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Náhodná mutageneze a selekce kmenů karotenogenních kvasinek schopných utilizovat vybrané odpadní substráty. / Random mutagenesis and selection of red yeast mutants capable to utilize particular waste substratesČačková, Katarína January 2012 (has links)
Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments of plants also produced by microbes. The area of their application concerns mainly food industry; however, they are used in chemical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industry as well. Currently, the isolation of carotenoids from plants is markedly regulated by legislation, so the study of their production is greatly emphasised, where the microbiological, instead of the synthetic, production of carotenoids is being prioritized. This work was made as a comparative study of carotenogenic yeasts of the genes Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces, and Cystofilobasidium. Their ability to use various waste substrates as a carbon and nitrogen source and source of other nutrition factors was tested. In this work, conditions of random mutagenesis were optimized. Particular yeast strains were also subjected to the effect of mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in order to increase the production of biomass and specific metabolites – carotenoids and other lipid-soluble substances. Random mutagenesis and mutant strain selection was performed using waste subtrates as glycerol, pasta and some pasta hydrolyzed by fungal extracellular enzymes. Subsequently, a control of specific DNA sequences in pigments overproducing mutants was analyzed by PCR/DGGE (denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis). Increased production of -carotene was achieved in a mutant of Sporobolomyces roseus strain growing on glycerol, pasta, and hydrolyzed pasta. Overproduction of carotenoids by mutant strain of Rhodotorula glutinis was observed in glucose medium only. Mutants of Cystofilobasidium capitatum exhibited a decrease of biomass production; on the other hand, the production of carotenoids increased especially in pasta medium hydrolyzed by enzyme preparative from Fusarium solani. In this work it was confirmed that using random mutagenesis strains capable to utilize waste substrates can be selected. In mutant strains increased carotenoids biosynthesis was observed, which enables effective use of cheap substrates and reduction of the negative effects of wastes on the environment.
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Heme biosynthesis: structure-activity studies of murine ferrochelataseShi, Zhen 01 June 2006 (has links)
Ferrochelatase catalyzes the terminal step of heme biosynthesis by inserting ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX. The current study is aimed at understanding the structural basis of porphyrin binding and distortion in ferrochelatase-catalyzed reaction by functional analysis of a highly conserved active site loop motif. The loop was shown to contact bound porphyrin based on crystallographic and molecular modelling observations, and its role in murine ferrochelatase was assessed by random mutagenesis and steady-state kinetic analysis. To overcome the limitations of conventional kinetic assay methods for ferrochelatase, a continuous assay was developed by monitoring porphyrin fluorescence decrease using natural substrates ferrous iron and protoporphyrin IX under anaerobic conditions. For wild-type murine ferrochelatase, the assay yielded KmPPIX of 1.4 uÌ?M, KmFe2+ of 1.9 uÌ?M and kcat of 4.0 min-1 at 30 °C. The results of random mutagenesis indicated that all the loop re
sidues spanning Q248-L257 tolerated functional substitutions. While Q248, S249, G252, W256 and L257 possessed high informational content, the other five positions contained low informational content. Selected active loop variants exhibited kcat comparable to or higher than that of wild-type enzyme, while KmPPIX was increased in most variants. The kcat/KmPPIX remained largely unchanged, with the exception of a 10-fold reduction in variant K250M/V251L/W256Y. Molecular modeling of the active loop variants suggested that loop mutations resulted in alterations of the active site architecture. Distortion of porphyrin substrate, a crucial step in ferrochelatase-catalyzed metal chelation, was examined using resonance Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that both wild-type enzyme and loop variants induced saddling of substrate protoporphyrin. Further, loop mutations generally interfered with porphyrin saddling, with the least deformation observed in variant K250M/V251L/W256Y.N-alkyl
porphyrins are potent competitive inhibitors of mammalian ferrochelatase. The present study showed that while N-methyl protoporphyrin strongly inhibited the wild-type enzyme with an inhibition constant in the nanomolar range, it was less effective in inhibiting variants P255R and P255G. These results suggest that inhibitor binding may be associated with a protein conformational change mediated by P255. Wild-type ferrochelatase is a homodimeric [2Fe-2S] cluster-containing protein. Variants S249A/K250Q/V251C and S249A/K250R/G252W were found to retain enzymatic activity in the absence of FeS cluster and form active, higher order oligomers. These observations raise the possibility that FeS cluster and homodimeric organization are not essential to ferrochelatase catalysis.
