Das Aussterberisiko einer Art ist nicht zufällig, sondern wird von mehreren Faktoren bestimmt, die geografische, ökologische und morphologische Merkmale umfassen. Einige dieser Merkmale sind Teil der Kriterien zur Einschätzung der Gefährdung einer Art, wie zum Beispiel in der Roten Liste der IUCN. Diese Beurteilungen sind ein wichtiges Werkzeug für den Artenschutz, da sie eine Verteilung der Maßnahmen auf die am stärksten gefährdeten Arten ermöglichen. Dies ist besonders wichtig für Amphibien, die Wirbeltiergruppe mit dem derzeit höchsten Anteil an bedrohten Arten. Bei einem großen Teil der Arten fehlt jedoch eine Einschätzung des Aussterberisikos. Weiter mangelt es auch an einer endgültigen Verifizierung des Einflusses der genutzten Merkmale auf das Aussterberisiko, da Aussterbeereignisse auf neontologischen Zeitskalen schwer zu erkennen sind. Der Fossilbericht stellt ein enormes Archiv an bereits geschehenen Aussterbeereignissen dar und bietet die Möglichkeit den Einfluss bestimmter Merkmale auf die Gefährdung zu testen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuche ich Merkmale von Amphibienarten, die zum Aussterberisiko dieser zunehmend gefährdeten Gruppe beitragen und bestätige die Bedeutung der geographischen Reichweite für das Aussterberisiko. Die in dem sich aktuell entwickelnden Gebiet Conservation Paleobiology angesiedelte Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Verbindung von paläontologischen und neontologischen Daten, und wie diese Kombination dazu beitragen kann das Wissen über Aussterberisiko-beeinflussende Faktoren zu erweitern. Dies wird durch die Analyse verschiedener im Fossilbericht überlieferter Artmerkmale und der Kombination der Erkenntnisse mit Ergebnissen der Roten Liste und Klimadaten erreicht. In meiner Arbeit zeige ich mögliche Anwendungen des Fossilberichts auf aktuellen Themen des Artenschutzes und wie eine Kombination beider Bereiche zum tieferen Verständnis von Gefährdungsfaktoren beitragen kann. / The extinction risk of a species is not random, but rather shaped by several factors comprising geographical, environmental and morphological traits. Some of these traits have been incorporated in assessment procedures for the classification of extant species' extinction risk, such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. These assessments are an important tool for conservation purposes, as they direct the available resources to species that are most reliant on support. This is especially important for amphibians, which are the the most endangered terrestrial vertebrate taxon today. However, a large number of species lack an assessment for extinction risk. Also, additional verification of the general influence of incorporated traits on extinction risk is needed, as real extinction events are difficult to detect on neontological time scales. The fossil record offers the opportunity to test the influence of certain traits on extinction risk as it provides an enormous archive of extinction events that already happened. In this thesis, I examine traits in amphibian species that contribute to the extinction risk of this increasingly endangered group and provide support for the importance of geographic range size on the extinction risk of species. Placed in the developing field of Conservation Paleobiology, the study concentrates on the connection between paleontological and neontological data and how this unique combination can add to the knowledge about traits that shaped the extinction risk of amphibian species. This is achieved by investigating species traits, conserved in the amphibian fossil record, and combining these findings with results from the IUCN Red List and climate data. The present dissertation shows possible applications of the fossil record to current questions in conservation biology and shows how a combination of both fields contributes to the understanding of factors that influence the extinction risk of species.

