Record Companies in Sweden- 100 years of music business institutionalisation This thesis is about the development of Record Companies in Sweden over more then hundred years. The Aim is to understand the role of the record company in the change of the music industry by narrating and interpreting its development. The Record Companies did dominate the music industry in Sweden from its birth 1903 until after year 2000, when new forms of music business were born. Despite this the remaining record companies still have similarities with the firs gramophone company from 1903. The empirical story is based on some 20 interviews with central actors in the music industry together with a mapping of the independent music producers, published 2004 and material from other studies on the music business. The story is in it self an important contribution to research since it appears to be the first one done in this way. The conception of the record company as the dominant actor in the organisational field, the music industry, very soon became an institution. This institution has been created and developed in an institutional process that here is analysed in four themes: delimitations, dominant logics, and organising and ownership structure/actors. During the process the limitations for the record company and the organisational field is changing. The logic is being push towards either art or comers during different periods, different forms of organising are created and developed and actors turn up and disappear. A main conclusion is that the cognitive processes highlight the institutionalisation but also the normative and the regulative processes helps to explain. At the same time this must, as in the model developed in the thesis, be connected to the four themes in order to create the holistic understanding of the institutionalization of the music business in Sweden being demanded in the aim of the thesis. In the model the actors are being emphasized as most important in the creation, remaining, developing, changing and at the and also liquidation of the institutional conception of the record company as the dominant form of music business. Partly this could be explained by and in itself explain the lack of a strong common organization in the music business together with the rather limited impact from attempts of regulations. New and old actors are now defined as institutional entrepreneurs as they are creating the new music industry, forcing the record companies to step aside from its dominant role in the same way as the music publishers once did. They might even give the dominance back to the publishers, or maybe there will not bee yet another institution in the music industry or any dominant role. Maybe it will change into something completely different? The model developed and used in this thesis is proposed for use in other longitudinal studies especially in other art businesses and similar organizational fields. / Avhandlingen framlagd vid Göteborgs universitet.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur omvårdnaden dokumenteras i datoriserad patientjournal på en medicinavdelning i mellan Sverige, genom en journalgranskning med granskningsinstrumentet Cat-ch-Ing. Frågeställningarna var ”Vilka poäng ger Cat-ch-Ing instrumentet avseende kvantitet samt kvalitet?” och ”Kan omvårdnadsprocessen följas i omvårdnadsjournalen utifrån Cat-ch-Ing instrumentet?” Metod: Studien är kvantitativ, deskriptiv och retrospektiv. En journalgranskning gjordes med hjälp av granskningsinstrumentet Cat-ch-Ing. Ett systematiskt urval av 100 journaler gjordes och därefter ett slumpmässigt urval av 30 journaler. Cat-ch-Ing instrumentet består av designade frågor som poängsätter sjuksköterskans dokumentation avseende kvantitet och kvalitet, samt hur omvårdnadsprocessen som helhet följs. Resultat: Högst poäng avseende kvantiteten fick omvårdnadsepikrisen/slutanteckning och användandet av VIPS-sökord, medan omvårdnadsstatus uppdaterat under vårdtiden fick den lägsta poängen. Högst poäng avseende kvaliteten i dokumentationen fick användandet av VIPS-sökord och omvårdnadsstatus vid ankomst, medan vårdplanens omvårdnadsmål och omvårdnadsdiagnos fick de lägsta poängen. Resultatet visade att dokumentationen på medicinavdelningen följer omvårdnadsprocessens alla steg, då alla delar i omvårdnadsprocessen fick poäng avseende kvantitet i Cat-ch-Ing instrumentet. Slutsats: Resultatet i den här studien tyder på att dokumentationen på medicinavdelningen generellt var bra, eftersom den har fått höga poäng i Cat-ch-Ing instrumentet. Omvårdnadsprocessens alla delar fanns med i dokumentationen. De brister som fanns förekom framförallt i vårdplanernas omvårdnadsdiagnoser, omvårdnadsmål samt i att uppdatera status. Kontinuerlig utbildning för all personal och uppföljning i form av journalgranskning behövs för att öka kvaliteten i omvårdnadsjournalen.