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Řízená biotechnologická produkce polyhydroxyalkanoátů. / Controlled biotechnological production of polyhydroxyalkanoatesŠnajdar, Ondřej January 2012 (has links)
Předložená diplomová práce se zabývá produkcí polyhydroxyalkanoátů (PHA) bakterií Cupriavidus necator H16. Cílem práce byla příprava, selekce a charakterizace mutantních kmenů schopných vyšší produkce PHA. V teoretické části byla zpracována literární rešerše zabývající se nejdůležitějšími typy PHA, bakterií Cupriavidus necator a způsoby indukce mutageneze. V experimentální části byly připraveny mutantní kmeny pomocí fyzikální a chemické mutageneze. Mutantní kmeny schopné nadprodukce PHA byly selektovány pomocí kultivace na minerálním médium s olejem. Pro další studium byly vybrány 4 mutantní kmeny schopné nadprodukce PHA. Tyto mutantní kmeny byly dále podrobeny biochemické charakterizaci. Byly naměřeny specifické aktivity vybraných intracelulárních enzymů včetně enzymů podílejících se na biosyntéze PHA. Také byla naměřena resistence mutantů vůči oxidačnímu stresu. Bylo zjištěno, že mutantní kmeny schopné nadprodukce PHA mají vyšší aktivity enzymů produkujících NADPH. NADPH je jeden z klíčových substrátů ovlivňujících směr toku acetyl-CoA metabolizmem. Vyšší intracelulární koncentrace NADPH parciálně inhibuje Krebsův cyklus a aktivuje akumulaci PHA. Aktivity acetoacetyl-CoA reduktázy a PHA syntázy, enzymů zapojených do syntézy PHA, těchto mutantů proto byly také vyšší stejně jako molekulová hmotnost připravených polymerů. Aplikace fyzikálních a chemických mutagenů je způsob, kterým lze připravit biotechnologicky perspektivní mutantní kmeny schopné nadprodukce PHA.
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Pathogenomics of the fungal phytopathogen Leptosphaeria maculans : exploitation of a large T-DNA mutagenized collection to elucidate T-DNA integration patterns and identify new pathogenicity determinants / Pathogénomique du champignon phytopathogène Leptosphaeria maculans : exploitation d’une large collection de mutants ADN-T pour comprendre les mécanismes d’intégration de l’ADN-T et identifier des déterminants du pouvoir pathogèneBourras, Salim Ahmed 04 May 2012 (has links)
Leptosphaeria maculans est un Dothideomycète phytopathogène capable d’alterner des modes de vie saprophyte, hemibiotrophe endophyte et nécrotrophe durant son cycle infectieux sur le colza. Afin de comprendre cette plasticité infectieuse, une mutagenèse aléatoire à grande échelle par ATMT a permis de générer une collection de 5000 transformants. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était d’exploiter cette collection en prenant avantage de la disponibilité d’outils de génomique, pour, d’une part, comprendre les mécanismes d’intégration de l’ADN-T dans le génome, et d’autre part, identifier des déterminants du pouvoir pathogène ciblés par l’ADN-T dans des mutants affectés dans leur capacité infectieuse. Une analyse systématique de 318 pieds d’insertion a été réalisée dans le but de d’évaluer les caractéristiques de l’insertion de l’ADN-T. Ce dernier est fréquemment inséré dans les régions actives riches en gènes, et favorise des gènes impliqués dans des processus biologiques indicatifs d’une conidie germante. Un biais marqué des insertions en faveur des régions régulatrices est observé ainsi qu’une corrélation entre la densité des insertions et le skew CG près du site d’initiation de la transcription. Ces observations sont cohérentes avec le modèle de ciblage intranucléaire de l’ADN-T. Enfin, l’existence de micro-homologies entre le site de pré-insertion et la bordure gauche de l’ADN-T indique une intégration par voie de recombinaison homologue (HR) et/ou microhomologue (MMEJ). Une approche multicritère a été utilisée pour caractériser cette collection. Un test d’inoculation a permis d’identifier 166 mutants altérés dans leur pouvoir pathogène. La validation génétique de la co-ségrégation entre le phénotype altéré et la présence de l’ADN-T indique que 44% des mutants montrant un déterminisme monogénique de l’altération sont effectivement étiquetés. Parmi les mutants altérés, 35 ont été analysé pour : (i) le phénotype de croissance en conditions usuelles de culture et en réponse aux stress oxydatif, UV et nutritif, (ii) le lien entre altération de la germination et pouvoir pathogène. Les gènes affectés par l’intégration de l’ADN-T, ont été identifié et analysé dans la souche sauvage à l’aide de données de transcriptomique. Ces cribles ont permis de décomposer le phénotype d’altération in planta en plusieurs phénotypes in vitro. Le plus fréquemment, les mutants ne sont pas altérés dans leur in vitro croissance, mais la plupart sont sensibles aux ROS. Les analyses d’expression au cours de l’infection indiquent que les gènes codant pour des effecteurs et ceux impliqués dans la détoxification des ROS, ont des dynamiques d’expression inverses et bi-phasiques, en lien avec le style de vie hemibiotrophe de L. maculans. Les 42 gènes ciblés par l’ADN-T dans ces mutants ont été identifiés et leur fonction putative