Denna studie beskriver svarta kvinnors erfarenheter och upplevelser av den perinatala vården i Sverige. Ras är ett för många obekvämt begrepp i Sverige, ändå tycks ras i social mening påverka ens möjligheter i samhället. Det saknas statistik utifrån ras och hudfärg i Sverige. Forskning på hur just ens hudfärg påverkar den vård en får saknas i svensk kontext. Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys har därför svarta kvinnors beskrivningar av möten och upplevelse med/av vården analyserats för att söka svaren till studiens frågeställning. Det vill säga, om och hur yttrar sig afrofobi i den perinatala vården i Sverige? Det empiriska materialet är insamlat från flera olika mediala forum, böcker, sociala media och nyhetsmedia. Analysen tar avstamp i kategoriserings- och stereotypifieringsteori samt kompletteras detta med att beskriva hur stereotypifiering påverkas av rasideologier formade i historien. Vidare beskrivs tidigare forskning i temat, ur både svensk och internationell kontext. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om och beskriva hur afrofobi kan yttra sig i den perinatala vården i Sverige. Studiens resultat kan endast svara för hur afrofobi upplevs vara förekommande i just de studerade sammanhangen, vilket innebär att slutsatserna inte kan generaliseras för hela befolkningen av afrosvenskar. Slutsatsen är att afrofobi upplevs, av dessa svarta kvinnor, vara vanligt förekommande i den perinatala vården i Sverige. Dessa studerade kvinnors erfarenheter av den perinatala vården tyder på att afrosvenska kvinnors smärta inte tas på allvar och att dessa afrosvenska kvinnor blir homogeniserade utifrån en stereotyp föreställning om den svarta kvinnan. Vidare tycks det finnas både strukturella och internaliserade hinder för att få bukt med problemen.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Hematopoiesis proceeds through three developmental phases, each with a unique and indispensable function. The individual roles of these phases in the pathogenesis of blood disorders is unknown. We have adapted murine lineage trace models to identify the relative contributions of embryonic, fetal, and adult hematopoietic phases to the origin of Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia. We hypothesized that the fetal phase would have the most pronounced contribution to the development of JMML, a pediatric myeloproliferative disorder whose disease-initiating somatic mutations occur in utero. Progenitors expressing PTPN11E76K from all three waves were growth hypersensitive to GM-CSF due to hyperactive RAS-ERK signaling. However, fulminant myeloproliferation was only seen in fetal and adult cohorts. We observed equal disease severity in FLT3Cre; PTPN11E76K; ROSA26mTmG and CSF1R-MCM; PTPN11E76K; ROSA26YFP cohorts, which had high and low mutant allele frequencies, respectively. This led to the revelation that all progenitors in the BM niche of mutant animals have equal growth hypersensitivity and RAS-ERK hyperactivation due to non-cell autonomous effects of PTPN11E76K. We further identified that FLT3Cre has hematopoietic-restricted expression, and thereby circumvented morbidity from PTPN11E76K expression in endothelial and stromal cells. This led us to hypothesize that FLT3Cre; KrasG12D; ROSA26mTmG would be the first faithful model of JMML to express this disease-initiating mutation. Indeed, FLT3Cre; KrasG12D mice were born at expected Mendelian ratio and showed normal weight gain to 2 weeks of age. Thereafter, they acquired defining features of JMML including monocytosis, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and hepatosplenomegaly. All FLT3Cre; KrasG12D mice succumb to a JMML-like disease, which was propagated following transplantation. This is in contrast with CSF1R-MCM; KrasG12D; ROSA26YFP mice, in which low mutant allele frequencies in either fetal or adult HSCs uniformly resulted in T-ALL. Our models reveal previously underappreciated features of JMML including an expansion of dendritic cells and a pronounced defect in T-lymphocyte development. We are the first to demonstrate non-cell autonomous effects of hematopoietic-restricted PTPN11E76K expression. Most importantly, we have shown that both the spatial and the temporal origin of JMML-initiating mutations will affect disease manifestations. Each of our findings suggest novel strategies to treat this intractable disease.