AIM: This study aimed to explore the factors influencing antiretroviral therapy patients` data quality at Princess Marina Hospital Pharmacy in Botswana. METHODS: A phenomenological approach was adopted in this study. Specifically, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis qualitative design was used to explore the factors influencing antiretroviral therapy patients` data quality at Princess Marina Hospital Pharmacy in Botswana. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview format on 18 conveniently selected pharmacy staff. Data were analysed using Smith’s (2005) Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis framework. RESULT: Five thematic categories emerged from data analysis: data capturing: an extra task, knowledge and experience of IPMS, training and education, mentoring and supervision, and data quality: impact on patients’ care. The findings of this study have implications for practice, training and research. CONCLUSION: Pharmacy staff had limited knowledge of IPMS and its utilisation in data capturing. Such limitations have implications in the context of the quality of data captured / Health Studies / M. A. (Health Studies)

The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelinesare used to guide clinical practices for treating Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). GOLD focuses heavily on stable COPD patients, limiting its use fornon-stable COPD patients such as those with severe, acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) that require hospitalization. Although AECOPD can be heterogeneous, it can lead to deterioration of health and early death. Electronic health records (EHRs) can be used to analyze patient data for understanding disease progression and generating guideline evidence for AECOPD patients. However, because of its structure and representation, retrieving, analyzing, and properly interpreting EHR data can be challenging, and existing tools do not provide granular analytic capabil-ities for this data.<div><br></div><div>This dissertation presents, develops, and implements a novel approach that systematically captures the effect of interventions during patient medical encounters, and hence may support evidence generation for clinical guidelines in a systematic and principled way. A conceptual framework that structures components, such as data storage, aggregation, extraction, and visualization, to support EHR data analytics for granular analysis is introduced. We develop a software framework in Python based on these components to create longitudinal representations of raw medical data extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-III) clinical database. The software framework consists of two tools: Patient Aggregated Care Events (PACE), a novel tool for constructing and visualizing entire medical histories of both individual patients and patient cohorts, and Mark SIM, a Markov Chain Monte Carlo modeling and simulation tool for predicting clinical outcomes through probabilistic analysis that captures granular temporal aspects of aggregated, clinicaldata.<br></div><div><br></div><div>We assess the efficacy of antibiotic treatment and the optimal time of initiationfor in-hospitalized AECOPD patients as an application to probabilistic modeling. We identify 697 AECOPD patients of which 26.0% were administered antibiotics. Our model simulations show a 50% decrease in mortality rate as the number of patients administered antibiotics increase, and an estimated 5.5% mortality rate when antibiotics are initially administrated after 48 hours vs 1.8% when antibiotics are initially administrated between 24 and 48 hours. Our findings suggest that there may be amortality benefit in initiation of antibiotics early in patients with acute respiratory failure in ICU patients with severe AECOPD.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Thus, we show that it is feasible to enhance representation of EHRs to aggregate patients’ entire medical histories with temporal trends and support complex clinical questions to drive clinical guidelines for COPD.<br></div>

La comparaison des systèmes d'inventaire du patrimoine archéologique en France, Espagne, Grande-Bretagne et Tunisie consiste à observer l'organisation et les résultats de ces inventaires, au niveau national lorsqu'il existe, ou le cas échéant, au niveau régional. Il s'agit d'identifier, pour chaque pays, le mode de réalisation d'une base de données, dont les objectifs sont la protection et la mise en valeur du patrimoine archéologique. Ainsi, la naissance des premiers recensements, le cadre réglementaire, la structure institutionnelle, les conditions d'accessibilité, et la forme actuelle des inventaires ont été observés. L'analyse critique des différents cas, à l'issue des descriptions et des tests, permet de mettre en avant des paramètres conditionnant d'une part, l'existence réelle d'un inventaire national du patrimoine archéologique, d'autre part, le niveau d'accessibilité des données regroupées par ces inventaires. / Compare archaeological heritage record systems in France, Spain, Great-Britain and Tunisie consists in studying organization and results of these records, at the national level, or, where it does not exist, at the regional level. The database design, aimed at protecting and promoting archaeological resource, has been identified in each country. The first inventories, the legal and institutional structures, the condition of accessibility, and the current frame of archaeological records have been studied. Analysis shows, after describing and testing these case, that there are circumstances conditioning: the existence of a national archaeological record, but also, the level of accessibility of data maintained in these records.

