Orientador: Fernanda Ramos Gadelha / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T03:23:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Peloso_EduardodeFigueiredo_D.pdf: 2969065 bytes, checksum: 6920a8df71d5ab432dce07d0beb2e5eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O Trypanosoma cruzi é o agente etiológico da doença de Chagas para a qual não há vacina e os tratamentos disponíveis têm eficácia limitada, sendo agravada pela heterogeneidade das cepas do parasita. Na busca por novos alvos terapêuticos, destaca-se o sistema antioxidante do parasita. As proteínas desse sistema como as triparedoxinas peroxidases citosólica e mitocondrial e as superóxido dismutases A e B (TcCPx, TcMPx, SODA e SODB, respectivamente) são fundamentais para a sobrevivência do parasita. Neste sentido, analisou-se o envolvimento da TcCPx e TcMPx na bioenergética mitocondrial de T. cruzi que superexpressavam estas enzimas (CPx e MPx, respectivamente) e também em células controle (pTEX), bem como a expressão dessas enzimas e das SODA e SODB, a liberação de H2O2 e a produção de O2 .- ao longo da curva de proliferação nas cepas Tulahuen 2 e Y. Paralelamente, foi verificado o nível de expressão da TcCPx e TcMPx na forma tripomastigota de cultura sob incubação com H2O2, tanto intracelularmente quanto no meio de incubação e a expressão dessas enzimas comparada com a da forma epimastigota. Em relação à CPx e MPx, foi possível observar que na CPx há um aumento na expressão da TcMPx, e a mesma correlação para a MPx foi observada. Diferenças na liberação de H2O2 entre CPx e MPx foram detectadas apenas quando a cadeia respiratória mitocondrial foi inibida. A MPx teve maiores taxas de consumo de oxigênio do que a pTEX e CPx, entretanto em todas as células, o potencial de membrana mitocondrial e os níveis de ATP foram similares. Em relação às cepas Tulahuen 2 e Y, diferenças foram observadas em relação à liberação de H2O2 e produção de O2.- não somente entre as cepas, mas também ao longo da curva de proliferação. Todas as enzimas estudadas nessas cepas variaram sua expressão em função do tempo em cultura. Contudo, na cepa Y, o nível de expressão de todas as enzimas foi menor do que da Tulahuen 2, exceto para a SODA. Em relação à forma tripomastigota, tanto a TcCPx quanto a TcMPx tiveram padrões de expressão similares, com um aumento em baixas concentrações (10?M) seguido por uma redução até concentrações maiores de H2O2. No sobrenadante do meio de incubação a TcMPx não foi detectada, contudo a TcCPx foi e em níveis que aumentaram concomitantemente com a redução da sua expressão no compartimento intracellular. Adicionalmente, o nível de expressão de ambas peroxiredoxinas foi maior na forma tripomastigota em relação à epimastigota. Devido a um leve desacoplamento observado nas MPx, a presença ou indução de um transportador na membrana mitocondrial é sugerido quando a TcMPx é expressa em maiores níveis. Além disso, houve uma modulação das enzimas antioxidantes ao longo da curva de proliferação e entre as diferentes cepas, formas do parasita e tratamento com H2O2. Dada a importância das espécies reativas de oxigênio na sinalização redox do parasita, a expressão diferencial das enzimas antioxidantes nos diferentes parâmetros analisados sugere que as mesmas desempenham diversos papéis na sobrevivência, proliferação e diferenciação do parasita / Abstract: Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, which has no vaccine and the available treatments have limited efficacy that is aggravated by the heterogeneity of parasite strains. In the search for new therapeutic targets, the antioxidant system of the parasite has attracted attention. The proteins of this system such as the cytosolic and mitochondrial tryparedoxin peroxidases and superoxide dismutases A and B (TcCPx, TcMPx, SODA and SODB, respectively) are essential for parasite survival. In this sense, analysis of the involvement of TcCPx and TcMPx in the mitochondrial bioenergetics in T. cruzi overexpressing these enzymes (CPx and MPx, respectively) and also in control cells (pTEX) as well as the expression of these enzymes and SODA and SODB, H2O2 release and O2 .- production along the growth curve in two strains Tulahuen 2 and Y were performed. In parallel, the expression level of TcCPx and TcMPx was determined in tissue culture-derived trypomastigotes under incubation with H2O2, both intracellularly and in the incubation medium and the expression of these enzymes compared to the epimastigote form. Regarding CPx and MPx, it was observed that in CPx the expression of TcMPx was increased, and the same correlation was observed for MPx. Differences in H2O2 release between CPx and MPx were detected only when the mitochondrial respiratory chain was inhibited. MPx had higher oxygen consumption rates than pTEX and CPx, however in all cells, the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels were similar. Regarding Tulahuen 2 and Y strains, differences were observed in relation to H2O2 release and O2.