Com o desenvolvimento da espécie humana, a sociedade humana passou demandar quantidades cada vez maiores de diversos elementos naturais, principalmente a água. Por estar presente em uma pequena quantidade no planeta (3%), com relação a toda hidrosfera, as águas disponíveis para consumo humano (Ex: Mananciais) são as que mais sofrem com a ação antrópica. A degradação destes recursos se dá por fatores como: poluição, desperdício e falta de políticas públicas sobre conservação dos recursos hídricos. Buscando a implementação de estratégias para a melhor gestão dos recursos hídricos, a utilização de águas pluviais como fonte hídrica alternativa, ganha importância diante desse cenário. Além de uma fonte hídrica de fácil acesso em muitas regiões (com média anual de precipitação em 1589 mm na região da Tijuca Alerta Rio, 2013), estudos demonstram que sua qualidade permite sua utilização em atividades não potáveis, resultando na economia de águas que são tratadas e destinadas para consumo humano. Visando colaborar com as questões expostas anteriormente, a presente dissertação de mestrado buscou avaliar a qualidade das águas de chuva em uma determinada região e os fatores que possam interferir na qualidade das águas pluviais, como: tipo de material da superfície de captação, proximidade a focos de poluição atmosférica e período de estiagem antecedente ao evento pluviométrico. Para tal tarefa, foi instalado um sistema de captação de águas pluviais no Instituto de Aplicação Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira, localizado no bairro do Rio Comprido, região norte da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os parâmetros físico-químicos para qualidade da água pH, turbidez, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, sólidos totais dissolvidos, potencial de oxi-redução e condutividade foram analisados com o auxílio da sonda multiparâmetro. Ao correlacionar a presença de sólidos na água de chuva com os períodos de estiagem, verificou-se que quanto maior o período de seca, maior a quantidade de sólidos nas amostras. Com relação aos marcos regulatórios (Portaria 2914/2011, MS; Padrões de potabilidade, OMS; CONAMA 357 e NBR 15.527) , os resultados para estes parâmetros ficaram de acordo com os limites exigidos pelas mesmas, exceto o pH. Com a análise dos resultados, recomenda-se estudos para determinar quais fatores podem estar interferindo na acidificação das águas coletadas no estudo. / Society has demanded increasing amounts of various natural elements, mainly water. Because fresh water occurs in relatively small amounts on the planet (3%), the water available for human consumption are the most impacted by anthropic action. The degradation of these resources occurs by factors such as pollution, waste and lack of public policies on conservation of water resources. In order to implement strategies for better management of water resources, the use of rainwater as an alternative water source became important. Besides a water source easily accessible in many regions (with mean annual rainfall 1589 mm in the Tijuca area Alerta Rio, 2013), studies show that their quality allows their use in non-potable activities, resulting in water savings that are treated and intended to human consumption. Aiming to collaborate with the issues previously exposed, this dissertation sought to evaluate the quality of rainwater in a particular region and factors that might interfere in the quality of the rainwater, as the type of the material on the uptake surface, proximity to air pollution sources and drought period preceding the rainfall event. For this task, it was installed a system of rainwater harvesting at the Institute Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira, where CAp UERJ, located in municipally Rio Comprido, northern of Rio de Janeiro. The physico-chemical parameters: pH water, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, oxi-reduction potential and conductivity were analyzed with the aid of water quality multiparameter probe. By correlating the presence of solids in rainwater with drought periods, it was found that the longer the dry period, greater is the amount of solids in the samples. Except foi pH, all parameters (physical-chemical) met, regulatory limits (Decree 2914/11, MS; Standards of potability). It is recommended that further investigation is developed in order to better intently factors interfering with water acidification found in this study.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissATH.pdf: 18368287 bytes, checksum: b45251643897100029d341df26cf3598 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-31 / The current projects of rainwater plumbing systems are extremely simple and present only one exclusive concern: to divert the rainfall from the place where it occurs to the drainage public system. In general, it s possible to verify that they do not attend even the word semantic meaning. The no existence of a coordinated set of action aiming at ampler results makes rainwater plumbing system unconcerned with the surrounding area, not composing harmonically with the urban site in particular, and the environment as a general form. Generally, designers expect only rainwater goes toward out of the site, and that is a good result of a good system. Due the lack of attention to the impact that generates and does harm to society, they ignore its potential as instrument of water building conservation. They do not assess correctly its capacity as a source of supply of so expensive and scarce water, according with its necessities, conveniences or limitations that can exist. Therefore, the goal of this study is to propose a new function for the rainwater plumbing