Esse mestrado trata da reorganização e recuperação informativa de parte do acervo arqueológico do Estado do Espírito Santo que se encontra atualmente na reserva técnica da Superintendência do IPHAN/ES. Tendo como recorte o acervo acumulado entre os anos de 1966 até 1975 pelos arqueólogos Adam Orssich e Celso Perota, pensando como o acervo não somente o material arqueológico em si, mas também toda a documentação relacionada a ele. Além do resgate informativo foi discutida a formação desse acervo entendo a arqueologia pré-colonial como história indígena. / This master\'s degree is the reorganization and recovery informative part of the archaeological collections of the State of the Espírito Santo that is currently in technical reserves the Superintendence of IPHAN / ES. Having cut the acquis as accumulated between the years 1966 to 1975 by archaeologists Adam Orssich and Celso Perota, thinking as the collection not only the archaeological material itself, but also all the documentation related to it. In addition to the information of this acquis rescue training understand the pre-colonial archeology as indigenous history was discussed.

INTRODUÇÃO: As taxas de mortalidade para doença de Chagas variam, consideravelmente de 0,2 a 19,2% anualmente dependendo principalmente do estágio da doença. Considera-se que pacientes na fase indeterminada tem taxas baixas, semelhante a população em geral. Este estudo compara a taxa de mortalidade e as causas de morte de doadores de sangue da Fundação Pró-Sangue - Hemocentro de São Paulo (FPS) soropositivos para a doença de Chagas e de doadores soronegativos para todos os testes de triagem realizados no processo de doação. Doadores de sangue constituem uma população, na qual os indivíduos soropositivos são em sua maioria assintomáticos. MÉTODOS: Este é um estudo de coorte retrospectiva de doadores de sangue de 1996 a 2000: 2842 doadores soropositivos para doença de Chagas e 5684 doadores soronegativos para todos os testes de triagem. O status vital foi designado realizando-se o relacionamento probabilístico de dados (RPD) utilizando-se o Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade do Brasil (SIM). Utilizamos um método RDP validado preliminarmente com sensibilidade de 94% (IC 95%, 90% - 97%), especificidade de 100% (IC 95%, 98% - 100%). Apenas os dados dos anos 2001 a 2009 do SIM foram disponibilizados para análise. Análise univariada foi conduzida considerando desfechos e fatores de riscos potenciais. Os testes Chi-quadrado e Exato de Fisher foram utilizados conforme apropriado. A diferença de sobrevida dos dois grupos no tempo foi graficamente representada pela Curva de Kaplan-Meyer e testado pelo teste Logrank. Regressões múltiplas de Cox foram utilizadas para derivação de riscos relativos instântaneos (hazard ratios - HR) para os desfechos do estudo, ajustando-se por varíaveis de confusão. RESULTADOS: RPD encontrou 159 óbitos entre os 2842 doadores soropositivos (5,6%) e 103 óbitos entre os 5684 doadores soronegativos (1,8%). A sorologia de doadores foi associada com óbitos relacionados a doença de Chagas (HR 2,3 - IC 95%: 1,8 - 3,0). As curvas de sobrevida foram diferentes quando comparando doadores soropositivos e soronegativos, jovens e velhos (p < 0,001). Das 159 mortes entre doadores soropositivos, 26 foram devidas a doença de Chagas (CID-10: B57.0 - B57.5), 47 foram devidas a outras doenças cardíacas (CDI-10: I10 a I80.2), sem menção a doença de Chagas como uma causa associada, e apenas 1 com menção a doença de Chagas na Parte II da declaração de óbito. CONCLUSÕES: Doadores de sangue soropositovs seguidos retrospectivamente por 9 a 14 anos morrem ao menos 2,3 vezes mais que doadores soronegativos. As causas de morte no SIM podem estar mal classificadas para os doadores de sangue soropositivos assintomáticos / INTRODUCTION: Mortality rates for Chagas\' disease vary considerably between 0.2 and 19.2% annually depending mostly on the stage of the disease. Patients at the indeterminate phase are considered to have low rates, similar to the overall population. This study compares mortality rates and causes of death of blood donors seropositive for Chagas\' disease and seronegative for all screening tests at Fundação Pró-Sangue - Hemocentro de São Paulo (FPS). Blood donors constitute a particular population in which seropositive individuals are mostly asymptomatic. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of blood donors from 1996 to 2000: 2842 seropositive for Chagas disease and 5684 seronegative. Death status was ascertained by performing probabilistic record linkage (RL) with the national mortality information system (SIM). RL was validated in a preliminary study and sensitivity and specificity of the method were determined to be 94% (CI 95%, 90% - 97%) and 100% (CI 95%, 98% - 100%) respectively. Only SIM records for 2001 to 2009 were available for analysis. Univariate analysis was conducted considering outcomes and potential risks factors. Chi-square test or Fisher exact test were used as appropriate. The different survival of the two groups over time was graphically represented by the Kaplan-Meier curve and tested with the Logrank test. Multiple Cox regressions were used to derive Hazard ratios (HR) for the outcomes studied, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: Reidentified 159 deaths among the 2842 seropositive blood donors (5.6%) and 103 deaths among the 5684 seronegative (1.8%). Serology of blood donors was associated with Chagas disease related death (HR 2.3 - 95% IC: 1.8 - 3.0). The survival curves differed when comparing seropositive and seronegative donors, young and old (p < 0.001). Out of the 159 deaths among seropositive donors, 26 were due to Chagas disease (ICD10 B57.0 - B57.5), 47 were due to other heart diseases (ICD10 - I10 to I80.2), with no mention of Chagas disease as an associated cause, and only 1 with Chagas disease mentioned in Part II of death certificate. CONCLUSIONS: Seropositive blood donors die at least 2.3 times more than seronegative donors. Causes of death in SIM may be misclassified for asymptomatic seropositive individuals

Thesis advisor: Deborah Levenson / The emergence of the concept of Fair Trade has inspired a new form of supply-determination by socially conscious consumers. Since it began official certification, Fair Trade has served as a tool to curb the exploitation of labor. It has also promoted direct connections between vendors and producers, organized participatory democracy, continuity in trade relations, respect for the environment, movement toward equal status of gender, and living wages for workers. Small family farmers now produce over 51 percent of coffee in the world, and 90 percent of the world's cocoa. With a History Honors Thesis, I seek to examine the use of worker-owned recuperated factories of Argentina for the production of Fair Trade footwear and apparel. Such factories require more complicated chains of supply (primary materials, numerous factories for production, contractors, transportation, warehouses, and retail) than primary materials such as coffee. Started in the 1980s, the recuperated factories in Argentina may provide the complex links to a sweatshop-free market, which have been lacking. The experiment has exploded to about 180 businesses since an economic crisis in 2001 forced owners to flee and workers to gain expropriation, half through legislation and half through occupation, according to journalist Andrés Ruggeri. My project seeks to investigate whether chains of production and distribution of complex Fair Trade certified or sweatshop-free products, using recuperated factories in Argentina, could serve as an economic alternative for manufactured Fair Trade products. By pursuing in-depth research on this project and understanding porteño culture and labor struggles, I have built a strong foundation for a thesis. My independent study project for the School for International Training during my Fall 2005 semester abroad in the Southern Cone (Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil) became my passion and provides preliminary background information. Basing the project on interviews I had conducted with workers from ceramics, textile, and shoe recuperated factories all over, I found evidence of new supply chains with words from key leaders like Raul Godoy, Vasco Abelli, and Luis Caro (Control Obrero, El Movimiento Nacional de Empresas Recuperadas, and El Movimiento Nacional de Fábricas Recuperadas por los Trabajadores). I also became personally involved in the network of founders of current trade groups based in Argentina, with whom I will consult for my work on the History Honors Thesis. Building directly on research interests, and especially the interviews that I conducted in my semester in Argentina, I will address the complexities of the philosophical foundations, key figures, and actions that have comprised the vast history of labor in Argentina from its pre-capitalist mutuales artisan communities up to the contemporary situation with close academic mentorship from Professor Levenson. With plentiful sources of information, I will document each prospective or current deal to produce for Fair Trade distributors, develop an understanding of which products are feasible for ethical supply chains, analyze the success of such collaborations with new distributors, and compare and contrast them with business for former or other clients. Portions of the movement vary in ideology and vision, but all seek to maintain relations with former distributors. The primary concern is surviving and gaining expropriation, but the movement is witnessing a series of new strong inter-relations and projects for Fair Trade. There is a hopeful outlook for the recuperated factories, and integration into a Fair Trade market is a feasible goal for the next era (2006-2011) of the movement. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2007. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History. / Discipline: History Honors Program.

