Climate change, pandemics, people searching for refuge from war and declining natural resources; the challenges within a globalized world cannot be solved without the cooperation between people from all over the world. This includes political cooperation, as well as grassroot movements working towards a sustainable and more equal society, and individuals changing the own consumer behavior or lifestyle. Unfortunately, both national and personal interests often conflict with behaviors and measures that would be necessary to mitigate crises. How to overcome those barriers to global responsible behavior? For almost seven decades, psychologists have shown that intergroup contact reduces prejudice against people from other groups. In the context of global environmental and social problems, we propose that contact has potential beyond that. We posit that international contact facilitates identification with the global ingroup of humanity and in turn induces globally responsible behavioral intentions and behaviors. In two manuscripts we present experimental as well as correlational evidence from nine studies (N=2147) supporting the “global contact” hypothesis. Both experimental induced contact (in six studies by the use of a simulated internet chat) and self-reported international contacts led to higher identification and solidarity with humanity compared to different control groups. Global identification and solidarity in turn, were related to higher global responsible attitudes and intentions. Those participants who had simulated contact with distant cultures reported a significantly higher level of identification with humanity compared to participants with close contacts. Climate change, people fleeing from war and poverty, pandemics – the challenges for the international community are enormous. However, the results of this dissertation suggest that this community also has the potential to face such crises. The promotion of positive contacts with people from other parts of the world can foster identities and engagement beyond national borders and interests. 'Know few, care for all.:Table of Contents 1 - Introduction 2 - Method Procedure The chat paradigm Contact condition Control conditions Imagined contact design Manipulations for additional research questions The questionnaire 3 - Get together, feel together, act together: International personal contact increases identification with humanity and global collective action Abstract Introduction International contact Processes underlying intergroup contact effects Contact and collective action The superordinate identity of humanity The model and preliminary results Study 1 Methods Results and discussion Study 2 Methods Results Discussion Empirical findings Study designs Advantages of contact interventions Superordinate categories Status groups Conclusion 4 – Know few, care for all. Does international contact increase global identification and responsible global action? Abstract Introduction Intergroup contact Contact and Pro-social action Generalization and recategorization Levels of identification The Present Research Overview of the Studies Method Procedure and measures Results Meta-Analysis Testing the salience of exclusive common ingroups and contact group similarity as moderators General Discussion The recategorization hypothesis Influence of lower level categories Conclusion 5 - Discussion Theoretical impulse Application in the field Conclusion and appeal Supplemental material Supplemental Material to Chapter 3 Supplemental Material to Chapter 4 References Appendix

After the cessation of violent conflict, societies have to undergo several changes to re-establish asense of harmony and repair the broken intergroup relationships. These changes can be summarized as the process of reconciliation. The different levels of reconciliation are in this thesis described as emotional-, motivational-, and structural reconciliation. I argue that the reconciliation process is facilitated by means of a recategorization of social identities. According to the Common ingroup identity Model, a shared identity will increase positive intergroup dynamics and reduce hostility and antagonism. This study has sought to find evidence for the suggested hypotheses through a structured focused comparison on the post-conflict countries, Rwanda and Burundi. The theorized relationship has found some support, as the post-conflict reconciliation processes of the case-studies showed the expected variation, and for one hypothesis the expected mechanism. However, the findings show that social identity recategorization on its own cannot account for all the variation in outcomes, and another possible mechanism has been detected. This warrants future research into the topic.