system, in special for Ribeirão Preto municipal school buildings, becoming it from a passive to an active system of environment protection. With a proper and molded conception for this new proposal, the system must contemplate the aspects related to the reduction of the impacts caused by the civil construction activities on urban sites, its preservation and providing environment education for people and also, as an worthy water building management tool. / Os atuais projetos dos sistemas prediais de água pluvial são em sua grande maioria, extremamente simples, apresentando uma única e exclusiva preocupação: a transferência da precipitação do local onde ocorre para o sistema público de drenagem, constituído por sarjetas, galerias e por fim, os córregos e rios. Verifica-se que, em geral, não atendem nem ao sentido semântico da palavra sistema. A inexistência de um conjunto coordenado de ações visando um resultado mais amplo faz com que o sistema predial de água pluvial se dissocie de seu entorno, sem se compor harmônicamente com o meio urbano em particular, e o meio natural de uma forma geral. Na concepção atual de seus projetistas, o simples encaminhamento destas águas para fora da edificação é o resultado esperado de um bom sistema. Alheios ao impacto que gera e que penaliza a socidade, passam ao largo de seu potencial como instrumento de conservação de água nas edificações. Ignoram sua capacidade de suprir as mesmas com tão caro e cada vez mais escasso recurso, de acordo com as necessidades, conveniências ou limitações que possam existir. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste na proposição de uma nova função para o sistema predial de água pluvial, em especial nas escolas muncipais de Ribeirão Preto, transformando-o de um sistema passivo de captação e drenagem em um sistema ativo de conservação ambiental. Com uma concepção própria e moldada para esta nova proposta, o sistema deve contemplar os aspectos relacionados à redução dos impactos causados pela ocupação do solo no meio urbano, à preservação e educação ambiental e também, à gestão da oferta de água nas edificações.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMASC.pdf: 3170204 bytes, checksum: 83bd0768232793a648b29a0d4da7f753 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-05-06 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The potable water scarcity afflicts the begging of the 21st Century, being today, one of the main worries of the manhood. This way, it becomes necessary to reduce the per capita consumption. From the actions that promote the racional use of water, the technological ones seems to be , in the most of the cases, the most recomended to reduce the consumption without being necessary radical changes of the users. One of these technologies is the rainwater harvesting. This one erges as an action of good perspectives since it subistitutes the use of potable water in activities where it is not necessary a good quality water, younder, it will reduce the amount of stormwater in the public drainage net, working as a non-structural action of urban drainage. The lack of kwondlege as well a the real advantages that a rainwater system can bring to a builind, is the points to find out about this issue.. At this paper, it seeked to clear this techonolgy up with the study of national and international examples . It also seeked the cistern sizing, getting the best results to technical and economical issues, as well, as procedures to design and to mantain the devices that make part of the system used in this study. Besides that, it studied the changes that would be necessary to build the system, and the possibles changes at the work routine of the construction company. It also studied the financial feasibility of the investiment of this interprisement, checking the real economical advantages that can be get. It is waited that this research contributes to the development of this techonology, contributing to Racional use of water in residential tall buildings. / A escassez de água potável atormenta o início do Século XXI, sendo hoje uma das principais preocupações da humanidade neste século que começa. Dessa forma, surge a necessidade de redução do consumo per capita. Dentre as ações que promovem o uso racional da água, as tecnológicas parecem ser , na maioria dos casos, as mais recomendadas para reduzir o consumo sem que seja necessário mudanças radicais nos hábitos dos usuários. Entre estas, o aproveitamento de água pluvial surge como uma ação de boas perspectivas, pois substitui o uso de água potável onde a qualidade desta não é necessária e, a retirada desta diminuirá a quantidade de volume de água pluvial lançada na rede pública de drenagem, funcionando como uma medida não-estrutural de drenagem urbana. A falta de conhecimento técnico bem como das reais vantagens que um sistema de aproveitamento de água pluvial poderá trazer para uma edificação são as principais incógnitas desse assunto. Neste trabalho buscou-se clarear a tecnologia, com o estudo de diversos casos nacionais e internacionais. Também se buscou realizar o dimensionamento de forma mais correta e econômica, bem como listar procedimentos para elaboração e manutenção de todos os elementos constituintes do sistema utilizado no edifício objeto de estudo. Além disto, verificou-se as possíveis interferências nos processos construtivos, além de alterações das rotinas de trabalho da construtora, além do estudo da viabilidade financeira do empreendimento, verificando as reais vantagens da implantação do sistema neste caso. Espera-se que esse trabalho contribua para o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia específica para o uso racional de água.