disséquée par bioinformatique et transcriptomique. Au final, nous avons identifié six mutants d’intérêt pour une caractérisation fonctionnelle. Deux de ceux-ci deux ont atteint un niveau de caractérisation suffisant pour l’émission d’une hypothèse de travail. Dans le mutant µ1165, l’ADN-T cible un gène codant pour une protéine ribosomale S17 (LmRPS17), dont la régulation dépendrait de la voie de signalisation du complex TORC1. Nos résultats préliminaires suggèrent, d’une part, que TORC1 est une cible potentielle de LmRPS17 et, d’autre part, que la phase biotrophe de l’infection chez L. maculans est probablement régulée par TORC1 via l’enzyme de détoxication des ROS SOD2. Dans le mutant µ444, l’ADN-T cible un gène codant pour un élément rétroviral putatif LmHYP1, largement conservé parmi les ascomycètes. Nos résultats suggèrent que LmHYP1 interviendrait dans la régulation de gènes impliqués dans le pouvoir pathogène, via la production de petits ARN interférents issus hypothétiquement du clivage de son ARN messager par la machinerie de défense anti-rétrovirale. La validation de ces deux hypothèses est en cours au laboratoire. / The Dothideomycete phytopathogen Leptosphaeria maculans is capable to alternate saprophytic, hemibiotrophic, endophytic and necrotrophic life styles during a single infectious cycle on its host plant, Brassica napus. However, little is known about the determinants of such plasticity. As part of a large-scale insertional mutagenesis project aiming at the discovery of pathogenicity factors a collection 5000 transformants has been generated by ATMT. The main objective of my PhD was to take advantage of “omics” to extract biological value from L. maculans mutants collection for a better understanding of T-DNA integration features and further identification of pathogenesis determinants in this fungus. A systematic analysis of 318 T-DNA tags was performed in a large collection of transformants in order to evaluate the features of T-DNA integration in its particular TE-rich compartmentalized genome. The T-DNA integration was mainly targeted to gene-rich, transcriptionally active regions, and favored biological processes that are consistent with the physiological status of a germinating conidia. In addition, T-DNA integration was strongly biased towards regulatory regions, and mainly promoters. Consistently with the T-DNA intranuclear targeting model, the density of T-DNA insertion correlated with CG skew near the transcription initiation site. The existence of microhomologies between promoter sequences and the T-DNA LB flanking sequence was also consistent with T-DNA integration to host DNA mediated by homologous recombination and/or the microhomology-mediated end joining pathways. Based on this data, a multi-criteria approach was used to draw the more possible information from this collection by identifying all 166 mutants reliably affected in pathogenicity, and expanding the genetic analysis. Considering single-gene segregation of the pathogenicity phenotype, our data indicate a 44% ratio of actual tagging. In parallel, for a subset of 35 isolates of the collection, we (i) described growth patterns in regular culture conditions or in response to oxidative, UV or starvation stresses, (ii) evaluated the link between altered germination and pathogenicity, (iii) identified and annotated the genes putatively affected by the T-DNA integration, and (iv) analyzed kinetics of expression of these genes in the WT isolate using available microarrays. Our results showed that pathogenicity alteration phenotype could be broken down into a pattern of phenotypes in vitro including growth, germination defect and susceptibilities to oxidative burst, starvation and UV stresses. Our results showed that most of these mutants were not altered in axenic growth but showed enhanced sensitivity to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, our results showed that effectors and ROS scavengers have inverted dynamics during plant infection, consistently with the biphasic hemibiotrophic growth of L. maculans. Also, 42 genes targeted by the T-DNA in these mutants were recovered and dissected. This catalogue allowed us to identify a series of promising mutants for further functional studies. Based on this screening, six mutants were subjected to further analyses but only two reached sufficient advance for hypothesis building. In mutant µ1165, the T-DNA targeted a ribosomal protein S17 (LmRPS17), a downstream component of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) pathway. Our preliminary results suggested that TORC1 is a potential a target of LmRPS17. Also, biotrophic growth is probably tuned by TORC1 via Super oxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). In mutant µ444, the T-DNA targeted a retroviral-like element LmHyp1 widely conserved among ascomycetes. Our results suggest that LmHyp1 probably acts as a regulatory element during plant infection as its cleavage by the antiretroviral defences is hypothesized to generate siRNAs that silences distant genes. Work on these mutants is in progress.
