Background: Barrier creams are applied to the surface of the skin to form a barrier that aims to prevent the penetration of irritants and allergens through the skin surface. Several inconsistencies and controversies exist in literature regarding the effect that barrier creams may have on skin barrier function. Various skin surface parameters are used to evaluate the effect that the barrier creams have on skin barrier function. These parameters include transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and skin surface pH. Total skin thickness may be assessed as a variable on its own. Differences may exist in skin surface parameters when comparing African participants with Caucasian participants. Aim: The specific aim of this research was to evaluate the short-term1 effects of selected barrier creams on skin barrier function. Note 1: The words short-term are used in this study as each barrier cream is only tested over a period of 8 hours and not tested over a long term period of months or years. Method: Forty two non-smoking participants were included and tested in this study, of which 21 were African and the rest Caucasian. TEWL, skin hydration and skin surface pH were used to evaluate the differences in the effect of two different barrier creams (Reinol Solvgard and Momar Chex) on skin barrier function. TEWL was measured by making use of a closed chamber Vapometer (Deflin Technology Ltd., Kuopio, Finland), skin hydration using a Corneometer® CM 825 and skin surface pH using a pH meter probe (Courage and Khazaka Electronic Kӧln, Germany). A micro-pipette was used to drip a standard volume of 20 μl of ultrapure water on the skin surface before the researcher placed the pH meter probe onto the skin surface. Total skin thickness was measured by making use of ultrasound (Ultrascan 22 - TBS0061B) (Courage and Khazaka Electronic Kӧln, Germany). Three consecutive measurements were taken on the mid-forearm and the palm of the experimental arm. After baseline values were measured, 5 ml of the selected barrier cream was applied to the experimental arm. The barrier cream (selected for the day) was reapplied after 2, 4 and 6 hours and measurements were taken every 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours. The total skin thickness was measured at time zero and at 8 hours. Results: TEWL: For both barrier creams, statistical significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found between TEWL on the palms of African participants and Caucasian participants. Skin hydration: Statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were obtained with regard to mid-forearm skin hydration when comparing Reinol Solvgard with Momar Chex (this was applicable to both racial groups). A statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was obtained with regard to mid-forearm skin hydration when comparing African participants with Caucasian participants (this was only applicable to Reinol Solvgard). Statistical significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were obtained with regard to skin hydration palm when comparing Reinol Solvgard with Momar Chex (this was applicable to both racial groups). Statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were obtained with regards to skin hydration palm when comparing African participants with Caucasian participants (this was applicable to both barrier creams). Skin surface pH: A statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was obtained with regard to pH of the mid-forearm when comparing Reinol Solvgard with Momar Chex (this was applicable to only the African participants). A statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05) was obtained with regards to skin surface pH mid-forearm when comparing African participants with Caucasian participants (this was applicable to Momar Chex barrier cream only). A statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was obtained with regards to the pH of the palm when comparing Reinol Solvgard with Momar Chex (this was only applicable to the African racial group). Conclusion: Using skin surface parameters, it can be concluded that Momar Chex barrier cream elicited more positive effects on skin barrier function than Reinol Solvgard barrier cream. This may be ascribed to the fact that both barrier creams lowered TEWL (positive effect), Reinol Solvgard lowered skin hydration (negative effect) whereas, Momar Chex increased the skin hydration (positive effect) and both barrier creams increased skin surface pH (negative effect). Furthermore, the objectives of this study were reached as (a) short-term effects on skin surface parameters were identified between African versus Caucasian participants, (b) significances were observed between the two barrier creams (Momar Chex and Reinol Solvgard) by