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<p> The ErbB2/Neu orphan receptor tyrosine kinase is amplified in 20-30% of breast and ovarian cancers and predicates poor patient prognosis. Five conserved tyrosine residues, autophosphorylated by Neu catalytic activity, "dock" adaptors and second messengers that activate discrete signalling pathways, most prominently the Ras/MAPK pathway, to regulate cell survival and proliferation. </p> <p> Genetic analysis using Drosophila provides an efficient means for identifying evolutionarily conserved signalling components. Neu and Drosophila EGFR overexpression directs Drosophila tissue development synonymously. Consistent with biochemical evidence, genetic analysis ofNeu signalling through individual pTyr revealed activating signals for 4(Yl144, YB; Y1201, YC; Y1226/7, YD; Y1253, YE) of the 5 sites. Strong Ras-dependent signalling was mediated through adaptors Grb-2 (YB) and SHC (YD). In contrast to biochemical evidence, a strong Ras component was not genetically detected for YC or YE. </p> <p> We have conducted two enhancer-suppressor screens to identify novel Ras and non-Ras requirements for YC signalling. For the first screen, a quantitative approach was designed to identify modification of an YC-specific wing notch phenotype. Thirty-two members of the Ras/MAPK signalling cassette were assessed. Sensitivity to Ras, Raf, MAPK and the Ras-related GTPase R-Ras was identified downstream ofYC. The second screen, a large-scale mutagenesis, took advantage of an YC-induced rough eye phenotype. From over 19 000 screened flies, 11 enhancers and 6 suppressors were isolated. One strong suppressor has been genetically mapped to the dual transcription factor and phosphatase eyes absent. Other promising Ras-dependent and Ras-independent modifiers await farther mapping. Results from both screens point to YC as a unique pTyr that uses both Ras-dependent and Ras-independent outputs. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Polisvåld mot afroamerikaner är ett stort problem i USA. Våldet är ett tydligt rasistiskt uttryckgentemot en specifik grupp i samhället som utsätts oproportionerligt, vilket innebär att derasrättigheter inskränks. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka faktorer som ligger till grund förpolisvåldet mot afroamerikaner i USA samt hur våldet påverkar deras rättigheter. Fokus i dennastudie ligger på två teorier som hävdar att det är olika psykologiska och politiska faktorer, samtrasistiska strukturer som ligger till grund för polisvåldet.Polisvåld är ingenting som endast påverkar enstaka individer, utan har en indirekt/direkt påverkanpå alla afroamerikaner. Detta innebär att även de personer som inte utsätts för fysiskt våld kanpåverkas på ett psykiskt sätt, vilket har en stor påverkan på hälsan.

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El hormigónes uno de los materiales más utilizados a nivel mundial para la construcción de obras tales como, rutas, túneles, presas. Sin embargo existen patologías que pueden afectar sus propiedades mecánicas, físicas y su durabilidad. En 1940 se dieron a conocer los primeros estudios de una reacción química (denominada reacción álcali-sílice),desarrollada entre algunos materiales silíceos que constituyen los agregados pétreos y los hidróxidos alcalinos provenientes principalmente del cemento. A pesar de los años de investigación actualmente continua siendo un tema de debate, estudio y constante avance tecnológico.En Argentina, en las provincias de Entre Ríos y Corrientes, existen numerosas canteras donde se explotan agregados para hormigón. Estas rocas, de origen basáltico, pueden contribuir al desarrollo de la reacción debido a la presencia de cierto tipo de compuestos potencialmente reactivos.En estaTesis se relevaron cinco canteras activas de ambas provincias para evaluar la reactividad alcalina potencial de estos agregados. Se realizaron ensayos normalizados, tales como el método de la barra de mortero (IRAM 1674), prisma de hormigón convencional y acelerado (IRAM 1700, a 38ºC y 60ºC), análisis petrográfico (IRAM 1649, 1531) y se determinó la sílice disuelta (IRAM 1650).Sobre las barras de mortero y prismas de hormigón, luego de cumplido el tiempo de ensayo, se realizaron secciones delgadas que se estudiaron mediante microscopia óptica, para identificar productos de neoformación, y microscopía UV para evaluar el grado de microfisuramiento. Los estudios permitieron identificar materiales potencialmente reactivos, como por ejemplo vidrio volcánico, polimorfos de la sílice y calcedonia, y sustancias perjudiciales como la montmorillonita. En algunas canteras estos componentes superaron el límite establecido por la norma, calificando a los agregados como potencialmente reactivos según el examen petrográfico. La expansión medida en prismas de hormigón arrojaron valores diferenciales calificando algunos agregados como potencialmente reactivos y otros inocuos, mientras que en barras de mortero todos los valores superaron el límite establecido.También se estudiaron dos obras ingenieriles realizadas con agregados basálticos de la zona, que presentaban signos de RAS, con el objetivo evaluar la influencia de estos en el deterioro de la estructura. / Concrete is one of the main materialsused worldwide for the construction of different works such as routes, tunnels, dams.However, several pathologies can affect their mechanical and physical properties and their durability. In 1940 the first studies of a chemical reaction (named alkali-silica reaction (RAS)), developed between some siliceous materials that constitute the aggregates, and the alkaline hydroxides, coming mainly from the cement were studied.Despite the years of researches, nowadays it continues being subject of debate, study and permanent technological progress.In Argentina, in the provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes, there are several quarries of aggregates for concrete. These rocks are of basaltic origin and can contribute to the development of the reaction due to the presence of certain type of potentially reactive components.In this Thesis, five active quarries of both provinces were sampled to evaluate the potential the alkaline reactivity of these aggregates. Several standardized tests such as the mortar bar test method (IRAM 1674), conventional and accelerated concrete prism test method (IRAM 1700, at 38ºC and 60ºC) and petrographic analysis (IRAM 1531, 1649) were carried out. Also the dissolved silica (IRAM 1650) was determined. Thin sections were made of the mortar bars and concrete prisms after the test time was completed. They were studied by optical microscopy, to identify neoformation products, and by UV microscopy to evaluate the microcracking.The studies allowed to identify potentially reactive materials in this type of rock, such as volcanic glass, polymorphs of silica and chalcedony, and harmful substances such as montmorillonite. In some quarries these components exceeded the limit established by the standards, qualifying the aggregates as potentially reactive according to the petrographic examination. The expansion measured in concrete prisms shown differential values qualifying some aggregates as potentially reactive and other as innocuous, while in mortar bars all values exceed the limit established in the standard. Also,works elaborated with basaltic aggregates of the area, which showed signs of ASR, were studied in order to evaluate the influence of these rocks on the deterioration of the structures.

