The main purpose of this thesis work is to find and compare different network characteristics of MPS (Mobile Positioning System) in the different wireless technology domains. Since decades ago MNO’s (Mobile Network Operators) added many new services based on the geographical areas of subscribers and their needs. Here we define wireless networks and go through different types of technologies and do the comparison when they collect different types of data for their location-based services and see if we could have the same accuracy with 2G (second generation) of mobile network as like as 3G (third generation) and higher. Finally, we will come up with a proposal for new age technology.

Radio networks are expanding, becoming more advanced, and pushing the limits of what is possible. Services utilizing the radio networks are also being developed in order to provide new functionality to end-users worldwide. When discussing 5G radio networks, concepts such as driverless vehicles, drones and near zero communication delay are recurrent. However, measures of delay are needed in order to verify that such services can be provided -- and measuring this is an extensive task. Ericsson has developed a platform for simulating a radio environment surrounding a radio base station. Using this simulator, this project involved measuring one-way packet delay in a radio network, and performing a Quality of Service evaluation of a radio network with a number of network applications in concern. Application data corresponding to video streams, or Voice over IP conversations, were simulated and packet delay measurements were used to calculate and evaluate the Quality of Service provided by a radio network. One of the main conclusions of this project was that packet delay variations are asymmetric in uplink, which suggests usage of non-conventional jitter measurement techniques.

Most mobile traffic simulators of today depend on the user to supply the mobility behavior of the simulated UEs. This becomes a problem when certain wanted mobility characteristics are to be tested, since the user have to go trough a trial-and-error procedure to come up with the proper mobility behavior. This thesis presents two approaches to mobility control, where the aim is to control UE mobility based on certain mobility characteristics supplied by the end user. The first approach introduces the concept of assigning tasks to UEs, e.g. “cross cell border” or “move to a certain cell”. Furthermore, concepts from control theory are borrowed to control the task assignment process, making it more dynamic and robust. The second approach iteratively calculate movement patterns for the UEs in an area until it finds a movement pattern that has a high probability of satisfying the user’s requested mobility characteristics.

The demand of wireless spectrum is increasing very fast as the field of telecommunication is advancing rapidly. The spectrum was underutilized because of fixed spectrum assignment policy and this valuable spectrum can be utilized efficiently by cognitive radio technology. In this thesis we have studied spectrum selection problems in cognitive radio network. Channel sharing and channel contention problems arise when multiple secondary users tend to select same channel. The thesis work is focused on spectrum selection issue with the aim to minimize the overall system time and to solve the problem of channel contention and channel sharing. The overall system time of secondary connection is an important performance measure to provide quality of service for secondary users in cognitive radio network. We studied two spectrum selection schemes that considerably reduce the overall system time and resolve the problems of channel sharing and channel contention. An analytical model associated with Preemptive Resume Priority (PRP) M/G/1 queuing model has been provided to evaluate the studied spectrum selection scheme. This model also analyzes the effect of multiple handoffs due to arrival of primary users. According to this scheme, the traffic load is distributed among multiple channels to balance the traffic load. Secondary users select the operating channels based on the spectrum selection algorithm. They can intelligently adopt better channel selection scheme by considering traffic statistics and overall transmission time. All simulation scenarios are developed in MATLAB. Based on our result we can conclude that both channel selection schemes considerably reduce the overall transmission time of secondary users in cognitive radio network. The overall transmission time increase with the rise of arrival rate of secondary user. The probability based channel selection scheme perform better with lower arrival rate and sensing based channel selection scheme perform better with higher arrival rate of secondary users. These channel selection schemes help distribute the traffic load of secondary users evenly among multiple channels. Hence, increase the channel utilization and resolve the channel contention problem.

