A violência urbana e o medo globalizado, marcas do atual período técnico-científico e informacional, têm alterado as paisagens de diversas partes do mundo através do processo denominado neste trabalho pelo termo securização urbana. Como resposta à sensação de insegurança e de imprevisibilidade, busca-se uma racionalização do território a partir da informatização do cotidiano e da criação de espaços exclusivos. Empiricamente, a securização se traduz em formas arquitetônicas variadas, tendo sido destacadas nesta tese as câmeras de vigilância, os condomínios fechados e as arquiteturas anti-indesejáveis. Transformações espaciais como essas são particularmente intensas em Campinas-SP, município brasileiro ao mesmo tempo muito rico, com importantes empresas e universidades, e muito pobre e violento, portando índices de criminalidade acima da média nacional. Exemplos desse e também de outros lugares do Brasil e da Europa foram analisados em trabalhos de campo que contaram com entrevistas colhidas de agentes locais, fotografias e cartografias, com o intuito de caracterizar o processo de securização e, especialmente, conduzir a uma reflexão sobre suas conseqüências. Conclui-se que a maneira pela qual a segurança tem sido buscada aumenta as desigualdades espaciais e promove uma privatização dos espaços públicos. Além disso, o excesso de vigilância tem reforçado a psicoesfera do medo, tolhido muitas das liberdades individuais e criado novas neuroses e violências. A racionalização do espaço para fins de segurança cria, contudo, as condições para o surgimento de contra-racionalidades, o que reafirma o caráter complexo e dialético do espaço geográfico e aponta para a possibilidade de um futuro marcado pelas solidariedades geográficas e pelo poder revolucionário dos agentes não-hegemônicos. / Urban violence and globalized fear, hallmarks of the current technical-scientific and informational period, have transformed the landscape of different cities of the world through a process called urban securitization\". In response to the feeling of insecurity and unpredictability, territories are being rationalised through the digitalization of everyday life and creation of exclusive areas. Empirically, securitization can be materialized through different architectural forms. This thesis highlights surveillance cameras, gated communities and anti-beggars architectures. These transformations are particularly intense in Campinas, a very wealthy Brazilian city, with important companies and universities, and at the same time very poor and violent, with crime rates above the national average. Examples from this city, but also from other parts of Brazil and Europe, were analyzed in field works which involved interviews with local agents, photos and maps, in order to describe the process of securitization and, especially, to lead to a reflection of their consequences. In conclusion, it can be stated that the way security is being searched increases spatial inequalities and promotes a privatization of public spaces. Furthermore, an excessive surveillance has enhanced the psycho-sphere of fear, has restraint individual liberties and has produced new neuroses and violence. However, rationalisation of space for security purposes facilitates the emergence of counter-rationalities, emphasizing the complex and dialectic qualities of geographic space and indicating the possibility of a future characterized by geographic solidarities and by revolutionary power of non-hegemonic agents.