making use of skin surface parameters and (c) general increases and or decreases were observed in skin surface parameters over a short term period of 8 hours. / MSc (Occupational Hygiene), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Background: Barrier creams are applied to the surface of the skin to form a barrier that aims to prevent the penetration of irritants and allergens through the skin surface. Several inconsistencies and controversies exist in literature regarding the effect that barrier creams may have on skin barrier function. Various skin surface parameters are used to evaluate the effect that the barrier creams have on skin barrier function. These parameters include transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and skin surface pH. Total skin thickness may be assessed as a variable on its own. Differences may exist in skin surface parameters when comparing African participants with Caucasian participants. Aim: The specific aim of this research was to evaluate the short-term1 effects of selected barrier creams on skin barrier function. Note 1: The words short-term are used in this study as each barrier cream is only tested over a period of 8 hours and not tested over a long term period of months or years. Method: Forty two non-smoking participants were included and tested in this study, of which 21 were African and the rest Caucasian. TEWL, skin hydration and skin surface pH were used to evaluate the differences in the effect of two different barrier creams (Reinol Solvgard and Momar Chex) on skin barrier function. TEWL was measured by making use of a closed chamber Vapometer (Deflin Technology Ltd., Kuopio, Finland), skin hydration using a Corneometer® CM 825 and skin surface pH using a pH meter probe (Courage and Khazaka Electronic Kӧln, Germany). A micro-pipette was used to drip a standard volume of 20 μl of ultrapure water on the skin surface before the researcher placed the pH meter probe onto the skin surface. Total skin thickness was measured by making use of ultrasound (Ultrascan 22 - TBS0061B) (Courage and Khazaka Electronic Kӧln, Germany). Three consecutive measurements were taken on the mid-forearm and the palm of the experimental arm. After baseline values were measured, 5 ml of the selected barrier cream was applied to the experimental arm. The barrier cream (selected for the day) was reapplied after 2, 4 and 6 hours and measurements were taken every 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours. The total skin thickness was measured at time zero and at 8 hours. Results: TEWL: For both barrier creams, statistical significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found between TEWL on the palms of African participants and Caucasian participants. Skin hydration: Statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were obtained with regard to mid-forearm skin hydration when comparing Reinol Solvgard with Momar Chex (this was applicable to both racial groups). A statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was obtained with regard to mid-forearm skin hydration when comparing African participants with Caucasian participants (this was only applicable to Reinol Solvgard). Statistical significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were obtained with regard to skin hydration palm when comparing Reinol Solvgard with Momar Chex (this was applicable to both racial groups). Statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were obtained with regards to skin hydration palm when comparing African participants with Caucasian participants (this was applicable to both barrier creams). Skin surface pH: A statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was obtained with regard to pH of the mid-forearm when comparing Reinol Solvgard with Momar Chex (this was applicable to only the African participants). A statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05) was obtained with regards to skin surface pH mid-forearm when comparing African participants with Caucasian participants (this was applicable to Momar Chex barrier cream only). A statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was obtained with regards to the pH of the palm when comparing Reinol Solvgard with Momar Chex (this was only applicable to the African racial group). Conclusion: Using skin surface parameters, it can be concluded that Momar Chex barrier cream elicited more positive effects on skin barrier function than Reinol Solvgard barrier cream. This may be ascribed to the fact that both barrier creams lowered TEWL (positive effect), Reinol Solvgard lowered skin hydration (negative effect) whereas, Momar Chex increased the skin hydration (positive effect) and both barrier creams increased skin surface pH (negative effect). Furthermore, the