In this thesis, we investigate two different system infrastructures in underlay cognitive radio network, in which two popular techniques, cross-layer design and cooperative communication, are considered, respectively. In particular, we introduce the Aggressive Adaptive Modulation and Coding (A-AMC) into the cross-layer design and achieve the optimal boundary points in closed form to choose the AMC and A-AMC transmission modes by taking into account the Channel State Information (CSI) from the secondary transmitter to both the primary receiver and the secondary receiver. What’s more, for the cooperative communication design, we consider three different relay selection schemes: Partial Relay Selection, Opportunistic Relay Selection and Threshold Relay Selection. The Probability Density Functions (PDFs) of the Signal-to- Noise Ratio (SNR) in each hop for different selection schemes are provided, and then the exact closed-form expressions for the end-to-end packet loss rate in the secondary link considering the cooperation of the Decode-and-Forward (DF) relay for different relay selection schemes are derived.

Diploma thesis is focused on an analysis of radio conditions of indoor LTE-A mobile networks. Measurements of the Huawei LTE-A radio access network were performed using the R&S TSMW spectral analyser. Results have been processed and discussed. The practical part of diploma thesis also consists of a development of a program for processing the data sets obtained from R&S TSMW spectral analyzer.

Radiofrequency spectrum is a finite resource that consists of the frequencies in the range 3 kHz to 300 GHz. It is used for wireless communication and supports several applications and services. Whether it is at the personal, community or society level, and whether it is for applications in consumer electronics, building management, smart utility networks, intelligent driving systems, the Internet of Things, industrial automation and so on, the demand for wireless communication is increasing continuously. Together with this increase in demand, there is an increase in the quality of service requirements in terms of throughput, and the reliability and availability of wireless services. Industrial wireless sensor networks, for example, operate in environments that are usually harsh and time varying. The frequency spectrum that is utilised by industrial wireless protocols such as WirelessHART and ISA 100.11a, is also used by many other wireless technologies, and with wireless applications growing rapidly, it is possible that multiple heterogeneous wireless systems will need to operate in overlapping spatiotemporal regions in the future. Increased radiofrequency interference affects connectivity and reduces communication link quality. This affects reliability and latency negatively, both of which are core quality service requirements. Getting multiple heterogeneous radio systems to co-exist harmoniously in shared spectrum is challenging. Traditionally, this has been achieved by granting network operators exclusive rights that allow them to access parts of the spectrum assigned to them and hence the problems of co-existence and limited spectrum could be ignored. Design time multi-access techniques have also been used. At present, however, it has become necessary to use spectrum more efficiently, to facilitate the further growth of wireless communication. This can be achieved in a number of ways. Firstly, the policy that governs the regulation of radiofrequency spectrum must be updated to accommodate flexible, dynamic spectrum access. Secondly, new techniques for multiple-access and spectrum sharing should be devised. A revolutionary new communication paradigm is required, and one such paradigm has recently emerged in the form of Cognitive Radio technology. Traditional methods to sharing spectrum assume that radios in a wireless network work together in an unchanging environment. Cognitive radios, on the other hand, can sense, learn and adapt. In cognitive radio networks, the interactions between users are taken into account, in order for adjustments to be made to suit the prevailing radio environment. In this thesis, the problem of spectrum scarcity and coexistence is addressed using cognitive radio techniques, to ensure more efficient use of radio-frequency spectrum. An introduction to cognitive radio networks is given, covering cognitive radio fundamentals, spectrum sensing, dynamic spectrum management, game theoretic approaches to spectrum sharing and security in cognitive radio networks. A focus is placed on wireless industrial networks as a challenging test case for cognitive radio. A study on spectrum management policy is conducted, together with an investigation into the current state of radio-frequency spectrum utilisation, to uncover real and artificial cases of spectrum scarcity. A novel cognitive radio protocol is developed together with an open source test bed for it. Finally, a game theoretic dynamic spectrum access algorithm is developed that can provide scalable, fast convergence spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks. This work is a humble contribution to the advancement of wireless communication. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Centre for Telecommunication Engineering for the Information Society / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / PhD / Unrestricted