MATOS, Janaica Gomes. As funções discursivas das recategorizações. 2005. 146f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2005. / Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-08-21T12:50:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_Diss_JGMatos.pdf: 603714 bytes, checksum: 9e1a278f4ff233860cffd9a69bb52d1a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-11-14T12:24:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_Diss_JGMatos.pdf: 603714 bytes, checksum: 9e1a278f4ff233860cffd9a69bb52d1a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-14T12:24:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_Diss_JGMatos.pdf: 603714 bytes, checksum: 9e1a278f4ff233860cffd9a69bb52d1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / This dissertation has as a goal the analysis of the discourse functions of the recategorizations. This research was delimited to the analysis of the occurred lexical recategorizations through direct co-referential anaphoras. We adopt the theoretical perspective of that the searched phenomenon is placed in the activity discourse of referencing, conceived as a (re) construction of the reality, happened of the interaction between the speakers, in a intersubjective way. We proposed one classification of the possible functions assumed for the recategorizations in different discourse contexts. For such end, we approached, initially, the classifying proposal by Cavalcante (2003) about referential expressions, that has been used as a base of our functional proposal about recategorizations. From this, we retook the pioneer analysis by Apothéloz and Reichler-Béguelin (1995) about recategorizations, and we discussed the works by Tavares (2003) and Lima (2003), based on the two authors. We contemplated, basically, the suggestion by Koch (2004) about cognitive and discourse functions of the lexical referential expressions; in our proposal about recategorizations. Our corpus consisted of 80 texts was taken from different genres: 62 of them were chosen casually. Another part belongs to the bank of data of Protexto/UFC group studies. With the analysis of the data, we inquired functional traces of the recategorizations, that had come to compose our classification and it had taken us to evidence that recategorizations can be multi-functional in the speeches. (219 words) / Esta dissertação possui como escopo a análise das funções discursivas das recategorizações. Este trabalho restringe-se à análise das recategorizações lexicais ocorridas por meio de anáforas diretas, correferenciais. Adotamos a perspectiva teórica de que o fenômeno pesquisado situa-se na atividade discursiva de referenciação, concebida como uma (re)construção do real, advinda da interação entre os falantes, de forma intersubjetiva. Propomos uma classificação das possíveis funções assumidas pelas recategorizações nos diferentes contextos discursivos. Para tal fim, abordamos, inicialmente, a proposta classificatória de Cavalcante (2003) dos processos referenciais, entre os quais estão inseridas as recategorizações. A partir disso, retomamos a análise pioneira de Apothéloz e Reichler-Béguelin (1995) sobre as recategorizações, bem como discutimos os trabalhos de Tavares (2003) e de Lima (2003), que se baseiam nos dois autores. Contemplamos, fundamentalmente, a sugestão de Koch (2004) sobre as funções cognitivo-discursivas das expressões nominais referenciais, que serviram de parâmetro para nossa proposta de funções das recategorizações. Nosso corpus consta de 80 textos de diversos gêneros: destes, 62 textos foram por nós escolhidos aleatoriamente; a outra parte da amostra é pertencente ao banco de dados do grupo de estudos Protexto/UFC. Com a análise dos dados, averiguamos traços funcionais das recategorizações, que vieram a compor nossa classificação e nos levaram a constatar que as recategorizações podem ser multifuncionais nos discursos. (213 palavras)

Esta pesquisa teve, como objetivo geral verificar o processo de criação do Mosaico de Unidades de Conservação do Jacupiranga (MOJAC), localizado na região do Vale do Ribeira e Litoral Sul, no sudeste do Estado de São Paulo, onde se concentra a maior área de mata atlântica conservada do Brasil. O Mosaico do Jacupiranga compreende diversas unidades de conservação que formam um corredor contínuo de remanescentes maduros bem conservados da mata atlântica, tendo sido criado em 2008 por meio de um grande trabalho de levantamento de informações de toda ordem pelos órgãos estaduais, com envolvimento dos moradores, ONG, prefeituras, etc. Originou-se do Parque Estadual do Jacupiranga, criado em 1969 ignorando muitas comunidades tradicionais, que habitavam diversas das áreas transformadas em parque e permanecendo muitos anos sem uma gestão eficaz para a conservação da área. Assim os conflitos ambientais, sociais e fundiários foram se agravando ao longo dos