objectives of this study were reached as (a) short-term effects on skin surface parameters were identified between African versus Caucasian participants, (b) significances were observed between the two barrier creams (Momar Chex and Reinol Solvgard) by making use of skin surface parameters and (c) general increases and or decreases were observed in skin surface parameters over a short term period of 8 hours. / MSc (Occupational Hygiene), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The current study focused on the extent to which participation in academically rigorous college preparatory programs, International Baccalaureate (IB) and the Advanced Placement (AP) particularly, impacts students from racially diverse backgrounds (Caucasian, African American, Asian American and Hispanic/Latino American). Student outcomes of interest included the program satisfaction, school climate perceptions (relationships with peers and teachers), and psychoeducational adjustment (academic and mental health functioning). The experiences of 381 college preparatory participants were also compared to 143 general education peers and subjected to a series of MANOVAs and ANOVAs. General findings indicated that, regardless of the student's racial identity, students in AP and IB had very positive experiences in terms of high academic achievement, healthy student-teacher and student-peer relationships, and no mental ill health (no stress, anxiety or depression). Limitations, implications and future directions are also discussed.

Orientador: Heraldo César Gonçalves / Banca: Roberto de Oliveira Roça / Banca: Sirlei Aparecida Maestá / Resumo: Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do grupo racial e sexo, no comportamento ingestivo de cabritos jovens criados em sistema de confinamento. Foram utilizados 35 cabritos, de ambos os sexos divididos dentre os grupos raciais: Alpina (A) - 1 macho e 4 fêmeas, ½ Anglo - Nubiana + ½ Alpina (½ ANA) - 4 machos e 4 fêmeas, ½ Boer + ½ Alpina (½ BA) - 2 machos e 4 fêmeas, ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpina (¾ BA) - 4 machos e 4 fêmeas e ½ Anglo-Nubiana + ¼ Alpina + ¼ Boer (Tricross - TC) - 4 machos e 4 fêmeas. Foram realizadas semanalmente, observações visuais do comportamento que os animais apresentavam no decorrer de 24 horas contínuas, a cada dez minutos. A temperatura e umidade relativa foram registradas a cada uma hora, nos dias da observação. Para realizar as observações, foram utilizadas duplas de observadores que permaneceram em média 4 horas observando os animais. O tempo médio gasto com consumo de alimento foi de 281,33 minutos, representando 19,54% do período de 24 horas. Foi observada interação entre grupo racial e sexo para as atividades: tempo de ingestão, ruminação deitado, ruminação total, deitado em ócio, ócio total e outras atividades. De maneira geral, os machos e as fêmeas de todos os grupos raciais ficaram mais tempo em ócio do que nas outras atividades observadas. Os animais da raça Alpina foram os que mais tempo passaram em ócio dormindo. / Abstract: This work aimed to evaluate the effect of racial groups and gender on ingestive behavior in confined kids. Thirty-five kids from both genders were used in this study and divided among the racial groups: Alpine (A) - 1 male and 4 female, ½ Nubian + ½ Alpine (½ ANA) - 4 male and 4 female, ½ Boer + ½ Alpine (½ BA) - 2 male and 4 female, ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpine (¾ BA) - 4 male and 4 female and ½ Nubian + ¼ Alpine + ¼ Boer, (Three cross - TC) - 4 male and 4 female. Visual observation of animal behavior was recorded weekly, for 24 h continuously, every 10 minutes. Temperature and relative humidity of air were registered every one-hour at behavior observation day. Doubles of were used for recording behavior that remained on average 4 h observing the animals. The average time spent on food intake was 281.33 minutes, representing 19.54% of 24-hour period. Interaction was observed between racial groups and sex for the activities: time of ingestion, lying rumination, total rumination, lying on leisure, total leisure and all other activities. In general, males and females of all racial groups were more time in leisure than in other activities observed. Animals of the Alpine breed were the most time spent in leisure sleep. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:10:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 medeiros_bbl_me_botfmvz.pdf: 658174 bytes, checksum: 143bb97d56726e469f00797907fdd888 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do grupo racial e sexo, no comportamento ingestivo de cabritos jovens criados em sistema de confinamento. Foram utilizados 35 cabritos, de ambos os sexos divididos dentre os grupos raciais: Alpina (A) - 1 macho e 4 fêmeas, ½ Anglo - Nubiana + ½ Alpina (½ ANA) – 4 machos e 4 fêmeas, ½ Boer + ½ Alpina (½ BA) – 2 machos e 4 fêmeas, ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpina (¾ BA) – 4 machos e 4 fêmeas e ½ Anglo-Nubiana + ¼ Alpina + ¼ Boer (Tricross - TC) – 4 machos e 4 fêmeas. Foram realizadas semanalmente, observações visuais do comportamento que os animais apresentavam no decorrer de 24 horas contínuas, a cada dez minutos. A temperatura e umidade relativa foram registradas a cada uma hora, nos dias da observação. Para realizar as observações, foram utilizadas duplas de observadores que permaneceram em média 4 horas observando os animais. O tempo médio gasto com consumo de alimento foi de 281,33 minutos, representando 19,54% do período de 24 horas. Foi observada interação entre grupo racial e sexo para as atividades: tempo de ingestão, ruminação deitado, ruminação total, deitado em ócio, ócio total e outras atividades. De maneira geral, os machos e as fêmeas de todos os grupos raciais ficaram mais tempo em ócio do que nas outras atividades observadas. Os animais da raça Alpina foram os que mais tempo passaram em ócio dormindo. / This work aimed to evaluate the effect of racial groups and gender on ingestive behavior in confined kids. Thirty-five kids from both genders were used in this study and divided among the racial groups: Alpine (A) – 1 male and 4 female, ½ Nubian + ½ Alpine (½ ANA) – 4 male and 4 female, ½ Boer + ½ Alpine (½ BA) – 2 male and 4 female, ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpine (¾ BA) – 4 male and 4 female and ½ Nubian + ¼ Alpine + ¼ Boer, (Three cross - TC) – 4 male and 4 female. Visual observation of animal behavior was recorded weekly, for 24 h continuously, every 10 minutes. Temperature and relative humidity of air were registered every one-hour at behavior observation day. Doubles of were used for recording behavior that remained on average 4 h observing the animals. The average time spent on food intake was 281.33 minutes, representing 19.54% of 24-hour period. Interaction was observed between racial groups and sex for the activities: time of ingestion, lying rumination, total rumination, lying on leisure, total leisure and all other activities. In general, males and females of all racial groups were more time in leisure than in other activities observed. Animals of the Alpine breed were the most time spent in leisure sleep.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar a participação dos componentes da renda domiciliar per capita, tais como renda do trabalho, renda de aposentarias e pensões públicas e não públicas, aluguel, doações e outros rendimentos para a redução da desigualdade de renda brasileira no período 2002-2008 e nos subperíodos 2002-2004 e 2004- 2008. Para tanto, utilizou-se a PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios) e as metodologias de decomposição por componente de renda, desenvolvida por Pyatt, Chen e Fei (1980), e decomposição por efeito-composição e efeito-concentração, adaptada por Hoffmann (2006) e Soares (2006). Além disso, é realizada uma análise de inferência estatística seguindo a proposta de Kakwani, Wagstaff, Doorslaer (1997). Os principais resultados encontrados apontam que no período 2002-2008 a redução do índice de Gini foi estatisticamente significativa ao nível de 5%, assim sendo o nível de desigualdade observado no último ano foi o menor de todo o período analisado (0,5415). Observou-se que, com exceção da região Centro-Oeste, houve redução da concentração de renda em todas as regiões brasileiras, embora em menor intensidade na região Nordeste. Na análise sob o ponto de vista racial, verificou-se que disparidade de renda dentro dos grupos dos não brancos e dos brancos foi atenuada em aproximadamente 6,4%. A renda do trabalho foi o fator mais relevante para explicar a queda da desigualdade de renda no Brasil ao longo do período 2002-2008. Outros Rendimentos (no qual estão incluídos os programas de transferência de renda) tiveram uma participação mais expressiva na redução da disparidade de renda dentro dos grupos considerados mais carentes tais como a região Nordeste e Norte, os não brancos e, sobretudo, os não brancos da região Nordeste. Contudo a contribuição desse rendimento é maior no subperíodo 2002-2004 do que no subperíodo 2004-2008. Foi constatado também que no subperíodo 2004-2008 (depois da Reforma da Previdência Pública Social) as aposentadorias e pensões públicas responderam por aproximadamente 20% da queda da desigualdade total. / This work aims at analyzing the participation of components of household income per capita, such as labor income, retirement income, public pension income and non-public pension income, rent, donations and others incomes to reduce income inequality in Brazil during the period 