A relação cêntrica (RC) é uma posição de grande importância no diagnóstico e tratamento em diversas áreas odontológicas. Durante a manipulação em RC, é importante impedir que a memória neuromuscular conduza a um registro incorreto. A neuroestimulação elétrica transcutânea de ultra baixa frequência (ULF-TENS) reduz a atividade eletromiográfica de músculos da mastigação. Desta forma, o presente estudo avaliou a influência da ULF-TENS no deslocamento da cabeça da mandíbula e na repetibilidade das técnicas de manipulação em RC (Bimanual de Dawson, tiras de Long e sistema R.O.C.A), além de verificar qual destas técnicas apresenta maior variabilidade. Para isso, 25 participantes sem Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) foram submetidos à duas etapas do estudo realizadas por meio da análise eletrônica de posição (EPA), que permite a avaliação da posição condilar em três eixos (X, Y e Z). Na primeira (ST), foram feitas três sequências com três registros de RC cada, um por técnica de manipulação. Na segunda (CT), foi aplicada a ULF-TENS por 30 minutos antes das sequências de registros, também realizada por três vezes. Utilizou-se o Mann-Whitney (p &le; 0,05) para verificar a influência da ULF-TENS no deslocamento total para as técnicas Bimanual de Dawson, tiras de Long e sistema R.O.C.A e o ICC e 1-tailed F test a fim de avaliar a repetibilidade e a variância, respectivamente, dessas técnicas. A utilização da ULF-TENS não influenciou no deslocamento total da cabeça da mandíbula, independentemente da técnica de registro de RC utilizada (p>0,05). Apenas a técnica Bimanual apresentou uma melhora na repetibilidade com o uso da ULF-TENS, que foi restrita aos eixos X e Y direitos. Na comparação da variância entre as técnicas, a Bimanual demonstrou menor variação no eixo X, a de Long e R.O.C.A variaram menos no eixo Y e a de Long novamente teve menor variação no eixo Z. Pode-se concluir que o uso da ULF-TENS não altera o posicionamento condilar e melhora, embora discretamente, a repetibilidade apenas da técnica Bimanual. No geral, a técnica de Long apresentou menor variabilidade entre os participantes. / Centric relation (CR) is a position of great importance in diagnosis and treatment for several dental specialties. When guiding the jaw to CR, it is important to prevent the neuromuscular memory to mislead the record. Ultra low frequency-transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (ULF-TENS) reduces the electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles. Thus, the current study evaluated the influence of ULF-TENS in the displacement of the mandibular condyle and in the repeatability of centric relation registration techniques (Bimanual manipulation, Long technique, R.O.C.A. wires). In addition it was verified which of these techniques presents greater variability. For this purpose, 25 participants without Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) underwent two study stages conducted via electronic position analysis (EPA), which allows the evaluation of condylar position in three axes (X, Y e Z). In the first stage (NT), three sequences were made with three CR records each, one for manipulation technique. In the second stage (WT), the ULF-TENS was applied for 30 minutes before the record sequences, also performed for three times. Mann-Whitney test (p &le; 0.05) was used to check the ULF-TENS influence on total displacement for Bimanual manipulation, Long technique and R.O.C.A. wires. ICC and 1-tailed F test were applied to assess the repeatability and variance, respectively, of these same techniques. Application of ULF-TENS did not influence the condyle total displacement, regardless of RC recording technique used (p> 0.05). Only Bimanual technique showed an improvement in repeatability with the use of ULF-TENS, which was restricted to the X and Y right axes. Concerning the variance comparison between the techniques, Bimanual manipulation showed less variation in the X axis, Long technique and R.O.C.A. wires varied less in the Y axis and Long technique was again less variable in the Z axis. It could be concluded that the use of ULF-TENS does not affect the condylar positioning and improved, although slightly, only the repeatability of Bimanual manipulation. Overall, Long technique presented lower variability among participants.