Se evaluó la reactividad potencial frente a los álcalis, de los materiales utilizados como agregados para hormigón, en la zona de Viedma (Prov. de Río Negro). Se muestrearon las principales canteras proveedoras de arena y canto rodado y se evaluaron áreas potenciales de extracción. Se utilizaron métodos de ensayo convencionales: barras de mortero (IRAM 1674), prismas de hormigón (IRAM 1700), análisis petrográfico (IRAM 1650) y se determinó la sílice disuelta por el método de ensayo químico (IRAM 1649). El trabajo se realizó sobre 8 can-teras de canto rodado y 3 de arena, la mayoría en explota-ción y en sectores litológicamente favorables. Se estudió la petrografía de los agregados con esteremicroscopio y micros-copio de polarización sobre secciones delgadas y se realizaron las curvas granulométricas normalizadas. Se identificaron ro-cas volcánicas, la mayoría con pastas vítreas, frescas y al-teradas, como componentes predominantes tanto de los agre-gados gruesos como finos. Gran parte de los cantos rodados presentan una pátina de sílice criptocristalina en la superficie y los ubicados en las planicies más elevadas, que constituyen la vieja terraza del valle, fuerte carbonatación. En la composi-ción de la arena se identificó escasa cantidad de vidrio volcá-nico, en clastos individuales y calcedonia. Este método permi-tió calificar a los materiales estudiados como potencialmente reactivos desde el punto de vista petrográfico. La expansión medida en las barras de mortero supera ampliamente los límites establecidos en la norma (entre 0,337 y 0,575 % a los 16 días). Los resultados de sílice disuelta, determinada en el método químico son coincidentes con la expansión medida en las barras de mortero. Los materiales estudiados se califica-ron como potencialmente reactivos frente a la reacción álcali-sílice. La reactividad se adjudicó a las rocas volcánicas vítre-as y a la sílice criptocristalina que cubre gran parte de los cantos rodados. / The potential alkali reactivity of the materials used as aggregates in the zone of Viedma (Province of Río Negro) was evaluated. Standard test methods were used: mortar bars (IRAM 1674), concrete prisms (IRAM 1700), petrographic analysis (IRAM 1650) and the dissolved silica was determined by the chemical test method (IRAM 1649). The work was made in 8 quarries of gravel and 3 of sand, most of them ac-tives and others in lithologically favourable areas. The petro-graphy of the aggregates was studied with stereomicroscope and polarization microscope on thin sections. Granulometric standard curves were made. Volcanic rocks were identified, most of them with vitreous pastes (fresh and altered) as principal components of the coarse and fine aggregates. Most of the particles have cryptocrystalline silica on the surfaces and those located in the elevated areas present strong carbo-natation. In the composition of the sand, scarce volcanic glass in individual particles and chalcedony were identified. This method allows to qualify the studied materials as potentially alkali reactive from the petrographic point of view. The expansion measured in the mortar bars exceeds the values established in the standard test (between 0,337 and 0,575 at 16 days). The results of dissolved silica, determined by the chemical method are coincident with the expansion measured in the mortar bars. The material studied was classi-fied as potentially alkali reactive respect to the alkali silica reaction. The reactivity was adjudicated to volcanic rocks with glassy matrices and to the cryptocrystalline silica that cover the surfaces of most of the gravels.