abstract: The "Perchtenlauf," a multi-faceted procession of masked participants found in the eastern Alps, has been the subject of considerable discourse and often debate within European ethnology since the mid-19th century. While often viewed from a mythological perspective and characterized as a relic of pre-Christian cult practices, only recently have scholars begun to examine its connection with Carnival. Research of this kind calls for an in-depth analysis of the "Perchtenlauf" that is informed by Bakhtin's theory of the carnivalesque, an aesthetic of festive merriment and the release from social restrictions which is embodied by Carnival traditions. A carnivalesque reading of the "Perchtenlauf" reveals a tradition pregnant with playful ambivalence, celebrations of the lower body, and the inversion of social hierarchies. Past interpretations of the "Perchtenlauf" have often described its alleged supernatural function of driving away the harmful forces of winter, however its carnavalesque elements have definite social functions involving the enjoyment of certain liberties not sanctioned under other circumstances. The current study solidifies the relationship between the "Perchtenlauf" and Carnival using ethnographic, historical, and etymological evidence in an attempt to reframe the discourse on the tradition's form and function in terms of carnivalesque performance. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. German 2014

Orientador: Vilma Sant'Anna Arêas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T20:08:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arantes_GeraldoNoel_D.pdf: 1577542 bytes, checksum: 147a620a4040a92ab0cc331b96cdba28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A história da literatura é também a história de autores e obras outsiders, ocultadas que estão em plano secundário ou pouco visível. No Brasil, Walter Campos de Carvalho (1916-1998) é um desses autores. Seus livros movimentaram a cena literária brasileira de meados do século XX, principalmente pela oferta de uma dicção polêmica e algo incendiária. Humor, iconoclastia, ateísmo, sexualidade problemática e espírito anarquista consagram-no como uma das vozes mais inquietas da moderna ficção brasileira. Seu espírito contestador mobilizou um fiel público de admiradores - público que o colocou em uma posição que bem poderíamos nomear Cult -, mas também contribuiu para o isolamento que o teria levado a romper com a literatura. Recolhido ao silêncio por mais de trinta anos, o escritor ficou na gangorra que ora o eleva, prometendo-lhe o ressurgimento, ora o despreza fazendo com que volte ao olvido. Neste trabalho, busco novos aspectos do autor e de sua trajetória, explorando textos no geral desconhecidos e rigorosamente preservados de qualquer trabalho de análise. Igualmente procurei ângulos recônditos de obras mais visitadas como A lua vem da Ásia e A Chuva Imóvel, não porque almejasse a crítica do ineditismo, mas simplesmente por não assentir com todas as formas pelas quais o autor é visto e com os estereótipos usualmente ofertados pela crítica que o alcançou / Abstract: The history of literature is also the literary history of outside writers and work, hidden like they are in a second level, lacking visibility. In Brazil, Walter Campos de Carvalho (1916-1998) is one of these writers. His books showed up the Brazilian literary scene in the middle of the 20th century, mainly due to the polemic and some incendiary diction it had to offer. Humor, iconoclasm, atheism, problematic sexuality and anarchist spirit consecrated him like as one of the most outspoken voices of the Brazilian modern fiction. His refutable mind mobilized a faithful public of admirers - such a public that put him in a position we might well call Cult -, but also contributed to the isolation that would lead to a break with the literature. Withdrawn in silence for over thirty years, the writer was in a see-saw that would raise him, promising him resurgence, then despise him making him return to oblivion. In this work I seek new aspects of Campos literature and its history, exploring texts in general unknown and strictly preserved of any analytical work. I also tried recondite angles on two of his more popular books A lua vem da Ásia and A Chuva Imóvel, not because I craved a critique of originality, but simply for not assenting to all the ways in which the author is seen an the stereotypes usually offered by critics that attained him / Doutorado / Teoria e Critica Literaria / Doutor em Teoria e História Literária