2002-2008 and sub periods 2002-2004 and 2004-2008. It was used the PNAD (Brazilian National Household Survey) and the methodologies of the decomposition by income component developed by Pyatt, Chen and Fei (1980) and decomposition by composition effect and concentration effect proposal by Hoffmann (2006) and Smith (2006b). Moreover, it’s realized an analysis of statistical inference following the proposal of Kakwani, Wagstaff, Doorslaer (1997). The main results indicate that in the period 2002-2008 the reduction in the Gini coefficient was statistically significant at 5%, therefore the level of inequality observed in the last year was the smallest of the whole period (0.5415). It was observed that, except for the Midwest region, there was a reduction of income concentration in all Brazilian regions, although to a lesser extent in the Northeast. In the analysis from the perspective of race, it was found that income disparity within groups of non-whites and whites was approximately 6.4%. Labor income was the most important factor to explain the fall in income inequality in Brazil over the period 2002-2008. Other Incomes (which includes the income transfer programs) had a more significant contribution in reducing the income disparity within the groups considered most in need such as the Northeast and North, nonwhites and especially non-whites in the Northeast region. However the contribution of this income is higher in sub period 2002-2004 than in sub period 2004-2008. It was also confirmed that the sub period 2004-2008 (after the Public Social Security Reform) pensions and public pensions accounted for approximately 20% of the decrease of total inequality.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar a participação dos componentes da renda domiciliar per capita, tais como renda do trabalho, renda de aposentarias e pensões públicas e não públicas, aluguel, doações e outros rendimentos para a redução da desigualdade de renda brasileira no período 2002-2008 e nos subperíodos 2002-2004 e 2004- 2008. Para tanto, utilizou-se a PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios) e as metodologias de decomposição por componente de renda, desenvolvida por Pyatt, Chen e Fei (1980), e decomposição por efeito-composição e efeito-concentração, adaptada por Hoffmann (2006) e Soares (2006). Além disso, é realizada uma análise de inferência estatística seguindo a proposta de Kakwani, Wagstaff, Doorslaer (1997). Os principais resultados encontrados apontam que no período 2002-2008 a redução do índice de Gini foi estatisticamente significativa ao nível de 5%, assim sendo o nível de desigualdade observado no último ano foi o menor de todo o período analisado (0,5415). Observou-se que, com exceção da região Centro-Oeste, houve redução da concentração de renda em todas as regiões brasileiras, embora em menor intensidade na região Nordeste. Na análise sob o ponto de vista racial, verificou-se que disparidade de renda dentro dos grupos dos não brancos e dos brancos foi atenuada em aproximadamente 6,4%. A renda do trabalho foi o fator mais relevante para explicar a queda da desigualdade de renda no Brasil ao longo do período 2002-2008. Outros Rendimentos (no qual estão incluídos os programas de transferência de renda) tiveram uma participação mais expressiva na redução da disparidade de renda dentro dos grupos considerados mais carentes tais como a região Nordeste e Norte, os não brancos e, sobretudo, os não brancos da região Nordeste. Contudo a contribuição desse rendimento é maior no subperíodo 2002-2004 do que no subperíodo 2004-2008. Foi constatado também que no subperíodo 2004-2008 (depois da Reforma da Previdência Pública Social) as aposentadorias e pensões públicas responderam por aproximadamente 20% da queda da desigualdade total. / This work aims at analyzing the participation of components of household income per capita, such as labor income, retirement income, public pension income and non-public pension income, rent, donations and others incomes to reduce income inequality in Brazil during the period 2002-2008 and sub periods 2002-2004 and 2004-2008. It was used the PNAD (Brazilian National Household Survey) and the methodologies of the decomposition by income component developed by Pyatt, Chen and Fei (1980) and decomposition by composition effect and concentration effect proposal by Hoffmann (2006) and Smith (2006b). Moreover, it’s realized an analysis of statistical inference following the proposal of Kakwani, Wagstaff, Doorslaer (1997). The main results indicate that in the period 2002-2008 the reduction in the Gini coefficient was statistically significant at 5%, therefore the level of inequality observed in the last year was the smallest of the whole period (0.5415). It was observed that, except for the Midwest