Flooding from rainwater in megacities around the world is a major problem which is growing even bigger with the scenarios that has been predicted by IPCC. The problem has to be taken care of somehow and one possible solution could be to use the water once it just hit the ground area. This study will show some of the opportunities we have to use runoff water from roofs with local solutions in Gothenburg and analyse quality differences of run off-water with raw water from the river Göta Älv, which today is used as drinking water in Gothenburg. Among some of the existing solutions for rainwater today, for example stone filter and trees, the result will show specifically one solution which is used at Stadsbyggnadskontoret in Gothenburg city center. The results of the run off-water show higher values of metals, nitrogen and phosphorus than Göta Älv and comparison between run off from green roof and run off from other roof materials shows lower values of the same chemical parameters. Since the values are taken from a report which contains schablon values, the results are just symbolic. A hypothetical calculation which shows that one year of estimated volume rainwater on a building example could provide for either 31 people/year total consumption or 100 people/year only for laundry and flushing toilets.

The diploma thesis is focused on Storm water management in urban areas. The first task for processing thesis was to arrange meeting with MČ Brno - Bohunice Ing. Antonín Crha, who has provided necessary information about the targeted location the and the reservoir for accumulation of rainwater collected. The practical part of the thesis is to capture the rainwater drainage in the existing rainwater sewerage system using the newly built pumping station and then pumping into the existing, unused reservoir. Accumulated water in the reservoir is planned to be used for the needs of the city, gardeners and other customers. The first part of the diploma thesis describes the management of refined water in the Czech Republic, Denmark and Germany. The first part also provides description of measures and technologies for the management of rainwater. Finally, there is description of the pumping station and borehole objects and the program for calculating the rainfall from the urbanized area. In the practical part of the diploma thesis the selected variants are described, rewarded and evaluated. The diploma thesis deals with two variants, that are guided along the same route, with the difference of the construction of the drilled well in the second variant. Both variants are handled by pumping. The option of the gravity inflow was rejected because of the large countersink of rainwater sewerage.