- production not only between strains but also along the growth curve. All the enzymes studied in these strains varied their expression in function of time in culture. However, in the Y strain, the expression level of all enzymes was lower than Tulahuen 2, except for SODA. Regarding trypomastigotes, not only TcCPx but also TcMPx had similar expression patterns, with an increasing in lower concentrations (10?M) followed by a reduction till higher H2O2 concentrations. In the supernatant of the incubation medium TcMPx was not detected, but TcCPx was detected and its levels increased concomitantly with the reduction in its expression in the intracellular compartment. Additionally, the level of expression of both peroxiredoxinas was higher in trypomastigote compared to epimastigote. Because of the mild uncoupling observed in MPx, the presence or induction of a carrier in the mitochondrial membrane is suggested when the TcMPx is expressed at higher levels. In addition, there was a modulation of the antioxidant enzymes along the growth curve and between different strains, forms of the parasite and treatment with H2O2. Given the importance of reactive oxygen species in parasite redox signaling, the differential expression of the antioxidant enzymes in the different parameters analyzed suggests that they play different roles in the survival, proliferation and differentiation of the parasite / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

The presence of trace organic compounds (TOrCs) in wastewater effluent and surface waters has raised attention due to their health and environmental effects. Some TOrCs are naturally attenuated via biodegradation, photo-degradation and/or adsorption, but some persist in the environment as contaminants in surface and ground waters. Thus, it is crucially important to understand their transformation pathways and their mechanisms following their discharge into the environment. This work presents research in three parts: • The first part represents an investigation of photo-transformation of TOrCs (e.g., furfuryl alcohol, p-cresol, gemfibrozil) under UV254, UVA and natural sunlight, and involving reactive oxygen species including singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, triplet excited states, and specific inorganic radicals that are created by effluent organic matter (EfOM). Singlet oxygen was the only ROS, generated from effluent organic matter (EfOM) that mainly contributed to the photo-transformation of these selected TOrCs. A comprehensive mechanism and complementary kinetic model were proposed to predict the trajectories of TOrC removals via reaction with singlet oxygen. Simulations built on predicted quantum efficiencies accounted for light shading and competitive effects. Agreement between measurements and simulations was excellent. • The second part of the dissertation summarizes expected removal efficiencies for fifty-five TOrCs in alternative engineered and natural treatment processes including conventional biological treatment, advanced oxidation processes (AOP), reverse osmosis (RO), granular activated carbon (GAC), and sunlight photolysis. • The last section of the dissertation follows the trajectories of a series of TOrCs and total estrogenic activity in the Santa Cruz River, following their discharge from a wastewater treatment plant in the Tucson area. The study suggests that some TOrCs tend to persist in the environment while others experience photo (or other) transformations that diminish their concentrations or activities with distance and time of travel in the river. The attenuation of estrogenic activity was dependent on sunlight and the presence of specific (unidentified) wastewater components.

Abstract Breast cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer among Finnish women, but the ultimate causation of carcinogenesis still remains unclear. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a collective term for several types of reactive oxygen metabolites that are continuously generated in human cells mainly as by-products of aerobic respiration. ROS, including nitric oxide and its derivatives, play highly important roles in cell physiology. If ROS production exceeds the capacity of detoxification systems, principally antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress is said to occur. This state is known to contribute to all stages of carcinogenesis. To explore the widely unstudied role of ROS and cell redox state modulating enzymes in breast carcinomas, the extent of ROS-derived macromolecule damage and the expression of the vast majority of known antioxidant enzymes were assessed in a large series of breast carcinomas, and the results were compared to the patients' clinicopathological parameters. The results were also compared to angiogenesis, DNA repair enzymes, cell proliferation, NF-κB, p53 expression, and survival. Immunohistochemistry was the main method applied, but western blotting and immunoelectron microscopy were also used. There is extensive oxidative damage in breast carcinomas, which seems to associate with tumor development. Oxidative macromolecule damage is notable even in stage I tumors. Cell redox state regulating enzymes, such as peroxiredoxin V, thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and glutamate-cysteine ligase, associate with more aggressive phenotypes of tumors, including larger primary tumors, growth of metastases, increased cell proliferation, and poor differentiation. This indirectly suggests that cell redox state modulating enzymes may be inductive of tumor promotion in an oxidated environment. The results of this thesis support the importance of ROS in all stages of carcinogenesis. These observations are largely in line with the previous studies on different carcinomas, but there seem to be certain carcinoma type specific differences in the expression of these enzymes. Since the expression of given cell redox state modulating enzymes distinctly associates with clinicopathological parameters, these enzymes may be useful as prognostic indicators and facilitate the choice of appropriate treatment in the future.