region, there was a reduction of income concentration in all Brazilian regions, although to a lesser extent in the Northeast. In the analysis from the perspective of race, it was found that income disparity within groups of non-whites and whites was approximately 6.4%. Labor income was the most important factor to explain the fall in income inequality in Brazil over the period 2002-2008. Other Incomes (which includes the income transfer programs) had a more significant contribution in reducing the income disparity within the groups considered most in need such as the Northeast and North, nonwhites and especially non-whites in the Northeast region. However the contribution of this income is higher in sub period 2002-2004 than in sub period 2004-2008. It was also confirmed that the sub period 2004-2008 (after the Public Social Security Reform) pensions and public pensions accounted for approximately 20% of the decrease of total inequality.

nÃo hà / O Programa de Estudantes-ConvÃnio de GraduaÃÃo (PEC-G) oportuniza formaÃÃo de estudantes oriundos de paÃses do continente africano em instituiÃÃes de educaÃÃo superior brasileiras. Estes estudantes de intercambio tÃm sua vinda e percurso acadÃmico subsidiado pelas polÃticas pÃblicas de internacionalizaÃÃo da educaÃÃo superior. Entretanto, suas permanÃncias e desenvolvimentos como cidadÃos imigrantes passam a ser permeados pela dinÃmica das relaÃÃes e tensÃes Ãtnico-raciais do ambiente social da cidade e da instituiÃÃo que os acolhe (PEDROSA, 2016). Assim, parte-se da seguinte indagaÃÃo: em que sentido o PEC-G pode ser avaliado a partir das experiÃncias da (re)construÃÃo de identidades Ãtnicoraciais afrodescendentes dos estudantes do programa? O estudo objetiva portanto evidenciar as experiÃncias de (re)construÃÃo de identidades Ãtnico-raciais afrodescendentes como dimensÃo de avaliaÃÃo em profundidade do programa de mobilidade acadÃmica PEC-G. A proposta avaliativa da pesquisa se caracteriza como uma AvaliaÃÃo em Profundidade do PECG, possuindo como lÃcus uma instituiÃÃo de educaÃÃo superior situada em Fortaleza, a saber, o Instituto Federal de EducaÃÃo do Cearà (IFCE). Valendo-se de um olhar interdisciplinar, abordo a questÃo das identidades como processo a constituir-se a partir das interaÃÃes com o outro e com as imagens socialmente gestados na cultura (HALL 2003, 2009, 2011). A dimensÃo Ãtnico-cultural das identidades serà focalizada, enfatizando a produÃÃo material de artefatos, saberes e sentires que realizam o processo de identificaÃÃo/diferenciaÃÃo do sujeito com uma matriz Ãtnico-racial (FANON, 2008; GILROY, 2002). Tendo em vista que os processos identitÃrios, ora em estudo, nÃo estÃo apartados de seu lugar histÃrico de manifestaÃÃo, busco fazer uma apresentaÃÃo da dinÃmica identitÃria no contexto da diÃspora africana no Cearà (LANGA, 2016). A perspectiva metodolÃgica adotada foi qualitativa de inspiraÃÃo etnogrÃfico e focada na questÃo da identidade de um ponto do Sul global (SANTOS, B. S., 2006, 2007). Na fase exploratÃria foram coletados relatos sobre a convivÃncia dos servidores do IFCE com os estudantes do PEC-G. O trabalho de campo foi iniciado com observaÃÃes do cotidiano de estudantes do PEC-G sobretudo nos momentos de planejamento e execuÃÃo das Semanas Culturais da Ãfrica de 2014 e 2015, com reelaboraÃÃo de materiais coletados de 2013 atà o presente momento (notÃcias veiculadas de forma impressa e no site da instituiÃÃo, memorandos colhidos em setores do IFCE e registros.fotogrÃficos). Assumi como principal estratÃgia investigativa o registro dos relatos de experiÃncia de nove estudantes do PEC-G/IFCE. Como tÃcnica de anÃlise das informaÃÃes coletadas sobre os processos identitÃrios destes estudantes, tomo como base a AnÃlise de ConteÃdo de (BARDIN, 2009) e a AnÃlise do Discurso bakhtiniano (BAKHTIN, 2006; MUSSALIM, 2001; VYGOTSKI, 2001). A vivÃncia Ãtnico-racial torna complexa a realidade vivenciada pelos estudantes do PEC-G. Entre a vinda, a chegada, a obtenÃÃo de um diploma e o retorno à seus paÃses de origem, as identidades desses estudantes se demove e tambÃm movimenta outras identidades com as quais passa a interagir. Nos interstÃcios entre os sujeitos, manifestaÃÃo de suas etnias, e a confluÃncia entre polÃticas pÃblicas de internacionalizaÃÃo da educaÃÃo superior e as polÃticas culturais e afirmativas da matriz Ãtnica africana à que o programa se faz.