Dans le roman d’aventures médiéval, le thème de la fuite ne peut être perçu de manière uniforme mais en fonction du sexe du personnage principal. L’homme qui fuit est un couard déshonoré, la femme en fuite un nouveau prototype d’héroïne. En effet, être en fuite, suppose d’errer dans un univers inconnu, regorgeant de territoires pas toujours domestiqués par l’homme et largement inexplorés par la femme, l’espace extérieur restant traditionnellement un terrain de chasse masculin. Identités mouvantes trahies par le déguisement et la mouvance de leur nom, étapes laborieuses marquées par la nécessité de gagner sa vie, virilité parfois à toute épreuve, ces jeunes demoiselles sillonnent les contrées en quête d’elles-mêmes. Seul rempart contre le suicide, la fuite féminine synthétise une révolte avouée et exprimée. Donner ainsi la parole à des femmes dans des schémas narratifs éprouvés, les faire coexister aux côtés des chevaliers errants, c’est bien leur permettre de poser, ou de redécouvrir, les bases de leur identité. Parfois assistées dans leur démarche brutale, elles s’attribuent désormais la responsabilité d’elles-mêmes et acquièrent peu à peu une indépendance qui, jusque-là, était irréalisable à l’intérieur des murs de leur forteresse androcentrique. Aussi, fuir leur confère-t-elles un contrôle tout à fait inédit de leur personne. La circulation des femmes dans les romans du Moyen Âge demeure donc un enjeu non seulement narratif, mais aussi social, privé, humain. A l’heure de la redécouverte des grandes aventurières des XIXe et XXe siècles, l’accent est porté sur une nouvelle mobilité de la femme. Notre thèse regarde plus en avant et examine des femmes nomades dans les fictions romanesques médiévales. Ce motif fédérateur rassemble vraisemblablement quelques topoï notoires issus de sources anciennes mythologiques récupérées par la littérature du Moyen Âge. Il s’agira de décrypter l’architecture de ce motif pour en déterminer les origines. / In medieval adventure novels, the theme of escape is not treated in an balanced manner but depends on the gender of the main character. The man who flees is a dishonored coward while the fleeing woman represents a new prototype of heroin. It appears that being on the run involves wandering into an unknown world full of territories which are not always domesticated by men and which are largely unexplored by women, because, traditionally, this outer space represents a male hunting territory. Their changing identities betrayed by the disguise and by the instability of their names, laborious steps marked by the need to earn a living, and sometimes a virility in every challenge, this is what defines these young women who go across the countries as seekers of themselves The feminine at flight which implies an admitted and spoken rebellion, is the only defense against suicide. Thus, giving voice to women in proven narrative patterns, making them coexist alongside the errant knights, it is a perfect way which allows them to settle, or to rediscover, the basis of their identity. Even though they are sometimes assisted in their brutal steps, henceforth they assume the responsibility upon themselves, and gradually acquire an independence which, hitherto, was impossible within the walls of their androcentric fortress. Fleeing gives them also a completely new control of themselves. The women running in the novels of the Middle Ages represents a challenge not only from a narrative aspect but also from a social, private, and human view point. At the time of the rediscovery of the great adventurers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the emphasis falls on a new mobility of women. Our thesis looks further away and examines nomadic women in medieval romance fiction. This unifying pattern is likely to bring together some known topoi from ancient mythological sources, retrieved by the literature of the Middle Ages. Our aim is to decrypt the architecture of this pattern in order to determine its origins as well.

O exílio é um tema recorrente, embora pouco explorado, em Albert Camus. Sua obra é organizada em dois ciclos de criação: o absurdo e a revolta. Apesar de situado pelo autor no ciclo da revolta, propõe-se neste trabalho uma nova leitura de La Peste, obra que permite captar em um único texto a multiplicidade da temática do exílio em Camus, caracterizando-a como livro de transição entre esses dois conceitos, com a lucidez como elemento comum. O homem absurdo se percebe como tal pela consciência que tem de seu universo. Para o homem revoltado, a lucidez permite o combate. Em La Peste, o exílio, sob três aspectos, físico-social, psicológico e metafísico, integra a condição humana metafísica, em contraponto à condição histórica, tornando possível compreender tanto sua perspectiva como a do reino neste autor. / Exile is a recurring subject, though little explored, in Albert Camus. His work is organized in two creation phases: absurdity and rebellion. Even though situated by the author in the rebellion phase, this work proposes a new reading of La Peste, which allows seizing in only one text the thematic multiplicity of exile in Camus, characterizing it as a book of transition between these two concepts, with lucidity as their common feature. The absurd man thus perceives himself by means of the conscience he has of its universe. For the rebellious man, lucidity allows struggle. In La Peste, exile, under three aspects, physical-social, psychological and metaphysical, integrates the metaphysical human condition, in counterpoint to the historical condition, making it possible to understand its perspective, as well as the perspective of the kingdom, in this author.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur den klimataktivistiska organisationen Extinction Rebellion Sverige gestaltar klimatfrågan och på vilka sätt denna gestaltning ligger till grund för skapandet av en kollektiv identitet. Det har jag gjort genom att fokusera på organisationens pressmeddelanden som de publicerat på sin hemsida. Det blir relevant att studera pressmeddelanden då dessa kan ses som en slags intern och extern kommunikationskanal där Extinction Rebellion Sverige kan förmedla sina värderingar och åsikter. Jag analyserar mitt material utifrån gestaltningsteorin och teorier om nya sociala rörelser och kollektiv identitet. De huvudsakliga resultaten visar på en väldigt alarmistisk syn på klimatfrågan där stort ansvar läggs på svenska politiker. Samtidigt finner de stor tilltro till deras aktioner av civil olydnad. Den kollektiva identitet som ges uttryck för i pressmeddelandena grundar sig mycket i att ifrågasätta systemet och att medlemmar skriver under på den verklighetsbild som presenteras. / The study aims to examine how the climate activism-organization Extinction Rebellion Sweden frames climate change and how the framing plays a part of their collective identity. This is done by studying press releases published on their website. I find press releases relevant for this study since it is a way of both internal and external communication where Extinction Rebellion Sweden can mediate their values and opinions. The theory being used is framing theory as well and theories of new social movements and collective identity. The results show that they tend to frame climate change in an alarmistic way where a lot of the responsibility is put on Swedish politicians. At the same time, they express great faith in civil disobedience as action. The collective identity being expressed in the press releases is based in questioning the system and the fact that their members agrees on the reality being presented.