Cyanine dyes are attractive photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy due to their ease of structure modification and intense absorption in the near-infrared range. Photosensitizers that can bind to DNA and absorb at long enough wavelengths of light to deeply penetrate biological tissue are in high demand for treatment of cancer and other diseases. The following study analyzes the DNA interactions of three pentamethine cyanine dyes with very similar structures, all of which absorb light at wavelengths longer than 800 nm. The work described involves an extensive study of the photocleavage abilities and DNA binding characteristics of these dyes. Our lead compound was a bromophenyl meso substituted symmetrical quinoline cyanine dye. Spectroscopic data, gel electrophoresis experiments and other studies were used to provide evidence of DNA binding mode, ROS production, and of dye-sensitized DNA photocleavage at the unprecedented wavelength of 850 nm.

Breast cancer is a disease associated with excess exposures to estrogens. While the mode of cancer causation is unknown, others have shown that oxidative stress induced by prolonged exposure to estrogens mediates renal, liver, endometrial and mammary tumorigenesis though the mechanism(s) underling this process is unknown. In this study, we show that 4-hydroxyl 17β-estradiol (4-OHE2), a catechol metabolite of estrogen, induces mammary tumorigenesis in a redox dependent manner. We found that the mechanism of tumorigenesis involves redox activations of nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1); a transcriptions factor associated with regulation of mitochondria biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), as well as mediation of cell survival and growth of cells during periods of oxidative stress. Key findings from our study are as follows: (i) Prolonged treatments of normal mammary epithelial cells with 4-OHE2, increased the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). (ii) Estrogen-induced ROS activates redox sensitive transcription factors NRF1. (iii) 4-OHE2 through activation of serine-threonine kinase and histone acetyl transferase, phosphorylates and acetylate NRF1 respectively. (iv) Redox mediated epigenetic modifications of NRF1 facilitates mammary tumorigenesis and invasive phenotypes of breast cancer cells via modulations of genes involved in proliferation, growth and metastasis of exposed cells. (v) Animal engraftment of transformed clones formed invasive tumors. (vi) Treatment of cells or tumors with biological or chemical antioxidants, as well as silencing of NRF1 expressions, prevented 4-OHE2 induced mammary tumorigenesis and invasive phenotypes of MCF-10A cells. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that 4-OHE2 induced ROS epigenetically activate NRF1 through its phosphorylation and acylation. This, in turn, through NRF1-mediated transcriptional activation of the cell cycle genes, controls 4-OHE2 induced cell transformation and tumorigenesis.

The emergence of tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor resistance is a major problem in the treatment of breast cancer. The molecular signaling mechanism of antiestrogen resistance is not clear. Understanding the mechanisms by which resistance to these agents arise could have major clinical implications for preventing or circumventing it. Therefore, in this dissertation we have investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying antiestrogen resistance by studying the contributions of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced redox signaling pathways in antiestrogen resistant breast cancer cells. Our hypothesis is that the conversion of breast tumors to a tamoxifen-resistant phenotype is associated with a progressive shift towards a pro-oxidant environment of cells as a result of oxidative stress. The hypothesis of this dissertation was tested in an in vitro 2-D cell culture model employing state of the art biochemical and molecular techniques, including gene overexpression, immunoprecipitation, Western blotting, confocal imaging, ChIP, Real-Time RT-PCR, and anchorage-independent cell growth assays. We observed that tamoxifen (TAM) acts like both an oxidant and an antioxidant. Exposure of tamoxifen resistant LCC2 cell to TAM or 17 beta-estradiol (E2) induced the formation of reactive oxidant species (ROS). The formation of E2-induced ROS was inhibited by co-treatment with TAM, similar to cells pretreated with antioxidants. In LCC2 cells, treatments with either E2 or TAM were capable of inducing cell proliferation which was then inhibited by biological and chemical antioxidants. Exposure of LCC2 cells to tamoxifen resulted in a decrease in p27 expression. The LCC2 cells exposed to TAM showed an increase in p27 phosphorylation on T157 and T187. Conversely, antioxidant treatment showed an increase in p27 expression and a decrease in p27 phosphorylation on T157 and T187 in TAM exposed cells which were similar to the effects of Fulvestrant. In line with previous studies, we showed an increase in the binding of cyclin E–Cdk2 and in the level of p27 in TAM exposed cells that overexpressed biological antioxidants. Together these findings highly suggest that lowering the oxidant state of antiestrogen resistant LCC2 cells, increases LCC2 susceptibility to tamoxifen via the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27.