Orientador: Nelson Filice de Barros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T16:48:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bonon_MicheleMazzocato_M.pdf: 2404891 bytes, checksum: 88f399a1a097e77f8de59a1bf1ae4f7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O presente estudo apresenta os resultados de uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre as relações entre a Saúde Mental e as Racionalidades Médicas (RM) /Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (PIC). O levantamento foi realizado em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas, sem restrição da data de publicação dos artigos e considerando combinações de palavras chave. Inicialmente foram analisadas 168 referências (90; 54% de acupuntura; 40; 24% de fitoterapia; 33; 20% de homeopatia; 05; 0% de medicina antroposófica e 0; 0% de termalismo). A predominância das referências de acupuntura motivou o aprofundamento da análise das interações da Medicina Tradicional Chinesa/Acupuntura com a Saúde Mental. Constatou-se que as aplicações da Medicina Tradicional Chinesa na Saúde Mental caracterizam-se pelo uso complementar de diferentes modalidades de acupuntura, em vários contextos, e da sua combinação com outras intervenções de Medicina Alternativa e Complementar. Conclui-se que embora haja constatações positivas provenientes do uso das RM-PIC na Saúde Mental, foi observado que a maior parte dos artigos desconsidera os elementos intrínsecos da RM"MTC" em que a PIC"acupuntura" se origina, assim como a amplitude e complexidade do campo da saúde mental. Tendo em vista que o Brasil engloba a tríade SM-RM-PIC em seu sistema público de saúde e neste contexto a literatura disponível sobre as possibilidades do uso das RM-PIC em Saúde Mental é praticamente inexistente, sugere-se a realização de pesquisas que abordem esse tema, sobretudo no contexto nacional / Abstract: This study presents the results of a systematic review of the literature on the relationship between mental health and Medical Rationalities/ Complementary and Alternative Medicine. The survey was conducted in five electronic databases without restricting the publication of articles and considering combinations of keywords. Were initially analyzed 168 references (90, 54% acupuncture, 40, 24% of phytotherapy, 33, 20% of homeopathy, 05, 0% of anthroposophic and 0, 0% of termal water). The predominance of acupuncture references motivated further analysis of the interactions of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Acupuncture and Mental Health. It was found that applications of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Mental Health are characterized by complementary use of different modes of acupuncture in various contexts, and their combination with other interventions for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. It was concluded that although there positive findings from the use of the RMPIC in Mental Health, it was observed that most of the articles disregards the intrinsic elements of the MR"TCM" that CAM "acupuncture" originates as well as the amplitude and complexity of the field of mental health. Considering that Brazil encompasses the triad MH-MR-CAM in its public health system and in this context the available literature on the possibilities of using the MR-CAM in Mental Health is virtually non-existent, it is suggested to conduct research that address this issue, especially in the national context / Mestrado / Ciências Sociais em Saúde / Mestra em Saúde Coletiva

Si hier les guérisseurs revendiquaient uniquement le besoin de reconnaissance, aujourd’hui, ils se battent plutôt pour que la reconnaissance qui leur a été accordée par l’État soit capable d’intégrer les conceptions africaines de la maladie et des thérapies ; de les protéger au même titre que les biomédecins dans l’exercice de leur profession ; de protéger les malades en cas de préjudices moral et physique. Ils craignent que la reconnaissance [accordée] ne soit pas reconnue juridiquement par une loi camerounaise qui régule leurs pratiques de soins. Dans la mesure où, sans une reconnaissance juridique et institutionnelle, il leur est impossible de se maintenir dans l’espace [public] de sociabilité thérapeutique ; de changer, à partir de la position illégitime, leurs conditions de praticiens précaires, et surtout leur relation aux usagers de soins [les mères] et aux biomédecins. Dans cette perspective, on se demande quelles sont les modalités d’intéressement ou de désintéressement mutuel qui permettent aux guérisseurs – affaiblis institutionnellement – et aux biomédecins – fortement reconnus – d’évoluer vers une réciprocité de perspectives. L’étude cherche à identifier les modes d’arrachement à l’affaiblissement institutionnel, en s’intéressant, d’un côté, aux processus de capacitation et de renforcement de la légitimité ; et de l’autre, à l’impact de ce renforcement, d’abord, sur la redéfinition des objets et figures de la rencontre et de la reconnaissance, et ensuite, sur la reconfiguration de l’espace de soins et du profil du thérapeute camerounais contemporain. Pour répondre à cet objectif, nous