anos, com ocupações por diferentes grupos sociais, de camponeses a grileiros, sendo a criação do mosaico uma forma de resolver, ou ao menos minimizar, os conflitos existentes. Esta região, assim como muitas outras do país, possui grande quantidade de terras devolutas, que demandam uma regularização fundiária por parte do Estado, para a arrecadação e retomada das terras e destinação adequada conforme previsto em lei. Neste contexto, a pesquisa se concentrou em avaliar a reclassificação de áreas de parque em unidades de conservação de uso sustentável em locais onde existe grande número de comunidades quilombolas, as quais demandam o reconhecimento e a regularização fundiária de seus territórios, conforme garante a Constituição Federal de 1988. As UCs focadas foram a Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Quilombos da Barra do Turvo e a Área de Preservação Ambiental dos Quilombos do Médio Ribeira. Houve avanços, para estas comunidades, com a criação do MOJAC, como a recategorização de suas áreas retirando-as do parque, e o reconhecimento e delimitação de territórios quilombolas. Entretanto, ainda existem conflitos quanto à dimensão de alguns territórios e quanto à falta de titulação para a maioria das comunidades quilombolas. Esta pesquisa realizou um levantamento e uma análise geral da situação fundiária das UCs do Estado de São Paulo, verificando que a grande maioria não tem a situação fundiária regularizada. Por fim, analiso a situação atual do mosaico em sua fase de implantação, detectando que, após sua criação, o ritmo de trabalho do Estado na área diminuiu muito, deixando diversas pendências sociais e fundiárias ainda sem resolução, inclusive sem elaboração dos planos de manejos das UCs, após quase cinco anos da criação do MOJAC. Esta pesquisa foi baseada em levantamento bibliográfico, documental, de legislação e em trabalho de campo, com entrevistas de diversos sujeitos sociais que participaram do processo de criação do MOJAC, desde representantes do Estado até moradores da área. / This research aims to verify the process of creating a mosaic of Conservation Units of Jacupiranga (MOJAC), located in the region of Ribeira Valley and South Coast, in the southeastern state of São Paulo, where has the largest area of preserved Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The Jacupiranga Mosaic consists by various conservation units (CU) that form a continuous corridor of mature well preserved remnants of the Atlantic Forest. Was created in 2008 through a great job of gathering information of all kinds by state organs with involvement and discussion with the people involved as residents, NGOs, municipalities, etc.. The mosaic originated in Jacupiranga State Park, established in 1969, ignoring many traditional communities inhabiting various areas transformed into park and still remain many years without effective management for the conservation area. Thus environmental, social and land conflicts, were getting worse over the years, with occupations by different social groups, since small farmers until large land illegal appropriators, and the creation of mosaic was a way to solve or at least minimize conflicts. This region, like many others in the country, has a large amount of vacant land, but which still demand a regularization by the State, for the collection and recovery of land and proper disposal as provided by law. In this context, this research has focused on evaluating the reclassification of park areas into protected areas of sustainable use in places where there are large numbers of maroon communities demanding recognition and regularization of their territory, as guaranteed by the Constitution of 1988. The CUs focused were the Sustainable Development Reserve of Quilombos da Barra do Turvo and Environmental Preservation Area of Quilombos do Médio Ribeira. Progress was made, for these communities, with the creation of MOJAC as recategorization of their areas by removing them from the park, and the recognition and delineation of Maroons territories. However, there are still disputes about the size of some areas and lack of land title for most maroon communities. This research has also made a survey and analysis of the land situation of CUs of São Paulo State, verifying that the vast majority do not have the land situation regularized. Finally, is analyzed the current situation of the mosaic in its implementation phase, detecting that after its creation, the pace of State work has greatly diminished in the area, leaving many social and land disputes still unresolved, including without drawing up plans for managements of CUs, after almost 5 anniversary of the creation of MOJAC. This research was based on literature, documentary, legislation and fieldwork, interviews with various actors who participated in the MOJAC creation process, representatives from the State to local residents.

