Die Tibiaschaftfraktur ist eine häufig auftretende Verletzung. Der Fixateur externe findet bei der Versorgung von Tibiafrakturen große Verwendung. Die Variabilität und Anpassung an die individuelle Patientensituation stellen den Vorteil der Osteosynthese dar. Gleichzeitig ist unklar, ob und inwiefern die Montageebene die Frakturheilung beeinflusst. Interfragmentäre Bewegungen (IFM) bestimmen die Quantität und Qualität der Kallusbildung. IFM werden wiederum durch die Fixateurmontageebene bedingt. Diese Studie wurde vorgelegt, um den Einfluss der Montageebene auf die Frakturheilung zu bestimmen. Zwei identisch konfigurierte monolaterale Fixateurs externes mit medialer und anteromedialer Montageebene wurden bezüglich ihres Heilungspotentials an der Schafstibia verglichen. IFM und Bodenreaktionsparameter wurden während des neunwöchigen Heilungsverlaufs in vivo ermittelt. Die Knochenkonsolidierung wurde radiologisch und biomechanisch evaluiert. Allein die Änderung der Montageebene führte zu einer Modifikation der IFM. Der Unterschied der IFM war nur in der initialen Heilungsphase signifikant. Diese initialen Unterschiede beeinflussten jedoch bei nicht signifikant unterschiedlicher Gewichtsbelastung die Kallusbildung. Die Gruppe mit anteromedial montierten Fixateur zeigte initial höhere IFM und bewirkte einen radiologisch größeren Kallusdurchmesser und eine biomechanisch größere Kallussteifigkeit im Sinne einer weiter fortgeschrittenen Heilungsphase. Diese erzielten Heilungsergebnisse demonstrieren die Sensitivität der Montageebene und die Bedeutung der initialen biomechanischen Bedingungen, die den Kurs der Frakturheilung beeinflussen. Darum sollte der Montageebene und der dadurch bedingten initialen mechanischen Osteosynthesestabilität in der klinischen Frakturversorgung mehr Beachtung geschenkt werden. / Fractures of the tibia are commonly encountered problems. One of the most common osteosyntheses used to stabilise tibial fractures are external fixators. The fixator allows great freedom in configuration, especially with regard to its mounting plane. Whether and how the mounting plane influences the healing process is still unclear. Interfragmentary movements (IFM) affect the quality and quantity of callus formation. The mounting plane of monolateral external fixators may give direction to those movements. The presented study aimed to determine the influence of the fixator mounting plane on fracture healing. Identically configured fixators were mounted either medially or anteromedially on a standardised ovine tibial diastasis model with regard to their fracture healing potential. IFM and ground reaction forces were evaluated in vivo during a nine week period. Biomechanical and radiological parameters described the bone healing process. Changing only the mounting plane led to a modification of IFM in the initial healing phase. The difference in IFM between the groups was only significant during the first post-operative period. However, these initial differences in mechanical conditions influenced callus tissue formation. The group with the anteromedially mounted fixator, initially showing significantly more IFM, ended up with a radiologically bigger callus diameter and a biomechanically higher callus stiffness as a result of advanced fracture healing. This demonstrates that the initial phase of healing is sensitive to mechanical conditions and influences the course of healing. Therefore, initial mechanical stability of an osteosynthesis should be considered an important factor in clinical fracture treatment.