Cognitive radio networks (CRN) have been tipped as one of the most promising paradigms for next generation wireless communication, due primarily to its huge promise of mitigating the spectrum scarcity challenge. To help achieve this promise, CRN develop mechanisms that permit spectrum spaces to be allocated to, and used by more than one user, either simultaneously or opportunistically, under certain preconditions. However, because of various limitations associated with CRN, spectrum and other resources available for use in CRN are usually very scarce. Developing appropriate models that can efficiently utilise the scarce resources in a manner that is fair, among its numerous and diverse users, is required in order to achieve the utmost for CRN. 'Resource allocation (RA) in CRN' describes how such models can be developed and analysed. In developing appropriate RA models for CRN, factors that can limit the realisation of optimal solutions have to be identified and addressed; otherwise, the promised improvement in spectrum/resource utilisation would be seriously undermined. In this thesis, by a careful examination of relevant literature, the most critical limitations to RA optimisation in CRN are identified and studied, and appropriate solution models that address such limitations are investigated and proffered. One such problem, identified as a potential limitation to achieving optimality in its RA solutions, is the problem of heterogeneity in CRN. Although it is indeed the more realistic consideration, introducing heterogeneity into RA in CRN exacerbates the complex nature of RA problems. In the study, three broad classifications of heterogeneity, applicable to CRN, are identified; heterogeneous networks, channels and users. RA models that incorporate these heterogeneous considerations are then developed and analysed. By studying their structures, the complex RA problems are smartly reformulated as integer linear programming problems and solved using classical optimisation. This smart move makes it possible to achieve optimality in the RA solutions for heterogeneous CRN. Another serious limitation to achieving optimality in RA for CRN is the strictness in the level of permissible interference to the primary users (PUs) due to the activities of the secondary users (SUs). To mitigate this problem, the concept of cooperative diversity is investigated and employed. In the cooperative model, the SUs, by assisting each other in relaying their data, reduce their level of interference to PUs significantly, thus achieving greater results in the RA solutions. Furthermore, an iterative-based heuristic is developed that solves the RA optimisation problem timeously and efficiently, thereby minimising network complexity. Although results obtained from the heuristic are only suboptimal, the gains in terms of reduction in computations and time make the idea worthwhile, especially when considering large networks. The final problem identified and addressed is the limiting effect of long waiting time (delay) on the RA and overall productivity of CRN. To address this problem, queueing theory is investigated and employed. The queueing model developed and analysed helps to improve both the blocking probability as well as the system throughput, thus achieving significant improvement in the RA solutions for CRN. Since RA is an essential pivot on which the CRN's productivity revolves, this thesis, by providing viable solutions to the most debilitating problems in RA for CRN, stands out as an indispensable contribution to helping CRN realise its much-proclaimed promises. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / PhD / Unrestricted

Cognitive radio technology provides a solution for the spectrum scarcity issue by allowing the unlicensed users which are the cognitive radio devices to share the licensed band with the licensed (primary) users. The abilities of cognitive radio device help the secondary (unlicensed) nodes to observe the licensed band and to adjust their transmission parameters for maintaining the primary communication since in cognitive radio networks, it is essential that the existence of the unlicensed users must not harm the licensed network. Under these circumstances, we consider vertical cooperative transmission where primary transmission is not severely damaged by the secondary interference since each primary pair (transmitter and receiver) selects a neighbor secondary user as a cooperative relay to assist their transmission. Cooperation provides an increase in the signal-tointerference-ratio (SIR) of the primary network which can be harnessed by the secondary network as an additional bandwidth for their communication. We propose three relay selection rules so the influence of the relay’s position over the temporal and spatial correlations can be evaluated for different network conditions. Additionally, we implement primary exclusive region (PER) for each primary pair in the network which covers primary nodes, and all secondary users locate inside the zone become inactive. According to the outage model proposed in paper [2], temporal and spatial correlations are assumed to be 1 and 0 respectively; however it is estimated that regarding the environmental factors and the relay’s location, these correlation values may vary. This thesis work is based on the validation of the assumptions provided in paper [2] and our results demonstrate that the temporal and spatial correlation values changes under different circumstances and with different relay selection rules. The simulation results also show that PER significantly stimulates the cooperation performance thereby increases the transmission quality of the primary network.

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