The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the validity of statistical modelling, with regards to flow in wastewater systems based on precipitation. A wastewater system, which is a system of pump-stations connected via pipes, is affected by precipitation as rainwater enters the system. The rainwater that enters the system can sometimes, especially if the precipitation is heavy, increase the flow by several hundred percent. The goal with the models created for this report was, to first predict how much rainwater there was in the wastewater system based on precipitation, and second, to examine where in a geographical grid this rainwater entered the system. For the first goal a linear regression model was applied, this model showed that it was indeed possible to predict excess water in the system, but large errors for individual time points where to be expected, especially for light precipitation. For the second goal a random forest model was applied. This model however gave no additional insight beyond what an initial correlation study between precipitation in different parts of the geographical grid and flow had already shown. The areas in the geographical grid pointed out by both the random forest model and the initial correlation study were not the actual uptake areas of the pump-station these models were applied to. This leads to the conclusion that for the data set used, and with the models applied in the manner in which they were in this thesis, it was not possible to predict where rainwater enters the system. / Målet med den här rapporten var att undersöka möjligheten att modellera regnvattens påverkan på vattenflödet i avloppsystem, med statistiska modeller. Ett avloppsystem är i dess enklaste form ett nätverk av pumpstationer sammanbunda med rör. Det här systemen påverkas av nederbörd då oönskat regnvatten kommer in via stuprör, avloppsbrunnar och sprickor i rören. Regnvattnet kan i vissa fall, särskilt under perioder med mycket nederbörd, öka flödet i avloppsystemet med flera hundra procent. Modellerna tillverkade för den här rapporten undersökte två olika aspekter av regnvattnets påverkan: Kan flöde i avloppssystemet modelleras med regnvatten? Och kan modellerna avgöra var regnvatten kommer in i avloppsystemet? Den första frågan undersöktes med linjär regressionsanalys, modellerna tillverkade med regression visade att det gick att modellera flöde i avloppsystemet med regnvatten, det bör dock nämnas att stora fel i enskilda tidssteg var att förvänta, speciellt för modellering då nederbörden är låg. Den andra frågan utvärderades med en ”random forest” modell. Den här modellen gav ingen ytterligare information angående var regnvatten kommer in i systemet, utöver vad som redan hade visats av en korrelationsstudie gjord i början av projektet. Både korrelationsstudien och ”random forest” modellen visade också på att regnvattnet kom från platser som inte var sammankopplade med den pumpstation testerna gjordes på. På grund av detta drogs slutsatsen att det inte gick att ta reda på var regnvattnet kommer in i systemet, med den data som använts, och på det sätt som modellerna har använts i den här rapporten.

No description available.

The approach to water management worldwide is currently in transition, with a shift from centralised infrastructures to greater consideration of decentralised technologies, such as rainwater harvesting (RWH). Initiated by recognition of drivers, including water demand, increasing risk of ground-water pollution and flooding, the value of RWH is filtering across the academic-policy boundary. However, in Nigeria, implementation of sustainable water management (SWM), such as RWH systems, is inefficient social, environmental and technical barriers, concerns and knowledge gaps exist, which currently restrict its widespread utilisation. This inefficiency contributes to water scarcity, water-borne diseases, and loss of lives and property due to flooding. Meanwhile, several RWH technologies have been developed to improve SWM through both demand and storm-water management. Such technologies involve the use of storage tanks, surface water reservoirs and ground-water recharge pits as storage systems. A framework was developed to assess the significance and extent of water management problems, match the problems with existing RWH-based solutions and develop a robust ready-to-use multi-criteria analysis tool that can quantify the costs and benefits of implementing several RWH-based storage systems. The methodology adopted was the mixed method approach, involving a detailed literature review, followed by a questionnaire survey of 1067 household respondents, 135 Nigerian Architects and Civil Engineers and focus group discussion with Stakeholders. A total of 1042 sets of data were collected through a questionnaire survey and analysed using SPSS, Excel and selected statistical methods to derive weightings of the attributes for the tool. Following this, three case studies were selected to collect data for hydrological modelling using the RainCycle model. From the results it is found that the most important barrier constraining sustainable RWH regime in Ibadan was obsolete and insufficient operational equipment, followed by poor renumeration of water corporation staff and misuse of available funds. In addition, the measure of importance of storage capacity was established, with the highest score of 4.5 which reflects the general inadequacy of storage as a major barrier to the adoption of RWH as a sustainable water management method. Further, respondents’ major health hazards associated with drinking contaminated water was established. A larger proportion (61.2%) of respondents chose prevalence of typhoid fever; some have a prevalence of diarrhea (19.4%), while few of respondents’ water sources is free from water-borne diseases (2.3%). The tool developed is an integrated platform of related evaluation techniques, including Whole Life Cycle Cost Analysis and Multi-Attribute Utility Theory. The tool uses data including cost and quantities of materials for building a RWH storage system and quantifies the cost and benefits of alternative RWH-based systems that can improve project management. This tool is novel, given its integration of the analytical techniques mentioned above and application for selecting the most appropriate RWH-based SWM systems. The implementation of the tool is envisaged to provide an objective platform for the quantification of the costs and benefits of RWH-based systems prior to implementation.