<p>Denna uppsats undersöker om det kan finnas behov att ändra något i grundutbildningen för att de värnpliktiga i svenska flottan skall vara bättre förberedda för att rekryteras till de marina insatsstyrkorna. Det undersöks också huruvida det finns behov att förändra sättet att rekrytera personal till de marina insatsstyrkorna. För att belysa hur väl systemet fungerar som det ser ut idag har en fallstudie på den svenska marina missionen ML i Libanon år 2006-2007 gjorts. Där presenteras erfarenheter från missionen som sedan analyseras med hjälp av delar av det undervisningsmaterial som används under grundutbildningen, GU.</p><p>Av undersökningen har det framkommit att förändringar kan göras i grundutbildningen för att förbereda de värnpliktiga bättre. Ett exempel på förslag som kommit fram är att i större utsträckning implementera internationella reglementen och tillvägagångssätt under grundutbildningen. Förslag på förändringar som kan göras i sättet att rekrytera har också framkommit. Ett exempel på ett sådant förslag är att vid rekrytering testa individens fysiologiska lämplighet likt det sätt som flygvapnet testar sina blivande flygförare.</p> / <p>Basic training to be recruited to the naval rapid reaction forces.</p><p>This paper examines if there might be a need of change in the basic training so that the conscripts in the Swedish navy will be better prepared to be recruited to the naval rapid reaction forces. It also examines if the way to recruit personnel to the naval rapid reaction forces needs to be changed. To show how well the system, as it is today, works, a case study have been made on the Swedish naval mission, ML, in Lebanon during 2006-2007. It presents experiences from the mission that later has been analyzed with the help of parts of the educational material that is used in the basic training.</p><p>By this research it has emerged that changes could be made in the basic training to better prepare the conscripts. One example of the suggestions that has evolved is that to a greater extent involve international regulations and procedures in the basic training. Suggestions to change the way of recruiting personnel has also evolved and one example of such a suggestion is that the recruiting process could include a test where the person’s physiological suitability is being tested. A test similar to the one the Air force let’s you do before becoming a pilot.</p>

Denna uppsats undersöker om det kan finnas behov att ändra något i grundutbildningen för att de värnpliktiga i svenska flottan skall vara bättre förberedda för att rekryteras till de marina insatsstyrkorna. Det undersöks också huruvida det finns behov att förändra sättet att rekrytera personal till de marina insatsstyrkorna. För att belysa hur väl systemet fungerar som det ser ut idag har en fallstudie på den svenska marina missionen ML i Libanon år 2006-2007 gjorts. Där presenteras erfarenheter från missionen som sedan analyseras med hjälp av delar av det undervisningsmaterial som används under grundutbildningen, GU. Av undersökningen har det framkommit att förändringar kan göras i grundutbildningen för att förbereda de värnpliktiga bättre. Ett exempel på förslag som kommit fram är att i större utsträckning implementera internationella reglementen och tillvägagångssätt under grundutbildningen. Förslag på förändringar som kan göras i sättet att rekrytera har också framkommit. Ett exempel på ett sådant förslag är att vid rekrytering testa individens fysiologiska lämplighet likt det sätt som flygvapnet testar sina blivande flygförare. / Basic training to be recruited to the naval rapid reaction forces. This paper examines if there might be a need of change in the basic training so that the conscripts in the Swedish navy will be better prepared to be recruited to the naval rapid reaction forces. It also examines if the way to recruit personnel to the naval rapid reaction forces needs to be changed. To show how well the system, as it is today, works, a case study have been made on the Swedish naval mission, ML, in Lebanon during 2006-2007. It presents experiences from the mission that later has been analyzed with the help of parts of the educational material that is used in the basic training. By this research it has emerged that changes could be made in the basic training to better prepare the conscripts. One example of the suggestions that has evolved is that to a greater extent involve international regulations and procedures in the basic training. Suggestions to change the way of recruiting personnel has also evolved and one example of such a suggestion is that the recruiting process could include a test where the person’s physiological suitability is being tested. A test similar to the one the Air force let’s you do before becoming a pilot.