In reality, dynamic response of a structure supported on a compliant soil may vary significantly from the response of same structure when supported on a rigid base. A parametric study is conducted for the analysis of the variation in the global and the local deformation demands caused by the inertial soil-structure interaction effects. For the purposes of the study, nonlinear dynamic analyses are performed on 7 steel moment-resisting frame models, which are prepared by the virtue of fixed-base and flexible-base (interacting) conditions. Foundation is modeled with the Truncated Cone Model (Wolf, 1994) with the frequency independent coefficients. Free-field earthquake acceleration records are selected to conform to NEHRP equivalent Site Classes C and D. The study is limited to the structures founded on surface rigid mat foundations subjected to vertically propagating horizontally polarized coherent shear waves. Statistical analysis based on multiple linear regression procedure is performed to represent the variation in the response. Within the scope of the study, the wave parameter and the aspect ratio are observed to be directly proportional to the variation in the response, as a general trend. Maximum beneficial contribution of the SSI is found to be 6% in both global and local deformation demands. In addition, the contribution of inertial interaction effects is found to be in a decreasing trend for the increasing levels of ductility demands. Finally, upper limits of wave parameter for H/R=0.5, 1, 2 and 3 are calculated where the variation in the demands are capped at 1.0.

The study of properties of probability distributions has always been a persistent theme of statistics and of applied probability. This thesis deals with an investigation of distribution functions under the following two topics: (i) characterization of distributions based on record values and order statistics, (ii) properties of the skew-t distribution. Within the extensive characterization literature there are several results involving properties of record values and order statistics. Although there have been many well known results already developed, it is still of great interest to find new characterization of distributions based on record values and order statistics. In the first part, we provide the conditional distribution of any record value given the maximum order statistics and study characterizations of distributions based on record values and the maximum order statistics. We also give some characterizations of the mean value function within the class of order statistics point processes, by using certain relations between the conditional moments of the jump times or current lives. These results can be applied to characterize the uniform distribution using the sequence of order statistics, and the exponential distribution using the sequence of record values, respectively. Azzalini (1985, 1986) introduced the skew-normal distribution which includes the normal distribution and has some properties like the normal and yet is skew. This class of distributions is useful in studying robustness and for modeling skewness. Since then, skew-symmetric distributions have been proposed by many authors. In the second part, the so-called generalized skew-t distribution is defined and studied. Examples of distributions in this class, generated by the ratio of two independent skew-symmetric distributions, are given. We also investigate properties of the skew-symmetric distribution.

<p>Record companies are suffering due to a downturn in recorded music sales. Innovative firms have developed digital music services that offer recorded music products to customers in new ways, yet sales are not what they used to be. Web 2.0 technologies have changed the customer’s tastes, expectations, and desires. Thus, a deeper understanding of the new “digital customer” is needed in order to better offer services in a way that he or she prefers most.</p>

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Bakgrund: Patienter med kronisk obstruktiv sjukdom (KOL) som behandlas med Non-invasiv ventilation (NIV) har risk för trycksår och malnutrition. Observation och övervakning av patienterna är viktigt för att kunna följa behandlingsförloppet och tidigt upptäcka en eventuell försämring samt förebygga komplikationer. Dokumentation av given omvårdnad måste kunna följas för att utvärdera och säkerställa kraven på en god och säker vård. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att granska omvårdnadsdokumentationen för patienter med KOL som behandlats med NIV på en medicinsk akutvårdsavdelning. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en retrospektiv systematisk journalgranskning i 75 journaler med en granskningsmall. Resultat: Omvårdnadsprocessens steg fanns inte dokumenterad i sin fullständighet för trycksår eller nutrition i någon journal. Dokumentationen av omvårdnadsprocessen för trycksår var oberoende av antal vårddygn, kön och ålder men beroende av antal dygn med NIV.  För nutrition var dokumentationen av omvårdnadsprocessen beroende av antal NIV- och vårddygn men oberoende av kön och ålder. Dokumentationen för omvårdnad och behandling med NIV var utspridd i journalen under olika rubriker. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visade att det fanns brister i omvårdnadsdokumentationen.

