company -- regulation of the shared issued by the company, rights and duties of the shareholders, bodies of the company.

This thesis aims to set a complex view on the economy of the Russian Federation, show its strengths and weaknesses and evaluate its competitiveness in the context of oil and gas reserves. For this purpose the thesis is divided into three chapters. The first one analyses Russian macroeconomics and rates its efficiency, especially after 2000 and in relation to the global financial and economic crisis in 2008. Furthermore, the thesis describes country's energetic sector, its issues and perspectives, impact on economic growth and consequences of insufficient diversification and Russian dependency on export of resources. The main contribution of the thesis represents the last chapter which aims to identify Russian potential with regard to competitiveness, classify its possibilities, suggest solutions and changes needed to enhance competitiveness and ensure sustainable growth independent on resource prices. In conclusion, possible perspectives of Russian development until 2030 are brought forward. The analysis of competitiveness is based on the methodology of the World Economic Forum and Global competitiveness index.