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar a participação dos componentes da renda domiciliar per capita, tais como renda do trabalho, renda de aposentarias e pensões públicas e não públicas, aluguel, doações e outros rendimentos para a redução da desigualdade de renda brasileira no período 2002-2008 e nos subperíodos 2002-2004 e 2004- 2008. Para tanto, utilizou-se a PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios) e as metodologias de decomposição por componente de renda, desenvolvida por Pyatt, Chen e Fei (1980), e decomposição por efeito-composição e efeito-concentração, adaptada por Hoffmann (2006) e Soares (2006). Além disso, é realizada uma análise de inferência estatística seguindo a proposta de Kakwani, Wagstaff, Doorslaer (1997). Os principais resultados encontrados apontam que no período 2002-2008 a redução do índice de Gini foi estatisticamente significativa ao nível de 5%, assim sendo o nível de desigualdade observado no último ano foi o menor de todo o período analisado (0,5415). Observou-se que, com exceção da região Centro-Oeste, houve redução da concentração de renda em todas as regiões brasileiras, embora em menor intensidade na região Nordeste. Na análise sob o ponto de vista racial, verificou-se que disparidade de renda dentro dos grupos dos não brancos e dos brancos foi atenuada em aproximadamente 6,4%. A renda do trabalho foi o fator mais relevante para explicar a queda da desigualdade de renda no Brasil ao longo do período 2002-2008. Outros Rendimentos (no qual estão incluídos os programas de transferência de renda) tiveram uma participação mais expressiva na redução da disparidade de renda dentro dos grupos considerados mais carentes tais como a região Nordeste e Norte, os não brancos e, sobretudo, os não brancos da região Nordeste. Contudo a contribuição desse rendimento é maior no subperíodo 2002-2004 do que no subperíodo 2004-2008. Foi constatado também que no subperíodo 2004-2008 (depois da Reforma da Previdência Pública Social) as aposentadorias e pensões públicas responderam por aproximadamente 20% da queda da desigualdade total. / This work aims at analyzing the participation of components of household income per capita, such as labor income, retirement income, public pension income and non-public pension income, rent, donations and others incomes to reduce income inequality in Brazil during the period 2002-2008 and sub periods 2002-2004 and 2004-2008. It was used the PNAD (Brazilian National Household Survey) and the methodologies of the decomposition by income component developed by Pyatt, Chen and Fei (1980) and decomposition by composition effect and concentration effect proposal by Hoffmann (2006) and Smith (2006b). Moreover, it’s realized an analysis of statistical inference following the proposal of Kakwani, Wagstaff, Doorslaer (1997). The main results indicate that in the period 2002-2008 the reduction in the Gini coefficient was statistically significant at 5%, therefore the level of inequality observed in the last year was the smallest of the whole period (0.5415). It was observed that, except for the Midwest region, there was a reduction of income concentration in all Brazilian regions, although to a lesser extent in the Northeast. In the analysis from the perspective of race, it was found that income disparity within groups of non-whites and whites was approximately 6.4%. Labor income was the most important factor to explain the fall in income inequality in Brazil over the period 2002-2008. Other Incomes (which includes the income transfer programs) had a more significant contribution in reducing the income disparity within the groups considered most in need such as the Northeast and North, nonwhites and especially non-whites in the Northeast region. However the contribution of this income is higher in sub period 2002-2004 than in sub period 2004-2008. It was also confirmed that the sub period 2004-2008 (after the Public Social Security Reform) pensions and public pensions accounted for approximately 20% of the decrease of total inequality.

Magister Commercii - MCom / Research indicates that approximately fifteen years ago there were over three (3) million dualcareer couples representing 20% of dual-worker couples. It is expected that the amount of dual-career couples will continue to increase, as most college students, both men and women, anticipate participating in a career as well as in a family (Spiker- Miller & Kees, 1995).Individuals and organizations are confronted with a hyper turbulent environment and individuals are also faced with a myriad of challenges and adversity in their work and personal lives. Due to the economy and the changing needs of individuals, today very few families reflect the configuration of a typical family (a husband who worked outside the home, a wife who fulfilled the duties of homemaker and child-carer), as both partners are normally employed. The dual-career couple phenomenon has added to the pressure of managing multiple demands and has a considerable impact on the nature of people's careers(Greenberg & Baron, 2003). Dual-career couples‘ career advancement is largely affected by the career barriers they perceive to