This dissertation explores personal digital archiving practices, particularly in relation to the construction of self. Personal digital archiving is an everyday practice through which people manage and preserve digital documents that have particular meanings to them. This process involves a constant value assignment that is intertwined with the recollection of life events. In-depth case studies were used to gain a holistic understanding as close to research participants’ perspectives as possible. Semi-structured narrative interviews were conducted with 23 individuals from various backgrounds.The results are discussed in relation to emotions and self-evaluation. Personal digital archiving as a process, directly or indirectly, involves a self-enhancement and self-verification which is an integral part of self-confirmation. This study contributes to the in-depth observation of everyday record-keeping in a digital environment, particularly providing interpretive accounts of individual differences and why people do things in a certain way. / text

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刑事訴訟法是確定國家刑罰權之程序法，刑事訴訟程序進行中，難免侵害人民之基本權。因此，刑事偵查應遵守程序正義，以保障人權。偵訊係將被告、犯罪嫌疑人拘束於特定之地點，即地檢署之偵查庭或司法警察機關之詢問室，且接受檢察官、司法警察人員之訊（詢）問。基於偵查不公開原則，當事人若未委任律師到場陪同，外界難以窺探了解偵訊之過程。為避免發生不當偵訊，刑事訴訟法第100條之1第1項前段規定，訊問被告，應全程連續錄音；必要時，並應全程連續錄影，即在擔保偵訊時當事人陳述之任意性及偵訊筆錄記錄之正確性。第2項規定，筆錄內所載之被告陳述與錄音或錄影之內容不符者，除有急迫情況且經記明筆錄者外，其不符之部分，不得作為證據。因此，被告之陳述若與錄音或錄影之內容不符，偵訊筆錄將受證據排除，而不具證據能力。 實務上偵訊筆錄之製作，並無法與當事人之陳述同步，且偵訊筆錄之記錄，係由訊（詢）問之檢察官、司法警察（官）於整理當事人陳述後，擇與案情有關部分記錄於偵訊筆錄，換言之，偵訊筆錄之記錄，並非逐字記載當事人之陳述，則偵訊筆錄之記錄是否為當事人陳述之真意，迭生爭議。 本研究以文獻分析法、歷史分析法，探討偵訊筆錄記錄完整性與證據能力之研究，並分析刑事訴訟法有關訊（詢）問之相關規定及司法實務上偵查筆錄記錄之現況，經綜合分析提出建議如下： 一、偵訊實務建議 在偵訊實務方面之建議，偵查機關應建立偵訊養成教育之完整計畫，偵訊工作需由專業之執法人員擔任；強化偵訊錄影音監督機制，俾加強對偵訊筆錄記錄正確性及任意性之監督。 二、偵訊教育之完整計畫 偵查機關應將偵訊工作相關法律規範，彙編成冊，並依據法律規定，訂定偵訊標準化、類型化作業程序，依據不同案件類型，編訂擬問問題之標準作業手冊。 三、偵訊錄影音監督機制 為避免證人、被告、犯罪嫌疑人，在檢察官、司法警察（官）泛談前即受到威嚇或脅迫，其到達司法機關後，應即進入詢問室，並立即進行全程錄影，避免在偵訊前即受到脅迫；證人、被告、犯罪嫌疑人到達訊（詢）問地點時間與真正開始製作偵訊筆錄之時間應記錄明確，俾供查核。 四、偵訊筆錄記錄 偵查筆錄之記錄，係經偵訊者整理當事人陳述後，記錄於偵查筆錄，偵訊者應客觀、中立，並以最大之可能性，完整記錄當事人陳述，始符合正當法律程序原則。 五、偵訊筆錄記錄人員 設置專責偵訊筆錄記錄制度，以專門職業訓練認證及考選，納入考選部之「專門職業及技術人員」考試類別，以解決筆錄製作須具公務員之身分問題。 六、偵訊筆錄記錄輔助系統 為提升偵查筆錄記錄之完整性及正確性，可利用電腦科技，建置常用之片語快捷，以減少筆錄編輯時間。 七、修正刑事訴訟法第40條規定 偵查筆錄以電腦記錄，最後列印之筆錄文書，並不會呈現增、刪過程紀錄，建議修正刑事訴訟法第40條規定：「公務員制作之文書，不得竄改或挖補；如有增加、刪除或附記者，應蓋章其上，並記明字數。以電磁記錄製作文書者，其刪除處應留存原字跡，俾得辨認。」 / A Study on the Completeness and Evidentiary Value of Written Interrogation Records The Code of Criminal Procedure is a procedural law for stipulating state power of punishment. In the process of judicial proceedings, it is inevitable that people’s rights might be violated. Therefore criminal investigation should abide by procedural justice in order to protect human rights. Interrogation is to detain defendant or criminal suspect at a certain place, namely investigation room of District Prosecutors Office or interrogation room of judicial police agencies, where the defendant or criminal suspect will be interrogated or questioned by prosecutor or judicial policeman. Based on the principle of secret investigation, the person in question, if not accompanied by a hired lawyer, the investigation process will not be known to the public. To prevent unjustified interrogation, the first part of sub-item 1 of Article 100-1 of The Code of Criminal Procedure stipulates that when interrogating a defendant, the whole process should be tape-recorded. When necessary, the whole process will be video recorded. This is meant to guarantee the willfulness of defendant’s statement of when being interrogated as well as the correctness of interrogation record. Sub-item 2 of Article 100-1 of The Code of Criminal Procedure stipulates that if defendant’s statement in interrogation record is not in accordance with contents of interrogation tape record or video record, the Inconsistent part shall not serve as evidence, with the exception of emergency which is especially marked in the said record. Therefore, if defendant’s statement is not in accordance with contents of tape record or video record, the