When a mechanical system is subject to constraints its motion is in some way restricted. In accordance with Newton's second law, motion is a direct result of forces acting on a system; hence, constraint is inextricably linked to force. The presence of a constraint implies the application of particular forces needed to compel motion in accordance with the constraint; absence of a constraint implies the absence of such forces. The objective of this thesis is to formulate a comprehensive, consistent, and concise method for identifying a set of forces needed to constrain the behavior of a mechanical system modeled as a set of particles and rigid bodies. The goal is accomplished in large part by expressing constraint equations in vector form rather than entirely in terms of scalars. The method developed here can be applied whenever constraints can be described at the acceleration level by a set of independent equations that are linear in acceleration. Hence, the range of applicability extends to servo-constraints or program constraints described at the velocity level with relationships that are nonlinear in velocity. All configuration constraints, and an important class of classical motion constraints, can be expressed at the velocity level by using equations that are linear in velocity; therefore, the associated constraint equations are linear in acceleration when written at the acceleration level. Two new approaches are presented for deriving equations governing motion of a system subject to constraints expressed at the velocity level with equations that are nonlinear in velocity. By using partial accelerations instead of the partial velocities normally employed with Kane's method, it is possible to form dynamical equations that either do or do not contain evidence of the constraint forces, depending on the analyst's interests.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3801.pdf: 2393513 bytes, checksum: 23e901485825fe7f739e95312031d270 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-07 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / ABSTRACT The acquisition of independent walking is an important motor milestone and can be considered the greatest biomechanical challenge in infanthood. In the first 5-6 months of independent walking, important transitions appear in all gait parameters. One aspect to take notice is the high level of variability during this acquisition process. Based on these characteristics, this work contributed to better understand the acquisition process of independent walking according to biomechanical variables. A longitudinal study was conducted with three different assessments along a threemonth period. Kinetic and kinematic variables were analyzed. Ten toddlers of 13 months without any neuromuscular disorders participated in this study. The project was approved by the Sao Carlos University Ethics Committee (Number 013/2010). The toddlers were encouraged to walk freely on a 5 meter walkway, keeping natural speed. The Study I verified the variability in the Ground Reaction Forces (GRF) during the assessments. The Friedman s ANOVA did not reveal significant differences in the discrete variables, despite the reduction in the Coefficient of Variation (CV) of the vertical and horizontal components of the GRF. The Study II verified changes in kinematic variables, using spatio-temporal parameters and knee, ankle and hip joint angles. Once again no significant differences were found, however toddlers showed speed and cadence improvements and also reduction in the double support time and stride duration. Moreover, there was an increase in the first wave of the knee flexion. The gait experience acquired during the first threemonths of independent walking to these children was not enough to cause significant changes in the biomechanical variables studied here. However, the progressive reduction in the CV between assessments and the changes in some spatio-temporal parameters suggest progressive gait maturation. / A aquisição da marcha independente é um importante marco desenvolvimental e considerada o maior desafio biomecânico a ser vencido pela criança. Nos primeiros 5-6 meses do andar independente, rápidas mudanças acontecem em todos os parâmetros da marcha. Um aspecto que se destaca é o grau de variabilidade apresentado pelo padrão de marcha nessa fase, característico do processo de aquisição. Baseado nessas características, o trabalho apresentado teve como objetivo principal compreender o processo de aquisição e desenvolvimento do andar independente através de variáveis biomecânicas. Foi realizado um estudo de caráter longitudinal e as variáveis analisadas foram agrupadas em cinéticas e cinemáticas. Foram realizadas três avaliações durante o período de três meses. Dez crianças sem nenhum comprometimento neuro-músculo-esquelético com idade cronológica de 13 meses na primeira avaliação participaram do estudo. O projeto foi aprovado e protocolado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (N°013/2010). As crianças foram encorajadas a camin har uma distância de cinco metros em velocidade auto-selecionada. O Estudo I teve como objetivo verificar a variabilidade das forças de reação do solo (FRS) durante as avaliações. Não foram evidenciadas diferenças significativas nas variáveis discretas, porém, houve redução no coeficiente de variabilidade das componentes vertical e horizontal de reação do solo com o aumento da experiência do andar. O Estudo II verificou mudanças no comportamento de variáveis cinemáticas. Foram estudados parâmetros espaçotemporais e ângulos articulares do tornozelo, joelho e quadril. Novamente, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as três avaliações feitas em intervalos de um mês, entretanto as crianças aumentaram qualitativamente a velocidade e a cadência com o aumento da experiência do andar e diminuíram o tempo de apoio duplo e a duração da passada. Além disso, houve aumento no primeiro pico de flexão do joelho na fase de apoio durante as avalições. A experiência adquirida ao longo de três meses na marcha pelas crianças deste trabalho não foi suficiente para provocar mudanças nas variáveis biomecânicas estudadas. Porém, a redução gradual dos coeficientes de variação entre as avaliações e as mudanças nos parâmetros espaço-temporais sugerem maturação progressiva da marcha.