avons sollicité le cadre théorique de la sociologie des épreuves d’inspiration pragmatiste [Thévenot, Boltanski, Gennard et Cantelli] et de l’anthropologie capacitaire [Ricœur]. Les observations de consultations en Maisons de Soins [chez les guérisseurs] et au Centre Mère et Enfant [Hôpital pédiatrique] et les entretiens individuels effectués à Yaoundé [Cameroun] ont engendré une réflexion sur le sens que donnent les mères, guérisseurs et biomédecins au fait de rencontrer ou de refuser de rencontrer un soignant. L’analyse des données recueillies inscrit la rencontre dans l’axe de la reconnaissance capacitaire [des compétences], permettant ainsi d’envisager une pluralité de figures de la reconnaissance et de la rencontre. Elle indique aussi que si la formation à l’identité professionnelle biomédicale constitue pour les guérisseurs une tactique de renforcement de leur légitimité, l’inscription en médecines africaines de certains biomédecins [résistants ou non conformistes] les prédisposent à une résistance institutionnelle aux normes biomédicales ; ce qui permet de nuancer, au regard de la pluralisation et de la diversification des rationalités en jeu, la compréhension du caractère monolithique des institutions. Il en résulte une réflexion sur le brouillage des frontières entre les médecines africaines et la biomédecine, ce brouillage ayant alors comme conséquences, entre autres, une possible fragmentation ou morcellement de ces médecines en termes de «biomodernisation» des médecines africaines et de «traditionalisation» de la biomédecine en contexte africain. / If yesterday the need for recognition was the core claim among traditional health practitioners, today, their quest resides in the recognition not only of their practice but also of the African conceptions of diseases and therapies; in their protection as profesionnals (such as biomedical health practictioners); in the protection of patients in case of moral or physical prejudices. The traditional health practitioners fear that their recognition will not extend to or be sanctioned by Cameroonian law, which regulates their care practices. Without legal and institutional recognition, it is impossible for these practitioners to remain in the social care space; to change, from their illegitimate position, their condition of precarious practitioners, and especially their relationship to biomedical health practitioners. Thus, what are the modalities of mutual interestedness or disinterestedness that allow traditional [institutionally weakened] and biomedical practitioners [strongly recognized] to evolve towards reciprocity of perspectives? The study is seeking to identify modes of wrenching from the institutional weakening, focusing, on one hand, on empowerment and reinforcing processes of healers’ legitimacy; and on the other hand, to the impact of empowerment on the redefinition of objects and figures of encounter and of recognition, on the reconfiguration of social care space and the profile of the therapist. To achieve this objective, we have sought the reference framework of sociology of proofs and the anthropology of capacity of Ricœur. The observations of consultations in «Maisons de Soins» and to the «Centre Mère et Enfant» and interviews have led to a reflection on the interpretation associated by mothers, traditional and biomedical health practitioners to what it means to consult or refuse to consult traditional healer or biomedical practitioner. The analysis of data situates the encounter in the axis of capacity of recognition, allowing us to consider multiple figures of recognition and of encounter. It shows that if the adoption of the biomedical professional identity constitutes for traditional health practitioners a tactic of reinforcement of their legitimacy, the integration in African medicines of some biomedical health practitioners predispose them to an institutional resistance to biomedical norms; making it possible to nuance the comprehension of the monolithic character of institutions, given pluralization and diversification of rationalities at stake. This results in a reflection on blurring of frontiers of African medicines and biomedicine, thus giving place to a possible fragmentation of these medicines in terms in terms of biomodernization of African medicines and traditionalization of biomedicine.

Si hier les guérisseurs revendiquaient uniquement le besoin de reconnaissance, aujourd’hui, ils se battent plutôt pour que la reconnaissance qui leur a été accordée par l’État soit capable d’intégrer les conceptions africaines de la maladie et des thérapies ; de les protéger au même titre que les biomédecins dans l’exercice de leur profession ; de protéger les malades en cas de préjudices moral et physique. Ils craignent que la reconnaissance [accordée] ne soit pas reconnue juridiquement par une loi camerounaise qui régule leurs pratiques de soins. Dans la mesure où, sans une reconnaissance juridique et institutionnelle, il leur est impossible de se maintenir dans l’espace [public] de sociabilité thérapeutique ; de changer, à partir de la position illégitime, leurs conditions de praticiens précaires, et