abstract: By way of combining the methodological practices of autoethnography and informal anarchist analysis of social movements, this project establishes anarchist autoethnography as a way of navigating the unavoidable and irreconcilable tensions between academic research and the ethical commitments of anarchists. By way of this method, I explore some of my interventions – as an anarchist – during the Occupy movement in Phoenix, Arizona from October, 2011 through until mid-2012. I explore the internal movement conflicts that arise when certain individuals, factions and political tendencies attempt to homogeneously define the interests of a heterogenous social movement that happens to employ anarchist principles of organization and includes the participation of anarchists. I focus on the conflicts around decision-making processes, the debates about nonviolence, and attitudes towards policing. Beyond analyzing some of my experiences in Occupy Phoenix, and doing so transparently as an anarchist, I additionally explore how the underlying connection between utopianism and the techniques of maintaining urban social orders shape the experience of movements in cities. I find that the moral strategies of left activists very often mirror the dualist ideologies of utopian urban planners, thus reproducing statist ways of seeing. Against the movement managers of the left, who I argue ultimately end up helping to reproduce the social order of cities, I turn at the end towards an exploration of historical Luddism as exemplars of sabotage. In framing anarchism and Luddism as accomplice tendencies that seek to subvert social order so as to preserve autonomy in capitalist states, I carefully distinguish neoluddism as a separate and undesirable approach to questions of technology and techniques of social control. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Justice Studies 2020

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Previous research on social movements shows that as a consequence of social stratification, structurally privileged groups in society are more prone to engage in and take on leading positions in collective action than those who are structurally marginalised. This essay takes off in the puzzle of deficient inclusion in social movements that identify as inclusive, and looks at how that problem also appear empirically in the environmental movement Extinction Rebellion (XR). As attention to environmental issues and climate activism has increased significantly over the last years, many activists and scholars have pointed out the importance of tackling the problem with an intersectional feminist approach. Therefore, an interpretive discourse analysis with a “What’s the Problem Represented to be?” (WPR) approach is applied to the strategically chosen case of XR, and the results are interpreted through an intersectional feminist lens as conceptualised by Angela Davis (1981, 2016). The analysis contributes to the research problem through identifying two parallel problem representations, one representing the problem as proximate, local and technical-environmental and one representing it as current, global and societal-environmental. It is concluded that part of XR’s discourse rests on a problem representation that risks reproducing structural power relations. According to Davis’s conceptualisation of intersectional feminism this could have dire consequences for a movement which has shown to have potential to influence politics.

Women in combat roles are present in at least 40% of armed rebellion movements, yet the narrative of women outside of traditional roles in conflict is invisible in various discursive communities of practice. Silence and misrecognition are the root of this issue: to be considered as agents and full partners of social interaction, female combatants need to exist in the discourse of leaders and institutions. Embedded in the feminist IR theory, I utilise Critical Discourse Analysis and Feminist Poststructuralist Discourse Analysis to unveil the extent of recognition given to female fighters in data internal and external to conflicts. United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1325, 1820 and 1889 are analysed to explore whether women are institutionally ‘allowed’ to exist as agents in war beyond the roles of victim and peacemaker. Analysis of discourse from the Zapatista Army of National Liberation and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party then serves to dive deeper into the recognition of female fighters by the leaders of armed struggle movements. Despite the ambitions of gender equality of all three actors, the research reveals that a greater level of feminist ideology seems to exceptionalise female combatants, thus not including and recognising them to the same extent as men.

Rebels haven’t always been sexy. In fact, throughout history “fighting the power” has often revealed the ugliest side of human nature. Of course, sometimes rebellion is necessary, even if it isn’t pretty, but it should never be considered lightly. So, under what circumstances is rebellion against authority—particularly a governing authority—morally sound? Is mutiny ever justified? Such questions are difficult, perhaps impossible, to answer, but literature can be a powerful tool for dissecting them. Captain Frederick Marryat (1798-1848), often called the father of naval fiction, used his novels to air these and other morally ambiguous questions for an early Victorian readership. At a time when widespread poverty, food shortages, and social injustices were leading to heated protests, Marryat’s microcosmic ships were a space to think through issues of rebellion, discipline, and the appropriate use of authority. This thesis analyzes two of Marryat’s novels, The King’s Own (1830) and Mr. Midshipman Easy (1836), highlighting themes of authority/discipline and the rhetorical functions of his didactic style. It’s easy to oversimplify Marryat—a patriotic ship captain and veteran of the Napoleonic Wars—as a classic establishment figure, but a close reading of these texts reveals that he was much more than an imperial flag-waver.