Esta pesquisa teve, como objetivo geral verificar o processo de criação do Mosaico de Unidades de Conservação do Jacupiranga (MOJAC), localizado na região do Vale do Ribeira e Litoral Sul, no sudeste do Estado de São Paulo, onde se concentra a maior área de mata atlântica conservada do Brasil. O Mosaico do Jacupiranga compreende diversas unidades de conservação que formam um corredor contínuo de remanescentes maduros bem conservados da mata atlântica, tendo sido criado em 2008 por meio de um grande trabalho de levantamento de informações de toda ordem pelos órgãos estaduais, com envolvimento dos moradores, ONG, prefeituras, etc. Originou-se do Parque Estadual do Jacupiranga, criado em 1969 ignorando muitas comunidades tradicionais, que habitavam diversas das áreas transformadas em parque e permanecendo muitos anos sem uma gestão eficaz para a conservação da área. Assim os conflitos ambientais, sociais e fundiários foram se agravando ao longo dos anos, com ocupações por diferentes grupos sociais, de camponeses a grileiros, sendo a criação do mosaico uma forma de resolver, ou ao menos minimizar, os conflitos existentes. Esta região, assim como muitas outras do país, possui grande quantidade de terras devolutas, que demandam uma regularização fundiária por parte do Estado, para a arrecadação e retomada das terras e destinação adequada conforme previsto em lei. Neste contexto, a pesquisa se concentrou em avaliar a reclassificação de áreas de parque em unidades de conservação de uso sustentável em locais onde existe grande número de comunidades quilombolas, as quais demandam o reconhecimento e a regularização fundiária de seus territórios, conforme garante a Constituição Federal de 1988. As UCs focadas foram a Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Quilombos da Barra do Turvo e a Área de Preservação Ambiental dos Quilombos do Médio Ribeira. Houve avanços, para estas comunidades, com a criação do MOJAC, como a recategorização de suas áreas retirando-as do parque, e o reconhecimento e delimitação de territórios quilombolas. Entretanto, ainda existem conflitos quanto à dimensão de alguns territórios e quanto à falta de titulação para a maioria das comunidades quilombolas. Esta pesquisa realizou um levantamento e uma análise geral da situação fundiária das UCs do Estado de São Paulo, verificando que a grande maioria não tem a situação fundiária regularizada. Por fim, analiso a situação atual do mosaico em sua fase de implantação, detectando que, após sua criação, o ritmo de trabalho do Estado na área diminuiu muito, deixando diversas pendências sociais e fundiárias ainda sem resolução, inclusive sem elaboração dos planos de manejos das UCs, após quase cinco anos da criação do MOJAC. Esta pesquisa foi baseada em levantamento bibliográfico, documental, de legislação e em trabalho de campo, com entrevistas de diversos sujeitos sociais que participaram do processo de criação do MOJAC, desde representantes do Estado até moradores da área. / This research aims to verify the process of creating a mosaic of Conservation Units of Jacupiranga (MOJAC), located in the region of Ribeira Valley and South Coast, in the southeastern state of São Paulo, where has the largest area of preserved Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The Jacupiranga Mosaic consists by various conservation units (CU) that form a continuous corridor of mature well preserved remnants of the Atlantic Forest. Was created in 2008 through a great job of gathering information of all kinds by state organs with involvement and discussion with the people involved as residents, NGOs, municipalities, etc.. The mosaic originated in Jacupiranga State Park, established in 1969, ignoring many traditional communities inhabiting various areas transformed into park and still remain many years without effective management for the conservation area. Thus environmental, social and land conflicts, were getting worse over the years, with occupations by different social groups, since small farmers until large land illegal appropriators, and the creation of mosaic was a way to solve or at least minimize conflicts. This region, like many others in the country, has a large amount of vacant land, but which still demand a regularization by the State, for the collection and recovery of land and proper disposal as provided by law. In this context, this research has focused on evaluating the reclassification of park areas into protected areas of sustainable use in places where there are large numbers of maroon communities demanding recognition and regularization of their territory, as guaranteed by the Constitution of 1988. The CUs focused were the Sustainable Development Reserve of Quilombos da Barra do Turvo and Environmental Preservation Area of Quilombos do Médio Ribeira. Progress was made, for these communities, with the creation of MOJAC as recategorization of their areas by removing them from the park, and the recognition and delineation of Maroons territories. However, there are still disputes about the size of some areas and lack of land title for most maroon communities. This research has also made a survey and analysis of the land situation of CUs of São Paulo State, verifying that the vast majority do not have the land situation regularized. Finally, is analyzed the current situation of the mosaic in its implementation phase, detecting that after its creation, the pace of State work has greatly diminished in the area, leaving many social and land disputes still unresolved, including without drawing up plans for managements of CUs, after almost 5 anniversary of the creation of MOJAC. This research was based on literature, documentary, legislation and fieldwork, interviews with various actors who participated in the MOJAC creation process, representatives from the State to local residents.