surtout leur relation aux usagers de soins [les mères] et aux biomédecins. Dans cette perspective, on se demande quelles sont les modalités d’intéressement ou de désintéressement mutuel qui permettent aux guérisseurs – affaiblis institutionnellement – et aux biomédecins – fortement reconnus – d’évoluer vers une réciprocité de perspectives. L’étude cherche à identifier les modes d’arrachement à l’affaiblissement institutionnel, en s’intéressant, d’un côté, aux processus de capacitation et de renforcement de la légitimité ; et de l’autre, à l’impact de ce renforcement, d’abord, sur la redéfinition des objets et figures de la rencontre et de la reconnaissance, et ensuite, sur la reconfiguration de l’espace de soins et du profil du thérapeute camerounais contemporain. Pour répondre à cet objectif, nous avons sollicité le cadre théorique de la sociologie des épreuves d’inspiration pragmatiste [Thévenot, Boltanski, Gennard et Cantelli] et de l’anthropologie capacitaire [Ricœur]. Les observations de consultations en Maisons de Soins [chez les guérisseurs] et au Centre Mère et Enfant [Hôpital pédiatrique] et les entretiens individuels effectués à Yaoundé [Cameroun] ont engendré une réflexion sur le sens que donnent les mères, guérisseurs et biomédecins au fait de rencontrer ou de refuser de rencontrer un soignant. L’analyse des données recueillies inscrit la rencontre dans l’axe de la reconnaissance capacitaire [des compétences], permettant ainsi d’envisager une pluralité de figures de la reconnaissance et de la rencontre. Elle indique aussi que si la formation à l’identité professionnelle biomédicale constitue pour les guérisseurs une tactique de renforcement de leur légitimité, l’inscription en médecines africaines de certains biomédecins [résistants ou non conformistes] les prédisposent à une résistance institutionnelle aux normes biomédicales ; ce qui permet de nuancer, au regard de la pluralisation et de la diversification des rationalités en jeu, la compréhension du caractère monolithique des institutions. Il en résulte une réflexion sur le brouillage des frontières entre les médecines africaines et la biomédecine, ce brouillage ayant alors comme conséquences, entre autres, une possible fragmentation ou morcellement de ces médecines en termes de «biomodernisation» des médecines africaines et de «traditionalisation» de la biomédecine en contexte africain. / If yesterday the need for recognition was the core claim among traditional health practitioners, today, their quest resides in the recognition not only of their practice but also of the African conceptions of diseases and therapies; in their protection as profesionnals (such as biomedical health practictioners); in the protection of patients in case of moral or physical prejudices. The traditional health practitioners fear that their recognition will not extend to or be sanctioned by Cameroonian law, which regulates their care practices. Without legal and institutional recognition, it is impossible for these practitioners to remain in the social care space; to change, from their illegitimate position, their condition of precarious practitioners, and especially their relationship to biomedical health practitioners. Thus, what are the modalities of mutual interestedness or disinterestedness that allow traditional [institutionally weakened] and biomedical practitioners [strongly recognized] to evolve towards reciprocity of perspectives? The study is seeking to identify modes of wrenching from the institutional weakening, focusing, on one hand, on empowerment and reinforcing processes of healers’ legitimacy; and on the other hand, to the impact of empowerment on the redefinition of objects and figures of encounter and of recognition, on the reconfiguration of social care space and the profile of the therapist. To achieve this objective, we have sought the reference framework of sociology of proofs and the anthropology of capacity of Ricœur. The observations of consultations in «Maisons de Soins» and to the «Centre Mère et Enfant» and interviews have led to a reflection on the interpretation associated by mothers, traditional and biomedical health practitioners to what it means to consult or refuse to consult traditional healer or biomedical practitioner. The analysis of data situates the encounter in the axis of capacity of recognition, allowing us to consider multiple figures of recognition and of encounter. It shows that if the adoption of the biomedical professional identity constitutes for traditional health practitioners a tactic of reinforcement of their legitimacy, the integration in African medicines of some biomedical health practitioners predispose them to an institutional resistance to biomedical norms; making it possible to nuance the comprehension of the monolithic character of institutions, given pluralization and diversification of rationalities at stake. This results in a reflection on blurring of frontiers of African medicines and biomedicine, thus giving place to a possible fragmentation of these medicines in terms in terms of biomodernization of African medicines and traditionalization of biomedicine.