Rotenone is a commercially available pesticide with a variety of industrial applications. However, occupational exposure to rotenone has been implicated in the development of Parkinson’s disease. To explore the mechanism of dopamine neuron death secondary to rotenone exposure, the zebrafish was used as a live animal screening tool for environmentally-induced Parkinson’s disease. After testing a variety of small molecule compounds on embryonic zebrafish for their potential to cause dopamine neuron loss, we identified that rotenone exposure induces a bradykinetic dopamine neuron loss phenotype. This phenotype was characterized by decreased locomotion, sensory insensitivity, and a transient but marked decrease in the number of dopamine neurons in embryos exposed to 100nM rotenone, with a concomitant decrease in dopamine transporter mRNA levels. The dopamine neuron deficits were observed in the subpallium, pretectum, olfactory bulb, but these losses were most pronounced in the ventral diencephalon after rotenone exposure. Rotenone damages the mitochondria, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), and subsequently induces ROS-mediated apoptosis in these dopamine neurons. The rotenone-induced dopamine neuron loss and locomotion phenotypes could be partially rescued in zebrafish larvae with ascorbic acid co-treatment during rotenone exposure. Adults raised from zebrafish embryos exposed to rotenone did not show any deficits to their dopamine neuron distribution, but did show anxiety-like behaviors and upregulation of dopamine receptor D1 mRNA levels. These results suggest that rotenone exposure can cause dopamine neuron death through ROS- mediated apoptosis, and supports an environmental cause of Parkinson’s disease.
 La roténone est un pesticide disponible dans le commerce et utilisé pour une variété d’usages industriels. Cependant, l’exposition à la roténone a été impliquée dans le développement de la maladie de Parkinson. Afin d’explorer le mécanisme menant à la perte de neurones dopaminergiques suite à une exposition à la roténone, le poisson-zèbre (Danio rerio) a été utilisée comme modèle animal du développement de la maladie de Parkinson attribuable à des causes environnementales. Après avoir testé une série de petites molécules sur des embryons de poisson-zèbre pour déterminer leur capacité à causer une perte de neurones dopaminergiques, nous avons identifié la roténone comme causant un phénotype de perte de neurones associée à une bradykinésie. Ce phénotype était caractérisé par une perte de la locomotion, une insensibilité sensorielle, et une diminution transitoire mais marquée du nombre de neurones dopaminergiques chez des embryons exposés à une concentration de roténone de 100nM. Ceci coïncidait avec une réduction des niveaux d’expression du gène du transporteur de la dopamine (dat). Des pertes de neurones dopaminergiques furent observés dans le sub-pallium, le pré-tectum et le bulbe olfactif mais étaient plus prononcées dans le diencéphale ventral. La roténone cause des dommages aux mitochondries en générant des dérivés réactifs de l’oxygène (ROS) et, subséquemment, induit une apoptose attribuable aux ROS dans les neurones dopaminergiques. La perte de neurones dopaminergiques due à la roténone ainsi que les déficits locomoteurs ont pu être partiellement empêchés par un co-traitement à l’acide ascorbique. Les poissons adultes ayant été exposés à la roténone au stade embryonnaire ne montrèrent pas de déficits quant à la distribution des neurones dopaminergiques mais présentaient des comportements indiquant un plus haut niveau d’anxiété ainsi qu’une augmentation des ARNm du récepteur D1 de la dopamine. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’exposition à la roténone peut causer la mort des neurones dopaminergiques via une apoptose médiée par les ROS et pourrait constituer une cause environnemental de la maladie de Parkinson.