過往研究指出當個體受到社會排斥威脅後，可能產生兩種相反的行為，一者是具攻擊性的行為，而另一者則是希冀與其他人連結之親和傾向。本研究提出社會排斥之兩階段模式，認為當個體受到排斥威脅時，會同時有兩種不同的行為反應，一個是『避免傷害』，當此反應被激發時，被排斥個體會展現出『戰或逃』的行為傾向；而另一個反應則為『尋求歸屬』，在此反應被激發時，被排斥個體則會展現出『親近與示好』的行為傾向。而個體會出現何種反應，端視其之後互動的對象本身的屬性而定。若後續互動對象與先前排斥者間具有高相似性，此拒絕相似線索會引發個體展現出較高的戰或逃行為。相對的，若是後續互動對象所具有的特性與其自身之特性具有高相似性，亦即具有接納相似線索時，個體則會出現較多的示好行為。而這種隨著後續屬性，個體會出現不同反應歷程的假設在已完成的四個實驗中獲得初步的驗證。 實驗一（83名實驗參與者）採取2 (社會排斥：有、無) × 5 (類別相似線索：高拒絕線索vs.中拒絕線索 vs.高接納線索 vs.中接納線索 vs. 中性線索)之混合設計，結果發現受社會排斥威脅者會有較高意願加入帶有高可能接受線索之團體、較不願意加入帶有高拒絕線索之團體。實驗二（47名實驗參與者）採取閾下觸發來操弄社會排斥威脅，顯示社會排斥的確會讓人加速處理那些與拒絕者與可能接受者相關之訊息。而實驗三（74名實驗參與者）重複驗證了實驗一之發現，並且發現受社會排斥威脅之參與者在反應時間上會較快決定拒絕帶有高拒絕線索之團體，也會較快決定加入帶有高接納線索的團體（兩者皆對比於對中性線索團體之決策反應時間）。 實驗四（75名實驗參與者）則採取2 (社會排斥：有、無) × 2 (認知負荷：高、低) × 3 (類別相似線索：高拒絕線索vs.高接納線索vs. 中性線索)之混合設計，並發現當被社會排斥者處於高認知負荷狀態時，他們雖然還是能使用拒絕線索來選擇團體，但卻不會使用接受線索，顯示拒絕相似性線索為較為優先之線索。 實驗五A（67名實驗參與者）則採取2 (社會排斥：有、無) × 2 (性格回饋：有、無) × 4 (類別相似線索：拒絕線索對象vs.接納線索對象vs. 中性線索對象vs.原拒絕者)之混合設計，並發現當被給予性格回饋之後，受社會排斥威脅者會對於帶有接納線索的對象有較高的評價。而實驗五B（31名實驗參與者）採取2 (社會排斥：有、無) × 4 (類別相似線索：拒絕線索對象vs.接納線索對象vs. 中性線索對象vs.原拒絕者)之混合設計，發現受到社會排斥威脅者會對於帶有拒絕線索的對象及原拒絕者都會有較低的評價。 而實驗六與七則認為當個體對於相似性線索的認知被去、再類別化作業改變時，個體的反應也應隨之改變。實驗六採取（51名實驗參與者）則採取3 (社會排斥組別：社會排斥一般作業組、社會排斥再類別化組、控制組) × 4 (類別相似線索：拒絕線索對象vs.接納線索對象vs. 中性線索對象vs.原拒絕者)之混合設計，並發現當受到社會排斥者完成再類別化作業後，比起完成一般作業的參與者，他們對於原先帶有拒絕線索對象的評價會提升，而他們亦會提升對於原拒絕者的評價，顯示再類別化作業可以讓受威脅者感知到互動對象跟自己可以共屬另一個有意義之團體、自己與互動對象是相連結的，因而提升對這些對象之評價。 實驗七採取（46名實驗參與者）則採取3 (社會排斥組別：社會排斥一般作業組、社會排斥去類別化組、控制組) × 4 (類別相似線索：拒絕線索對象vs.接納線索對象vs. 中性線索對象vs.原拒絕者)之混合設計，並發現去類別化作業可以削弱類別相似性線索，因此使得受排斥者降低對原先帶有接納線索之對象的評價，亦會提升原先帶有拒絕線索對象之評價。換言之，由於去類別化作用會降低被威脅個體與互動對象的連結感，亦即他們對於互動對象與自己的相似性知覺會降低，個體因而降低對此類對象之評價；另一方面，去類別化作用也會降低帶有拒絕線索對象以及原拒絕者的相似性知覺，因而提升對於此類對象之評價。 綜合以上所述，本研究以一系列之研究來檢驗：個體受到社會排斥後，後續互動對象身上之類別相似性線索如何影響受威脅者之反應傾向。實驗一至五發現，當個體被社會排斥之後，他們對於那些帶有拒絕線索的個體會展現出戰或逃的行為傾向，並對帶有接納線索的個體展現親近與示好之行為，而拒絕相似性線索較為優先。而實驗六及七分別使用『再類別化』及『去類別化』兩種作業來改變類別相似性線索，來改變受社會排斥威脅者對於接納線索的知覺使其後續行為隨之改變。 / Previous research shows that social exclusion may cause either fight-or-flight behavior toward innocent people or a substantial increase in affiliation behavior. A two-stage model is proposed to explain people’s reactions after experiencing social exclusion. For these threatened individuals, groups that resemble their rejecter would provoke a defensive attitude and hostile behaviors. These individuals also show hospitality to those groups that resemble themselves to gain inclusion. The former process is more primary than the other. Experiment 1 (83 participants) and 3 (74 participants) used a scenario story to manipulate social exclusion. Groups with different categorical cues categorical similarity cues were provided. The results suggested