Os discos sustentados por colchão de ar têm encontrado larga aplicação didática. Sua utilização, contudo, esbarra em algumas dificuldades, pois os sistemas convencionais que permitem registrar as trajetórias dos discos e fornecer o gás para sustentá-los tornam difícil e dispendioso o seu emprego. Neste trabalho mostra-se como essas dificuldades podem ser superadas, utilizando idéias diferentes daquelas que vêm sendo seguidas tradicionalmente. Três novos discos sustentados por colchão de ar são estudados. Um deles leva um reservatório de ar consigo e dispõe de um circuito eletrônico acoplado a um sistema eletromecânico que permite registrar fácil e economicamente a trajetória do disco. Os outros dois dispõem de uma bomba de ar solidária a eles e de um sistema eletromecânico semelhante ao do primeiro modelo. Experiências realizadas com as três versões construídas são também apresentadas e analisadas. / There are many applications of air-suspended pucks in physics teaching. However, there are some difficulties in their widespread utilization, particularly in their maintenance and handling, because of the high cost of the conventional systems of recording the trajectories and supplying the gas needed to support the pucks. In this paper we present some new ideas to overcome these difficulties. Three new air-suspended pucks are studied. One of them carries its own supply or air and is equipped with an electronic circuit coupled to an electromechanical system that provides an easy and inexpensive way to record its trajectory. The other two have an air pump fastened to them and use electromechanical system similar to that of the first model. Experiments performed with the three versions that have been constructed are also presented and analyzed.

La sécurité des systèmes cryptographiques à clef publique repose sur la difficulté de résoudre certains problèmes mathématiques, parmi lesquels se trouve le problème du logarithme discret sur les corps finis GF(p^n). Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les variantes de l’algorithme de crible algébrique, number field sieve (NFS) en anglais, qui résolvent le plus rapidement ce problème, dans le cas où la caractéristique du corps est dite moyenne. NFS peut être divisé en quatre étapes principales : la sélection polynomiale, la recherche de relations, l’algèbre linéaire et le calcul d’un logarithme individuel. Nous décrivons ces étapes, en insistant sur la recherche de relations, une des étapes les plus coûteuses. Une des manières efficaces de réaliser cette étape est d’utiliser des algorithmes de crible. Contrairement au cas classique où la recherche de relations est réalisée dans un espace à deux dimensions, les corps finis que nous ciblons requièrent une énumération d’éléments dans un espace de plus grande dimension pour atteindre la meilleure complexité théorique. Il existe des algorithmes de crible efficaces en deux dimensions, mais peu pour de plus grandes dimensions. Nous proposons et analysons deux nouveaux algorithmes de crible permettant de traiter n’importe quelle dimension, en insistant particulièrement sur la dimension trois. Nous avons réalisé une implémentation complète de la recherche de relations pour plusieurs variantes de NFS en dimensions trois. Cette implémentation, qui s'appuie sur nos nouveaux algorithmes de crible, est diffusée au sein du logiciel CADO-NFS. Nous avons pu valider ses performances en nous comparant à des exemples de la littérature. Nous avons également été en mesure d’établir deux nouveaux records de calcul de logarithmes discrets, l'un dans un corps GF(p^5) de taille 324 bits et l'autre dans un corps GF(p^6) de taille 422 bits / The security of public-key cryptography relies mainly on the difficulty to solve some mathematical problems, among which the discrete logarithm problem on finite fields GF(p^n). In this thesis, we study the variants of the number field sieve (NFS) algorithm, which solve the most efficiently this problem, in the case where the characteristic of the field is medium. The NFS algorithm can be divided into four main steps: the polynomial selection, the relation collection, the linear algebra and the computation of an individual logarithm. We describe these steps and focus on the relation collection, one of the most costly steps. A way to perform it efficiently is to make use of sieve algorithms. Contrary to the classical case for which the relation collection takes place in a two-dimensional space, the finite fields we target require the enumeration of elements in a higher-dimensional space to reach the best theoretical complexity. There exist efficient sieve algorithms in two dimensions, but only a few in higher dimensions. We propose and study two new sieve algorithms allowing us to treat any dimensions, with an emphasis on the three-dimensional case. We have provided a complete implementation of the relation collection for some variants of the NFS in three dimensions. This implementation relies on our new sieve algorithms and is distributed in the CADO-NFS software. We validated its performances by comparing with examples from the literature. We also establish two new discrete logarithm record computations, one in a 324-bit GF(p^5) and one in a 422-bit GF(p^6)