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In search of a biosensor for DNT detection : Studies of inducer response and specificity of DntRLönneborg, Rosa January 2011 (has links)
The primary aim of the work presented in this thesis was to change the inducer specificity of the DntR protein in order to improve the response to DNT. The long-term goal is to use this protein in a biosensor for DNT, a signature compound for detection of the explosive TNT. Another aspect of this work was to understand the mechanisms of inducer binding and how the binding of an inducer molecule changes the DntR structure into a state that triggers transcriptional activation. In the papers included in this thesis the inducer specificity of wt DntR has been investigated under different conditions. The functional effects of specific mutations have also been investigated, in some cases in combination with structure determination using X-ray crystallography. In addition, structural data offering insights into the details of inducer binding and conformational changes upon inducer binding are presented and discussed in terms of mechanisms for transcriptional activation by DntR. Furthermore, a directed evolution strategy was employed in order to find variants of DntR with improved response to DNT. A variant with a large improvement in the DNT response was isolated and characterized. In optimized growth conditions, this DntR variant had a nearly 10-fold increase in fluorescence in response to DNT compared to wt DntR. Specific substitutions found in this DntR variant are suggested to be important for changing the inducer response. / Syftet med denna avhandling har varit att förbättra förmågan hos proteinet DntR att upptäcka DNT. Det långsiktiga målet har varit att använda DntR i en biosensor för att upptäcka sprängämnet TNT, som avger DNT som en ”signaturmolekyl”. En annan aspekt har varit att bättre förstå den detaljerade mekanismen för hur DntR fungerar. DntR är ett protein som binder till en viss DNA sekvens (promotor) och reglerar hur gener intill denna promotorsekvens läses av. När en inducerande molekyl som t.ex. DNT binder till DntR förändras proteinets struktur på ett sådant sätt att DntR kan aktivera transkription av de gener som finns intill promotor-sekvensen. För att mäta hur DntR reagerar på olika inducerande molekyler har DntR uttryckts i bakterien Escherichia coli, som också innehållit promotorn som DntR binder till. Intill promotorn sitter en gen som kodar för proteinet GFP. När en inducerande molekyl binder till DntR, slås avläses gfp-genen, och det fluorescerande proteinet GFP produceras. Ju mer GFP som produceras i cellerna, desto högre fluorescens kan uppmätas när cellerna analyseras. I de artiklar som presenteras i avhandlingen har vi undersökt hur olika substitutioner i DntR proteinet påverkar specificiten och sensitiviteten och hur dessa egenskaper kan påverkas av olika experimentella faktorer. Effekten av substitutioner har relaterats till strukturdata, där bilder av hur proteinet ser ut på molekylär nivå har tagits fram. Dessutom presenteras även en bild av hur DntR förändras beroende på om inducerande molekyler är bundna eller inte. En sådan strukturbild ökar förståelsen för de mekanismer som gör att bindning av en inducerande molekyl orsakar en förändring av formen hos DntR på så sätt att avläsning av gener kan aktiveras. Vi har också använt en metod där evolutionära processer härmats för att få fram varianter av DntR med förbättrad respons till DNT. En variant med en drastisk ökning av DNT-responsen har isolerats, och dess egenskaper har karaktäriserats. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript
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Stepwise error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling changed the pH activity range and product specificity of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from an alkaliphilic Bacillus sp.Melzer, Susanne, Sonnendecker, Christian, Föllner, Christina, Zimmermann, Wolfgang 29 June 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.19) from the alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. G-825-6 converts starch mainly to c-cyclodextrin (CD8). A combination of error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling was used to obtain variants of this enzyme with higher product specificity for CD8 and a broad pH activity range. The variant S54 with seven amino acid substitutions showed a 1.2-fold increase in CD8-synthesizing activity and the product ratio of CD7:CD8 was shifted to 1:7 compared to 1:3 of
the wild-type enzyme. Nine amino acid substitutions of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase were performed to generate the variant S35 active in a pH range 4.0–10.0. Compared to the wild-type enzyme which is inactive below pH 6.0, S35 retained 70% of its CD8-synthesizing activity at pH 4.0.