O presente estudo avaliou o efeito do exercício físico aeróbico na função vasomotora dependente do endotélio em aorta de ratos bem como os mecanismos envolvidos na regulação da biodisponibilidade do NO. Para tanto, um grupo de animais foi submetido a uma sessão de exercício (EX, n=17) enquanto o outro grupo permaneceu em repouso (CT, n=18). Imediatamente após o exercício, os ratos de ambos os grupos foram eutanasiados para a retirada da aorta torácica para análises funcionais e bioquímicas. Resultados: observamos que o grupo exercitado apresentou uma melhora no relaxamento dependente do endotélio com um efeito máximo de 12%, sendo esse efeito relacionado a um aumento na ativação da eNOS. Apesar de aumentar o NO, os animais do grupo EX apresentaram níveis aumentados de superóxido (28%), efeito que foi associado à maior ativação do complexo enzimático NAD(P)H oxidase. Além do superóxido, o peróxido de hidrogênio também foi aumentado nos animais exercitados porém a maior produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio não foi suficiente para causar um estresse oxidativo vascular. Esses resultados demonstram que uma única sessão de exercício físico aeróbico é capaz de melhorar a vasodilatação dependente do endotélio por aumentar a biodisponibilidade de NO e que a produção de espécies reativas oxigênio também aumenta porém em níveis controlados . / The present study evaluated the effect of aerobic physical exercise on endothelium-dependent vasomotor function of rat aorta as well the mechanisms involved in nitric oxide bioavalability control. One group of rats was submitted to one bout of exercise (EX, n=17) while the other one was placed on the treadmill without running (CT, n=18). Immediately after exercise both group were sacrificed and the thoracic aorta was removed for functional and biochemical analysis. Results: we observed that EX group showed an improvement on endothelium-dependent relaxation (12%) and it was related to increase on eNOS activation. Despite increased nitric oxide levels, EX group demonstrated higher superoxide production (28%) that was associated to NAD(P)H oxidase activation. Additionally, hydrogen peroxide also increased in EX group but the increase in reactive oxygen species was not enough to cause oxidative stress. Theses results demonstrate that one bout of aerobic exercise can improve endothelium-dependent vasodilation by increasing NO bioavalability, and that reactive oxygen species also increases but in a controlled fashion

A capacidade de preservar a viabilidade do sêmen pelo emprego das biotecnologias, como refrigeração e criopreservação, oferece muitas vantagens a equideocultura. O estresse oxidativo é um dos principais entraves para estas biotecnicas e advêm do ataque de distintas espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs). Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o impacto das diferentes EROs sobre os espermatozoides com e sem plasma seminal. Foram colhidos ejaculados de 13 garanhões Mangalarga Marchador de fertilidade conhecida. Os ejaculados foram divididos em duas frações (A e B). As frações foram centrifugadas (2200g/10min) e o pellet com os espermatozoides foi ressuspendido em solução salina fisiológica ou plasma seminal de modo que as duas frações apresentassem a mesma concentração final (sptz/mL). Ambas as frações (A e B) tiveram 4 alíquotas de 400µL retiradas e submetidas a 3 sistemas distintos de produção de EROs (xantina + xantina oxidase que produz anion superóxido; peróxido de hidrogênio; ferro + vitamina C que produz radical hidroxil) e malondialdeído. Após a incubação, as amostras A e B foram avaliadas de acordo com os testes funcionais (coloração de eosina-nigrosina para membranas, fast-green/rosa bengala para acrossomos, coloração 3-3'diaminobenzidina para atividade mitocondrial e SCSA™ para susceptibilidade a denaturação de cromatina) e avaliação do índice de peroxidação lipídica (TBARs).Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo programa SAS System for Windows. A susceptibilidade do espermatozoide equino ao estresse oxidativo é variável de acordo com a espécie reativa de oxigênio empregada na incubação; as espécies mais deletérias no presente experimento foram a malondialdeído e principalmente o radical hidroxil o que já era esperado. Houve um efeito benéfico quanto a manutenção das funções celulares e status oxidativo em amostras cujo plasma seminal foi preservado. A proteção atribuída ao plasma seminal influenciou parâmetros como atividade mitocondrial, susceptibilidade a denaturação acida da cromatina e índice de peroxidação lipídica. O plasma seminal exerceu mais pronunciada proteção aos eventos desencadeados pela malondialdeído / Biotechnologies such as chilling and cryopreservation of equine semen have been largely used in horse breeding due to its importance on storage and propagation of genetic material. The oxidative stress is one of the main causes of poor results related to the fertility of processed stallion sperm. Oxidative injuries are mainly due to the attack of different reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of distinct ROS attack on equine spermatozoa with and without seminal plasma. The collection of one ejaculate of thirteen Mangalarga fertile stallions were performed. Ejaculates were divided in two aliquots (A and B). These aliquots were centrifuged (600G /10 min) and pellets were resuspended in saline solution (0,9%) or seminal plasma certifying that each sample had the same concentration (sptz/mL). Both aliquots (A and B) were divided in four samples of 400 µL each and incubated with four ROS generating systems (superoxide anion; hydrogen peroxide; hydroxil radical and malondialdehyde). After the 30 incubation, all the samples were evaluated for membrane integrity (eosin-nigrosin stain), acrosome integrity (simple stain of fast-green/ Bengal rose), 3-3'diaminbenzidine for mitochondrial activity and SCSA™ for the chromatin suceptibility to the acid denaturation. Lipid peroxidation was accessed by TBARs assay. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS System for Windows. The susceptibility of equine sperm to the oxidative stress is different in each ROS generation system; but the most deleterious ROS were hydroxyl radical and malondialdehyde. A positive effect of seminal plasma on the sperm viability was observed which may be linked to its protective role. The protection occurred in mitochondria, chromatin and against lipid peroxidation. Higher beneficial effect of seminal plasma was observed in samples treated with malondialdehyde

Reactive oxygen species are formed internally through cellular metabolism and through external sources including radiation and pollutants. They play an important role in physiologic functions; however, when reactive oxygen species exceed our body’s antioxidant defense system, oxidative stress can occur. Oxidative stress has been implicated in aging and aging-related diseases including cancer and cardiovascular disease. Numerous oxidative stress genes produce antioxidative enzymes to mitigate the effects of reactive oxygen species. Single nucleotide polymorphisms within these genes may impact the functionality of antioxidant enzymes produced leaving the body more susceptible to damage from oxidative stress. The Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study was one of the four study populations in the Established Population for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) project initiated by the intramural Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry Program of the National Institute on Aging in 1980. The Iowa cohort was comprised of Iowa county and Washington county residents aged 65 and older at the time of the baseline interview in 1982. Participants completed three in-person interviews and five telephone interviews over eight years which collected data on habits, lifestyle and disease. During the in-person Year 06 interview participants were asked to donate a blood sample. The DNA extracted from the samples was used in each of the three aims of this project. The first aim evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms in selected oxidative stress genes and their association with lifespan while controlling for aging-associated risk factors such as body mass index, comorbidity, alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity. Multivariable linear regression models were fit in the framework of the co-dominant genetic model. The oxidative stress genes selected for this project included the sirtuin family of genes (SIRT1-7), two of the forkhead box genes (FOXO1 and FOXO3), superoxide dismutase 2 and 3 (SOD2 and SOD3), glutathione peroxidase (GPX1), AKT, TP53, and CAMK4. A model was fitted with the risk factors before assessing the impact of each single nucleotide polymorphism. The q-value was used to control for the multiple hypothesis tests. Significant associations were detected between human lifespan and SNPs in genes SIRT3, SIRT5, SIRT6, FOXO3, and SOD3; gender modified the effect of SNPs in SIRT3, SIRT5, and AKT1. The second aim of this project evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms in selected oxidative stress genes and their association with blood pressure measures while controlling for known risk factors including body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity. Blood pressure was measured at the baseline and Year 06 interviews. Systolic pressure and diastolic pressure were used to calculate mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure at baseline and Year 06. Multivariable linear regression was used within the co-dominant genetic framework to determine if single nucleotide polymorphisms in SIRT1-7, FOXO1, FOXO3, SOD2-3, GPX1, AKT, TP53, and CAMK4 were associated with systolic, diastolic, mean arterial, or pulse pressure at baseline or Year 06. To examine longitudinal effects, the difference between each measure (i.e., Year 06 systolic – baseline systolic) was calculated for each individual and used to evaluate if any of the single polymorphisms was associated with change in blood pressure measures over time. Significant associations were detected between SIRT1 and SIRT3 and for males in SIRT1 and various blood pressure measures for females. Gender modified the effect of SIRT1, SIRT3, SIRT6, and FOXO1 variants. The third aim of this project evaluated if these genetic variants were associated with incident stroke while controlling for known risk factors including blood pressure, diabetes, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity. Multivariable logistic regression within the framework of the co-dominant genetic model was used. Individuals with the GPX1 genotype TT had 2.76 times the risk of an incident stroke compared to the CC genotype. This project identified several associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms within oxidative stress genes and lifespan, blood pressure measures, and incident stroke. Gender modified the association of several single nucleotide polymorphisms and lifespan as well as blood pressure measures. These results suggest genetic variation within oxidative stress genes may play a role in aging, blood pressure and incident stroke.