Municipalities are experiencing a growing water management challenge as a result of population growth in water-dependent communities. The rising cost of potable water, in addition to limits placed on stormwater discharges, provide opportunities for the wide-scale implementation of stormwater reuse. This thesis presents a feasibility analysis of a novel site-level stormwater reuse concept for commercial developments in Canada. Historical rainfall data and SWMM 5.0 were used to evaluate the hydrologic potential of the reuse system to replace potable water for end-use demands of toilet flushing and garden irrigation on single- and multi-tenant commercial sites. Performance criteria were used to evaluate: (i) the volume and percent potable water replaced with reclaimed stormwater, (ii) the volume and frequency of potable water ‘top-ups’ to the reclaimed stormwater storage facility, and (iii) the volume and frequency of overflows in the reclaimed stormwater storage facility. A discounted payback method was used to determine the length of time (in years) required for annual water savings to equal the initial capital investment of the stormwater reuse system. The analysis was performed from the perspective of the private landowner in six Canadian locations, including Vancouver, Edmonton, Regina, Saskatoon, Toronto, and Quebec City. The methodology and results presented is intended to provide insight to landowners and municipal bodies on the potential of site-level stormwater reuse to aid large-scale adaption and implementation. The results suggest that regions with high average annual rainfall depths produce high potable water replacement rates ranging from 64% to 99% while cities that experience seasonal arid conditions and lower average annual rainfall depths achieve lower potable water replacement rates in the range of 30% and 83%. The test locations of Vancouver and Quebec achieved longer payback periods of 10 years to 26 years due to the relative low cost of potable water. The Saskatoon and Regina locations produced shorter payback periods ranging from 3 to 6 years due to the higher potable water prices. Toronto was found to have relatively short payback periods ranging from 4 to 5 years on account of its high potable water replacement rates and high potable water prices. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-08-19 14:44:23.024

The approach to water management worldwide is currently in transition, with a shift evident from purely centralised infrastructure to greater consideration of decentralised technologies, such as rainwater harvesting (RWH). Initiated by recognition of drivers including increasing water demand and increasing risk of flooding, the value of RWH is beginning to filter across the academic-policy boundary. However, in the UK, implementation of RWH systems is not straight forward; social and technical barriers, concerns and knowledge gaps exist, which currently restrict its widespread utilisation. Previously, these issues have been examined independently. The research described in this thesis highlights the need for interdisciplinary working to lower the barriers and resolve the concerns. Consequently, a combination of social and engineering research perspectives, methods and analysis is utilised to achieve the aim of the research: the production of a strategic framework to support the implementation of RWH in the UK. The framework is the culmination of empirically derived social and technical evidence bases including: surveys with householders and architects; interviews with small to medium enterprises (SMEs); a design and performance evaluation of a non-domestic RWH system; non-domestic water closet (WC) monitoring to develop a demand profile and a water quality study and health impact assessment (HIA) of a non-domestic RWH system. Results indicate that householders were willing but not able to implement RWH, due to financial constraints and perceived maintenance burdens. For SMEs 5 ‘implementation deficit categories’ were identified, which undermined their ability to implement. The use of continuous simulation tools, with appropriate data, need to be promoted and the non-domestic demand profile derived was distinctly different to the well-established domestic profile, yielding implications for system design. The non-domestic RWH system was able to achieve an average water saving efficiency of 97% for the period monitored and the HIA quantified the risk to health as being within the recognised screening level. Triangulation of the results into an integrated socio-technical evidence base facilitated the identification of three core strategy aims, their corresponding actions and actors (stakeholder groups). The overall strategic framework is presented in the form of a Venn diagram. It is unlikely the comprehensive nature of the strategic framework would have been achieved, if the interdisciplinary process had not been undertaken. Therefore adoption of a socio-technical approach to implementation is vital, if RWH in the UK is to transition from novel to mainstream.