that people after experiencing social exclusion tended to reject groups that resemble to previous rejecter. By contrast, groups that fit the characteristics of the target person were much preferred and received more resources. The second experiment (47 participants) used subliming priming to manipulate social exclusion. Main dependent measure was the decision time of lexical decision task. As predicted, compared to participants in control condition (all priming words in random order), those in social exclusion condition (being primed with rejection-softball and inclusion-enjoy-learning) processed rejection associated words (related to the reject group) and acceptance associated words (related to the perspective group) significantly faster than no association words. Experiment 4 (75 participants) used a 2 (social exclusion vs. control condition) x 2 (cognitive load: heavy vs. light) x 3 (categorical similarity cues: high rejective cue, high perspective cue, irrelevant cue) mixed-design. The results indicated that the excluded participants who had a heavy cognitive load could only avoid groups that resemble the previous rejecter and showed no preference for groups that might be suitable for them. To defend is the primary process. From experiment 5A to experiment 7, cyberostracism was employed to manipulate social exclusion. Experiment 5A (67 participants) used a 2 (social exclusion: social exclusion condition vs. control condition) x 2 (personality feedback: feedback vs. no feedback) x 4 (categorical similarity cues: rejective cue, perspective cue, irrelevant cue, rejecter) mixed-design. It was found that only those who with perspective cue could receive better evaluation from excluded participants. Experiment 5B suggested that excluded participants would evaluate people with rejective cues worse than those who in control group. The experiment 6 and 7 used decategorization and recategorization task to change the perceptions of categorical similarity cues. Experiment 6 (51 participants) showed that recategorization task could weaken the effect of the rejective cue and thus excluded participants would give better evaluation to people with rejective cue than participants in social exclusion only condition. Experiment 7 (46 participants) suggested that decategorization task might weaken the effect of perspective cue and therefore the evaluation tended to decrease for people with perspective cue. Eight experiments provided convergent evidence to this study to suggest that categorical similarity cues of possible affiliated people could elicit different reactions from excluded people.