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandro Haupenthal, V F.pdf: 2059561 bytes, checksum: edbb9e4bef15a444ac5e0f6823806566 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Water running is systematically used in rehabilitation process and in physical training. In order to provide useful information for these exercise prescription, this study aimed to analyze the influence of the immersion level and of the speed in the vertical and anteroposterior components of ground reaction forces during water running. The present study was conducted with 22 subjects divided into men's group (24 ± 3,0 years and 1,80 ± 0,05 m of height) and women's group (24 ± 3,0 years and 1,67 ± 0,05 m of height). Groups were selected in order to present homogeneity regarding body density, muscle mass and bone mass. Subjects performed the water running in two immersion levels (hip and xiphoid process) and in three different speeds (prescribed, self-selected and maximum). An underwater force plate was used for data collection, placed in the middle of an 8m long walkway. Each subject performed six valid passages in each situation. Data were characterized and analyzed through descriptive statistics, Student s t test, ANOVA one-way with Tukey s post-hoc and Multiple Linear Regression. For all the statistical procedures a 95% confidence level will be adopted. Results showed forces variations when varying the immersion level and the speed during the water running: for the vertical component a variation from 0,68 up to 1,13 times the subjects body weight was observed and for the anteroposterior component, values ranged from 0,15 up to 0,41 times the body weight. In the analysis of curves morphology one verified that the GRF components were modified when comparing them to the curves of land running: the vertical component did not show the impact peak and the anteroposterior component did not show the negative phase. One concluded that both the speed variation and the immersion level variation will affect the values of GRF components. An increase in running speed leads to an increase in the values of the anteroposterior component, while higher values of body mass outside the water lead to an increase in the vertical component. In spite of groups homogeneity there was a significant difference between the force values for the hip level water running. This difference found between genders is important to be considered when prescribing the water running for men and women. And still, professionals should also consider the changes caused by immersion level and speed variations when prescribing activities in water. / A corrida subaquática é amplamente utilizada no processo de recuperação funcional terapêutica e no treinamento físico. Com a finalidade de auxiliar na prescrição desse exercício, este trabalho objetivou analisar a influência do nível de imersão e da velocidade nas componentes vertical e ântero-posterior da força de reação do solo (FRS) durante a corrida subaquática. Participaram 22 sujeitos, divididos em grupo masculino (24 ± 3.0 anos e 1.80 ± 0.05 m) e grupo feminino (24 ± 3.0 anos e 1.67 ± 0.05 m). Os grupos foram selecionados de forma a apresentar homogeneidade em relação à densidade corporal, massa magra, massa óssea e porcentagem de gordura. Foi realizada a corrida em dois níveis de imersão (crista ilíaca e processo xifóide) e três velocidades (pré-estabelecida, auto-selecionada e máxima). A coleta de dados foi realizada com uma plataforma de força subaquática posicionada a cinco metros do início de uma passarela de 8 m de comprimento. Foram realizadas seis passagens válidas por sujeito em cada situação. Para a caracterização e análise dos dados foi utilizada a estatística descritiva, o teste t de Student, ANOVA one-way com post-hoc de Tukey e Regressão Linear Múltipla. Para todos os testes estatísticos o nível de confiança adotado foi de 95%. As forças variaram tanto com a modificação do nível de imersão como da velocidade da corrida subaquática: na componente vertical, observou-se uma variação de 0,68 a 1,13 vezes o peso corporal dos sujeitos; e na componente ântero-posterior, de 0,15 a 0,41 do peso corporal. Na análise das curvas foi constatado que as componentes da FRS foram modificadas quando comparadas às curvas da corrida em terra: a componente vertical não apresentou o pico de impacto e a componente ântero-posterior não apresentou a fase negativa. Conclui-se que tanto a alteração da velocidade quanto a alteração da imersão alteram o valor das componentes da FRS. Um aumento na velocidade da corrida acarreta em aumento principalmente da componente ântero-posterior, enquanto que a diminuição do nível de imersão acarreta em aumento principalmente da componente vertical. Com relação ao sexo, apesar dos grupos serem homogêneos quanto à constituição física, apresentaram diferença significativa nos valores das forças da corrida subaquática no nível de imersão da crista ilíaca. O aparecimento de diferenças no valor das forças entre os gêneros alerta para o cuidado na prescrição deste exercício entre homens e mulheres. Os profissionais devem levar em conta as alterações causadas pela variação do nível de imersão e da velocidade de execução do movimento para a prescrição de atividades em ambiente aquático.