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Stepwise error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling changed the pH activity range and product specificity of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from an alkaliphilic Bacillus sp.: Stepwise error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling changed the pH activityrange and product specificity of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferasefrom an alkaliphilic Bacillus sp.Melzer, Susanne, Sonnendecker, Christian, Föllner, Christina, Zimmermann, Wolfgang January 2015 (has links)
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.19) from the alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. G-825-6 converts starch mainly to c-cyclodextrin (CD8). A combination of error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling was used to obtain variants of this enzyme with higher product specificity for CD8 and a broad pH activity range. The variant S54 with seven amino acid substitutions showed a 1.2-fold increase in CD8-synthesizing activity and the product ratio of CD7:CD8 was shifted to 1:7 compared to 1:3 of
the wild-type enzyme. Nine amino acid substitutions of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase were performed to generate the variant S35 active in a pH range 4.0–10.0. Compared to the wild-type enzyme which is inactive below pH 6.0, S35 retained 70% of its CD8-synthesizing activity at pH 4.0.
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Využití vybraných molekulárních metod k metabolické charakterizaci průmyslově významných kvasinek / Use of some molecular techniques to metabolic characterization of industrially significant yeastsKostovová, Iveta January 2021 (has links)
Karotenoidy, ergosterol a mastné kyseliny jsou velmi žádané látky využívané v krmivářském, potravinářském a kosmetickém průmyslu. Konvenční zdroje mastných kyselin a karotenoidů jsou závislé na sezónních podmínkách, geografické poloze a na dostupnosti zemědělské půdy, což znesnadňuje pokrýt jejich neustále se zvyšující spotřebu. Velmi slibným řešením je mikrobiální produkce výše uvedených látek pomocí karotenogenních kvasinek, které jsou schopny simultánně produkovat karotenoidy, mastné kyseliny i ergosterol. Předložená disertační práce je zaměřená na molekulární a metabolickou charakterizaci karotenogenních kvasinek a na jejich potenciál pro průmyslové aplikace. Proto první experimentální části práce jsou zaměřeny na kvasinky druhu R. mucilaginosa a R. toruloides, jejich produkční vlastnosti, vliv nutričního stresu a různých zdrojů uhlíku, jakými byly xylóza a glycerol. Kromě podrobné charakterizace jejich produkčních vlastností, byly tyto kmeny také charakterizovány molekulárními metodami, zahrnující sekvenční analýzu ITS1, ITS2 a D1/2 ribozomálního operonu a analýzu mini a mikrosatelitních sekvencí M13 a GTG5. Druh R. toruloides je známý jako vynikající producent mastných kyselin, a proto se v poslední době stal cílovou karotenogenní kvasinkou pro vývoj nástrojů pro jeho genetickou manipulaci. V této práci byly úspěšně připraveny geneticky modifikované klony kmene R. toruloides, nesoucí nadměrně exprimované geny pro diacylglycerol acyltransferázu (DGA1) a glycerol-3-fosfát dehydrogenázu (GPD1). Produkce mastných kyselin u modifikovaných klonů nebyla ve srovnání s původním kmenem vyšší. Proto byla další část práce zaměřená na přípravu nadprodukčních mutantních kmenů připravených náhodnou mutagenezí. Kombinace limitace dusíkem a inhibice produkce karotenoidů vedla k úspěšné selekci robustních mutantních kmenů s nadprodukcí karotenoidů vykazující rezistenci vůči difenylaminu. Poslední část práce se zabývá produkčními vlastnostmi méně známých druhů karotenogenních kvasinek náležící do řádů Sporidiobolales a Cystofilobasidales, ve srovnání s relativně dobře prostudovanými karotenogenními druhy R. toruloides a P.rhodozyma. V této studii byly nejlešími producenty mastných kyselin kmeny S.metaroseus CCY 19-6-20 a C. macerans CCY 10-01-02. Nejlepší producent karotenoidů, kmen R. mucilaginosa CCY 19-04-06, navíc produkoval lykopen, který představoval více než 80 % celkového množství karotenoidů produkovaných tímto kmenem.