encounter. The perceptions of career barriers encountered differ from one couple to another based on factors such as: age, race and parental demand(children). Differences may also exist between partners in a dual-career relationship based on their gender.Most studies that have been conducted have looked at work-life balance of dual-career couples or have focused on the problems dual-career couples face solely from the woman‘s perspective. The aim of this study is to look at dual-career couples not only from female‘s perspective and to tap into their perceptions regarding career barriers encountered in the workplace. The findings could help organisations realize the importance of assisting dualcareer couples and how they could improve their career development. Dual-career couples therefore warrant attention as a special group seeing as the career salience, strategies and transitions of one partner inevitably affects those of the other, which could also have repercussions for their employers (Smith, 1997).A self-developed Demographic Questionnaire and the Career Barriers Inventory (Revised) was used to gather the data. The research was conducted within a large retail organisation. The sample comprised of men and women, permanent and contract employees within the following departments: Human Resources, Marketing, Logistics, Finance, Group Merchandise Procurement (GMP), Buying, Sourcing, Audit, Planning and Group Services.The sampling procedure that was utilised was non-probability sampling. Statistical analyses involved descriptive statistics (Frequencies, Means and Standard deviations) and inferential statistics (T-Test and Analysis of variance). The study revealed that the most highly rated career barriers which respondents perceived to experience or which affected their career advancement were multiple-role conflict, decisionmaking difficulties, sex discrimination and racial discrimination. Whilst, the career barriers which were rated the lowest by respondents included disapproval by significant others, disability/health concerns and discouraged from choosing non-traditional careers.Furthermore, the findings indicated that the perceptions of dual-career couples based on gender regarding career barriers in the workplace is partially accepted because there are statistically significant differences regarding the perceptions amongst females and males in terms of lack of confidence as a career barrier. The hypothesis proposing that there are significant differences in the perceptions of dual-career couples who have and those who do not have children, is partially accepted, as there was a statistically significant difference regarding disapproval by significant others. The findings for the perceptions of dual-career couples based on race regarding career barriers in the workplace is partially supported because significant differences were found for the following career barriers: difficulties with network/socialisation, lack of confidence and race discrimination based on employees‘ race.Lastly, significant differences in the perceptions of dual-career couples based on age regarding career barriers in the workplace was rejected, as no significant differences regarding career barriers based on employees‘ age were found.Amongst others, a limitation of this study is evident. The study may lack generisability as the sampling procedure used was non-probability sampling and only included those employees who were easily accessible. Additionally, a quantitative study was used by making use of questionnaires, but no observation or interviews were used. The present study also only focuses on the differences in perceptions of dual-career couples, based on biographical factors such as; gender, age, number of children (parental demands), race and age. Ideally all research should have a broad speck of people or participants, to ensure higher generalizability.In an effort to deal with the limitations of the current study, the following are recommended, future research should use a large proportionate stratified random sample as this would allow the findings to be reliably generalised to the population. A combination of both quantitative and qualitative methodology would help to develop detailed understanding of dual-career couple‘s and their differences in perceptions of career barriers.It is important for organisations to have continuous negotiations with employees in order to integrate the demands of the organisation and the career needs of its employees. Furthermore,they should respond to the shifting demographics by adopting voluntary policies such as alternative work schedules and child and elder care assistance to help workers meet family needs, which in turn will be beneficial to the organisation by attracting and retaining the best talent.