No description available.

A lesão medular pode prejudicar a marcha de um indivíduo. Para estes casos, uma técnica de reabilitação que tem se tornado mais popular é a Estimulação Elétrica Neuro Muscular (EENM). Na marcha assistida por EENM tradicional, o controle da estimulação é realizado utilizando-se acionamento manual, um fato que ajuda a torná-la distante da marcha saudável. Este trabalho propõe um sistema que monitora variáveis da marcha - ângulos da articulação do joelho, e forças de reação do solo (retropé e antepé) - e as utiliza como entradas para uma rede neural artificial (RNA), a fim de poder controlar automaticamente a EENM na marcha. Os transdutores utilizados para medir ângulos foram eletrogoniômetros, montados nos membros inferiores do indivíduo utilizando tiras de velcro. Para medição das forças, os transdutores utilizados foram células de carga construídas com strain gages, montadas em sandálias instrumentadas. Os métodos para construção do hardware de aquisição de dados (transdutores e interface) e do software estão descritos, bem como os métodos de calibração dos transdutores. Todos os transdutores apresentaram comportamento linear. Testes iniciais foram realizados, utilizando primeiramente um indivíduo saudável, e depois dois pacientes que normalmente realizam treinamento de marcha com suspensão de peso (assistida por EENM ou não). Os resultados mostraram que o módulo de monitoramento permite gravar os dados coletados, e realizar comparações entre padrões de marcha de diferentes indivíduos, bem como diferentes estágios de reabilitação para um mesmo indivíduo. O treinamento da RNA para o indivíduo saudável apresentou uma taxa de acerto próxima de 90%, e para os pacientes lesados medulares a taxa foi de cerca de 80%. O módulo de controle apresentou resultados promissores nos testes práticos realizados, com respostas rápidas e corretas para o indivíduo saudável. Sugestões para trabalhos futuros foram dadas, para que testes práticos de controle possam ser realizados utilizando pacientes lesados medulares. / Spinal cord injury (SCI) may impair an individual\'s gait. For these cases, a rehabilitation technique that has become more popular is functional electrical stimulation (FES). On traditional FES-assisted gait, the stimulation control is performed with manual triggering, a fact that helps make it distant from healthy gait. This work proposes a system that monitors gait variables - knee joint angles, and ground reaction forces (rearfoot and forefoot) - and uses them as inputs for an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), in order to be able to automatically control gait FES. The transducers used for angle measurement were electrogoniometers, mounted on the individuals lower limbs using Velcro straps. For force measurement, the transducers used were load cells built with strain gages, mounted on instrumented sandals. The methods for building the data acquisition hardware (transducers and interface) and software are described, along with the transducer calibration methods. All transducers presented linear behavior. Initial tests were performed, using first a healthy individual, and then a couple of patients that normally undergo suspended gait raining (FES-assisted or not). The results showed that the monitoring module allows recording the data collected, and making comparison between different individuals\' gait patterns, as well as different rehabilitation stages for the same individual. The ANN training for the healthy individual presented an accuracy rate close to 90%, and for the SCI patients the rate was about 80%. The control module showed promising results on practical tests performed, with quick and accurate responses for the healthy individual. Suggestions for future works were given, so that practical control tests can be performed using SCI patients.