interrogation record will be excluded as evidence，meanwhile losing the credibility of the evidence. In practice, the production of interrogation record is not possible to synchronize with defendant’s statement. The interrogation record is produced by selecting part of defendant’s statement that is related to the case after statement organizing by the prosecutor or judicial police officer who interrogated. In other words, interrogation record is not the word-for-word defendant’s statement. Disputes often happen on whether interrogation record agrees with the true meaning of the defendant’s statement. This research has explored completeness and evidential power of interrogation record through documentary analysis, historical analysis, and comparative analysis. It has also conducted analysis on relevant regulations regarding interrogation (questioning) and current status of actual interrogation record. The research offers the following suggestions after a comprehensive analysis: A. Suggestions on interrogation practice Regarding suggestion on interrogation practice, the investigation organ should draw a complete plan to cultivate qualified investigators, so that the interrogation could be handled by professional law enforcement officials. A supervising mechanism for interrogation tape and video record should be further strengthened in order to supervise the correctness and willfulness of interrogation record. B. Complete Plan for Investigators Cultivation The investigation organ should draw complete plan to cultivate investigators and compile laws and regulations relevant to the work of interrogation into books. Interrogation should be standardized and classified, with the establishment of operational procedure. Based on the nature of different cases, various standard operational manuals with prepared questions should be produced. C. Mechanism to Supervise Tape or Video Record of Interrogation To avoid the threat or intimidation happened before wide-ranging questioning of prosecutor and judicial police officer, the witness, defendant, and suspect will immediately be led into the interrogation room once arriving at the judicial office. Whole-process video recording will be conducted immediately to prevent him from being threatening before interrogation. The exact time and place that the witness, defendant, and suspect arrive at for interrogation (questioning) and the start time of interrogation record should be clearly recorded for checking. D. Interrogation Record Interrogation record, after being compiled by investigator, is being recorded. The investigator should be objective and neutral, and record the statement of the person in question as complete as possible, which conforms to the principle of due process of law. E. Stenographer of Interrogation Record Stenographers must obtain certification after receiving professional training and pass examination. Taiwan has special professional training programs for stenographer. Stenographer is listed in examination category of “professionals and technicians” of Ministry of Examination, which meets the requirement that stenographers have to be civil servants. F. Secondary System of Interrogation Record In order to improve the completeness and correctness of interrogation record, computer technology can be applied to create shortcuts for commonly used phrases，reducing time for recording and compiling. G. Revising Article 40 of the Code of Criminal Procedure Interrogation record is recorded by computer. The printed final written version of the record will not show previous processes of addendums and deletions. Suggestion is given to revise Article 40 of the Code of Criminal Procedure according to the following quoted text: “Documents made by public functionaries are forbidden to revise or edit. Should there are addendums, deletions, or notes added, chops should be placed where such amendment occurs, with the number of altered words noted. When documents are made with computer, original texts should be kept for identification purpose.