Avec pour cas d’étude les Programmes de mesures de la Directive-cadre « stratégie pour le milieu marin », cette thèse étudie les usages attendus et effectifs des évaluations économiques, et plus largement du langage économique, dans l’élaboration des politiques publiques d’environnement. En France, les Programmes de mesures ont été élaborés via des réunions rassemblant des membres des administrations centrales et déconcentrées ainsi que des parties prenantes, aussi bien au niveau national qu’à l’échelle des sous-régions marines. Une étude des incidences socio-économiques et environnementales des mesures nouvelles, présentée comme une analyse coût-efficacité, a été conduite par des bureaux d’études. Des observations directes ont été menées au cours de 27 de ces réunions.Une analyse de contenu des discours ainsi collectés montre un faible recours au langage économique (i.e. interventions et arguments économiques). Toutefois, la proportion de langage économique dans l’ensemble des discours augmente après la présentation des résultats de l’étude d’incidences. L’absence d’objectifs bien définis et majoritairement acceptés par les parties prenantes émergeant du processus d’élaboration des Programmes de mesures explique en partie la difficulté qu’a eue l’étude d’incidence à remplir son rôle d’outil d’aide à la décision. L’élaboration des Programmes de mesures a alors été analysée comme un processus de coordination entre agents, nécessitant l’émergence de représentations communes des problèmes d’environnement marin, dans un contexte de forte incertitude. Une analyse textuelle menée sur 25 extraits d’entretiens auprès de participants au processus d’élaboration des Programmes de mesures fait apparaître la coexistence de quatre représentations du Bon état écologique. / With a focus on the programmes of measures of the European marine Strategy Framework Directive, this work explores the expected and effective uses of economic valuation, and more widely of economic language, in support of the implementation of environmental public policy. In France, the programmes of measures were elaborated via meetings gathering central and decentralised administration members as well as stakeholders, both at national and sub-marine regions scales. A socio-economic and environmental impact assessment of new measures, presented as a cost-effectivness analysis, has been conducted by external consultants. Direct observations were conducted during 27 of those meetings. A content analysis of collected speeches shows that economic language (i.e. economic interventions and arguments) is hardly ever used. However the share of economic language within speeches increases once the impact assessment of new measures has been introduced. The lack of well defined and widely accepted objectives arising from the programmes of measures elaboration process partly explain why impact assessment struggled to find its place as a tool for supporting decision-making. The Programme of measures elaboration has then been analysed as a coordination process, requiring emergence of shared representations of marine environment issues, in a highly unpredictable context. The textual analysis of 25 interviews extracts, conducted with participants to the programme of measures elaboration process, highlights the coexistence of four representations of the Good environmental status.

The cities of Africa and Asia are projected to account for 80 % of the future urban growth. Challenges brought forward by motorization and lack of accessibility; urban streets take a central position in the discussion of the sustainable city. This offers a considerable challenge in shaping cities while addressing climate change. Meanwhile there is lack of theorizations stemming from global South research. Planning models used for street planning comes from contexts far removed from the urban realities of the South. Sub-Saharan Africa has relatively low road network densities while experiencing a strong urban growth. The object of the study is Addis Ababa, a future megacity where street development is one of the central topics in the city’s planning.This thesis investigates the rationalities expressed by experts around street planning in Addis Ababa and how that shapes the planning discourse in the city. Methods employed are semi- structured interviews, desktop study and participant observations. The study uses conceptual tools from a wide range of literature on rationalities, research in the global South, extraversion, acting and action space of professionals.The results show how rationalities expressed can be understood as four rationality groupings 1) rationalities expressed regarding visions of the city, 2) rationalities expressed regarding the functions of streets, 3) rationalities expressed how to process a project and 4) rationalities expressed regarding relationship and power dynamics. Through the interplay between the rationality groupings a perceived space of action emerges. The rationalities influence what actors see as possible and desirable courses of action. The study concludes that all rationality groupings are not equal, instead visions of the city and relational rationalities seem to hold larger influence on shaping the streetscapes of Addis Ababa. Further, less rigid formulations of what constitutes the formal action space, allows third sector actors to influence and diffuse their rationalities into the city’s street planning process.