A lesão medular pode prejudicar a marcha de um indivíduo. Para estes casos, uma técnica de reabilitação que tem se tornado mais popular é a Estimulação Elétrica Neuro Muscular (EENM). Na marcha assistida por EENM tradicional, o controle da estimulação é realizado utilizando-se acionamento manual, um fato que ajuda a torná-la distante da marcha saudável. Este trabalho propõe um sistema que monitora variáveis da marcha - ângulos da articulação do joelho, e forças de reação do solo (retropé e antepé) - e as utiliza como entradas para uma rede neural artificial (RNA), a fim de poder controlar automaticamente a EENM na marcha. Os transdutores utilizados para medir ângulos foram eletrogoniômetros, montados nos membros inferiores do indivíduo utilizando tiras de velcro. Para medição das forças, os transdutores utilizados foram células de carga construídas com strain gages, montadas em sandálias instrumentadas. Os métodos para construção do hardware de aquisição de dados (transdutores e interface) e do software estão descritos, bem como os métodos de calibração dos transdutores. Todos os transdutores apresentaram comportamento linear. Testes iniciais foram realizados, utilizando primeiramente um indivíduo saudável, e depois dois pacientes que normalmente realizam treinamento de marcha com suspensão de peso (assistida por EENM ou não). Os resultados mostraram que o módulo de monitoramento permite gravar os dados coletados, e realizar comparações entre padrões de marcha de diferentes indivíduos, bem como diferentes estágios de reabilitação para um mesmo indivíduo. O treinamento da RNA para o indivíduo saudável apresentou uma taxa de acerto próxima de 90%, e para os pacientes lesados medulares a taxa foi de cerca de 80%. O módulo de controle apresentou resultados promissores nos testes práticos realizados, com respostas rápidas e corretas para o indivíduo saudável. Sugestões para trabalhos futuros foram dadas, para que testes práticos de controle possam ser realizados utilizando pacientes lesados medulares. / Spinal cord injury (SCI) may impair an individual\'s gait. For these cases, a rehabilitation technique that has become more popular is functional electrical stimulation (FES). On traditional FES-assisted gait, the stimulation control is performed with manual triggering, a fact that helps make it distant from healthy gait. This work proposes a system that monitors gait variables - knee joint angles, and ground reaction forces (rearfoot and forefoot) - and uses them as inputs for an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), in order to be able to automatically control gait FES. The transducers used for angle measurement were electrogoniometers, mounted on the individuals lower limbs using Velcro straps. For force measurement, the transducers used were load cells built with strain gages, mounted on instrumented sandals. The methods for building the data acquisition hardware (transducers and interface) and software are described, along with the transducer calibration methods. All transducers presented linear behavior. Initial tests were performed, using first a healthy individual, and then a couple of patients that normally undergo suspended gait raining (FES-assisted or not). The results showed that the monitoring module allows recording the data collected, and making comparison between different individuals\' gait patterns, as well as different rehabilitation stages for the same individual. The ANN training for the healthy individual presented an accuracy rate close to 90%, and for the SCI patients the rate was about 80%. The control module showed promising results on practical tests performed, with quick and accurate responses for the healthy individual. Suggestions for future works were given, so that practical control tests can be performed using SCI patients.

To investigate the roles of different dorsal spinal pathways in controlling movements in rats, I performed lesions of specific spinal pathways and measured the behaviour abilities of rats using different sensorimotor behavioural tests. The first experiment was designed to understand the contribution of sensory pathways traveling in the dorsal funiculus during locomotion and skilled movements using sensitive behavioural tests. I demonstrated that ascending sensory fibers play an important role during overground locomotion and contribute to skilled forelimb movements. The second experiment compared the differences in sensorimotor abilities caused by dorsal funicular lesions performed at two different levels of rat spinal cord. My results showed that the pathways present in the cervical and thoracic dorsal funiculus exert different functional effects over control of limb movement during locomotion. The third experiment investigated the compensatory potential of dorsal funicular pathways after dorsolateral funicular injuries in rats. My results showed that dorsal funicular pathways do not compensate for loss of dorsolateral pathways during the execution of locomotor tasks, though there is indirect evidence that rats with dorsolateral funicular lesions might rely more on ascending sensory pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus during skilled forelimb movements. Finally, the fourth experiment was designed to investigate the compensation from dorsolateral funicular pathways after injuries to pyramidal tract in rats. I demonstrated that pathways running in the spinal dorsolateral funiculus do provide compensatory input to spinal circuitry to maintain skilled reaching abilities after lesions of the pyramidal tract but these same pathways do not appear to compensate during either overground locomotion or skilled locomotion. Thus, this compensatory response is task-specific. These results highlight the fact that behavioural context determines the nature of compensation from spared pathways after spinal cord injuries.