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Adaptive Evolution und Screening bei CyanobakterienTillich, Ulrich Martin 31 March 2015 (has links)
Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Erhöhung der Temperaturtoleranz des Cyanobakteriums Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 mittels ungerichteter Mutagenese und adaptiver Evolution. Trotz des erneuten Interesses an Cyanobakterien und Mikroalgen in den letzten Jahren, gibt es nur relativ wenige aktuelle Studien zum Einsatz dieser Methoden an Cyanobakterien. Zur Analyse eines mittels Mutagenese erzeugten Gemischs an Stämmen, ist es von großem Vorteil Hochdurchsatz-Methoden zur Kultivierung und zum Screening einsetzen zu können. Auf Basis eines Pipettierroboters wurde solch eine Plattform für phototrophe Mikroorganismen neu entwickelt und folgend stetig verbessert. Die Kultivierung erfolgt in 2,2ml Deepwell-Mikrotiterplatten innerhalb einer speziell angefertigten Kultivierungskammer. Schüttelbedingungen, Beleuchtung, Temperatur und CO2-Atmosphäre sind hierbei vollständig einstellbar.Die Plattform erlaubt semi-kontinuierliche Kultivierungen mit automatisierten Verdünnungen von hunderten Kulturen gleichzeitig. Automatisierte Messungen des Wachstums, des Absorptionsspektrums, der Chlorophyllkonzentration, MALDI-TOF-MS sowie eines neu entwickelten Vitalitätsassays wurden etabliert. Für die Mutagenese wurden die Letalität- und die nicht-letale Punktmutationsrate von ultravioletter Strahlung und Methylmethansulfonat für Synechocystis charakterisiert. Synechocystis wurde mit den so ermittelten optimalen Dosen mehrfach behandelt und anschließend einer in vivo Selektion unterzogen. Somit wurde dessen Temperaturtoleranz um bis zu 3°C erhöht. Über die Screeningplattform wurden die thermotolerantesten monoklonalen Stämme identifiziert. Nach einer Validierung wurde das vollständige Genom der Stämme sequenziert. Hierdurch wurden erstmals Mutationen in verschiedenen Genen mit der Langzeittemperaturtoleranz von Synechocystis in Verbindung gebracht. Bei einigen dieser Gene ist es sehr unwahrscheinlich, dass sie mittels anderer Verfahren hätten identifiziert werden können. / The goal of this work was the increase of the thermal tolerance of the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 via random mutagenesis and adaptive evolution. Even with the renewed interest in cyanobacteria in the recent years, there is relatively limited current research available on the application of these methods on cyanobacteria. To analyse a mixture of various strains typically obtained through random mutagenesis, a method allowing high-throughput miniaturized cultivation and screening is of great advantage. Based on a pipetting robot a novel high-throughput screening system suitable for phototrophic microorganisms was developed and then constantly improved. The cultivation was performed in 2,2 ml deepwell microtiter plates within a cultivation chamber outfitted with programmable shaking conditions, variable illumination, variable temperature, and an adjustable CO2 atmosphere. The platform allows semi-continuous cultivation of hundreds of cultures in parallel. Automated measurements of growth, full absorption spectrum, chlorophyll concentration, MALDI-TOF-MS, as well as a novel vitality measurement protocol, have been established. Prior to the mutagenesis, the lethality and rate of non-lethal point mutations of ultraviolet radiation and methyl-methanesulphonate were characterized for Synechocystis. The thus determined optimal dosages were applied to Synechocystis followed by in vivo selection in four rounds of mutagenesis, thereby raising its temperature tolerance by 3°C. The screening platform was used to identify the most thermotolerant monoclonal strains. After validation, their whole genomes were sequenced. Thus mutations in various genes were identified which promote the strains'' thermal tolerance. For some of the genes it is very unlikely that their link to high thermal tolerance could have been identified by other approaches.
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