Manufacturers are increasingly being held responsible for the fate of their products once they reach their end-of-life phase. This research uses a combination of total disassembly time and recyclability to gauge the environmental impact of a product at this stage of its use. Recyclability, or wasted weight, is a function of the material contained by a product’s subassemblies as it is taken apart. This project suggests a graph-based method of representing product assemblies. Unlike many existing representation methods which are used in the field of automated disassembly, the method proposed here takes component connection methods into account. This, combined with a library of disassembly defining graph grammars, ensures that the disassembly simulation performed on this assembly approximates real-life disassembly procedures as closely as possible. The results of this simulation are Pareto sets whose contents represent various points in the disassembly process. Each member of the set is evaluated using the two primary parameters of disassembly time and wasted weight. This Pareto set can be used to judge a particular product’s performance during end-of-life, from the perspective of recyclability, against that of another product. / text

The scope of this work is to generate quantifiable measures of sustainability elements that apply to manufactured products in terms of environmental, social and economic benefits. This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis for developing a methodology to compare the costs encountered by a vehicle over its entire life-cycle (Pre-manufacturing, Manufacturing, Use, and Post-use stages), considering two different material scenarios, aluminum versus steel, used in body-in-white (BIW) structures and exterior body panels. The potential benefits of using lighter materials in auto body applications are further evaluated through a Sustainability Scoring method. The proposed six major integral sustainable elements considered in this work are: products environmental impact, societal impact, functionality, resource utilization and economy, manufacturability and recyclability/remanufacturability. Each of these elements has corresponding sub-elements and influencing factors which are categorized as having equal importance to the product.

Les complexes salen chiraux ont été intensément étudiées. En effet, Ils constituent l'une des familles de catalyseurs principaux qui peuvent être utilisés pour préparer des synthons très précieux, énantioenrichies. En accord avec l'idée de la chimie verte, l'un des principaux objectifs consiste maintenant à établir des procédures efficaces pour la récupération et la réutilisation de ces catalyseurs. Plusieurs procédures d'hétérogénéisation ont été décrits qui impliquent la modification des structures salen par des interactions covalentes greffage ou non covalente avec différents supports. Une autre approche consiste à la préparation de polymères à partir de salen modifiés ou les complexes correspondants. Dans ce contexte, la procédure la plus courante consiste à établir des réactions de polycondensation entre diamines correctement modifiés et produits dérivés disalicylaldéhyde. Nous avons ainsi développé une méthodologie polymère synthétique par polycondensation de divers dérivés disalicylaldéhydes modifiés avec différentes diamines chirales. Les analyses Maldi-Tof ont montré que les polymères ciblés possèdent une structure macrocyclique, nommé calix-salen, dans un mélange de 2-, 3-, 4- et 5-mères. Ces nouveaux dérivés chiraux calix-salens ont été complexés avec des sels de chrome et cobalt pour être testés comme catalyseurs hétérogènes dans les réactions asymétriques (réaction de Henry, dédoublement cinétique hydrolytique). Après réduction des fonctions imines, les catalyseurs réduits correspondants sont complexés avec des sels de cuivre et testés dans la réaction de Henry asymétrique transformation pour une comparaison de l'efficacité de deux catalyseurs. Leur recyclage a été examiné. / Chiral salen complexes have been intensively studied because they constitute one of the main catalyst families that can be used to prepare valuable, highly enantioenriched synthons. In line with the idea of green chemistry, one major goal is now to establish efficient procedures for the recovery and reuse of such catalysts. Several heterogenization procedures have been described that involve the modification of the salen structures through covalent grafting or non-covalent interactions with various supports. Another approach consists in the preparation of polymers from appropriately modified salen or corresponding complexes. In this context, the most common procedure involves polycondensation reactions between properly modified diamines and disalicylaldehyde derivatives.We have thus developed a polymer synthetic methodology by polycondensation of various modified disalicylaldehyde derivatives with different chiral diamines. Maldi-Tof analyses showed that the targeted polymers possessed a macrocyclic structure, named calix-salen, in a mixture of 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-mers. These new chiral calixsalen derivatives have been complexed with chromium and cobalt salts and tested as heterogeneous catalysts in asymmetric reactions (Henry Reaction, Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution). After reduction of the imine functions, the corresponding reduced catalysts will be complexed with copper salts and tested to promote the Henry reaction for a comparison of the efficiency of both catalysts type. Their recyclability was examine.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Os resÃduos da produÃÃo de aluminio a partir da bauxita, chamados de borra, contÃm uma quantidade razoÃvel daquele metal, justificando seu reaproveitamento. ApÃs a retirada do aluminio em fornos rotatÃrios com sal fundido, resta uma âborra pretaâ, rica em sais solÃveis (50 a 70%), e contendo uma boa quantidade de aluminio (cerca de 5%). Esse material à danoso ao ambiente, exigindo tratamentos e aterros especÃficos. à possÃvel utilizÃ-lo como matÃria-prima para as indÃstrias de cimento e de refratÃrios, devido, principalmente, à elevada quantidade de alumina presente. Este trabalho apresenta resultados preliminares para a utilizaÃÃo da borra preta, apÃs retirada do sal por lavagem, como matÃria-prima cerÃmica. Foram prensadas amostras (26 MPa) e sinterizadas a 1000, 1200 e 1500ÂC. O material foi caracterizado por DifraÃÃo de Raios X, FluorescÃncia de Raios X, AnÃlise TermogravimÃtrica e BET. Foram realizados ensaios de absorÃÃo de Ãgua, retraÃÃo linear, resistÃncia a flexÃo e micro-dureza, para avaliar as propriedades das peÃas obtidas. / Aluminum dross from the processing of bauxite ores still contain a reasonable amount of metallic Al. Therefore, it is attractive for many companies to recover the remaining Al from the dross in rotary furnaces usin g molten salts. The residue from this operation, called salt cake, is rich in solubl e salts (50 a 70%), and still contains about 5% Al. This material is harmful to the enviro nment and must be properly treated and disposed. It is possible to use it as a raw material for the cement and refractory industries, due to the high amounts of a lumina present. This work presents preliminary results on the use of a black dross (after salt removal by washing ) for the manufacturing of refractory ceram ics. Test pieces were pressed at 26 MPa and fired at 1000, 1200 e 1500ÂC. The mat erial was characterized by X! ray diffraction and X!ray fluorescency. Water absor ption, linear retraction and microhardness tests were also performed in order to assess the properties of the samples

Réalisé dans le cadrr du pôle de compétitivité Véhicule du Futur » de la région ,11k.c Franche Comté_ cc uas_ul de thèse porta sur la hmblcmatsque du remplacement des étoffes complexes textiles utilisées dans les applications d'habillage intérieur automobile. La législation sur les véhicules hors d'usage impose des produits automobiles a 1 $ "), rccyclablcs et t 95' réutilisables dl ici janvier 2015. Alin de rebondie u la problématique posée ainsi qua la législation Europécnnc, des industriels et des acteurs de la recherche de la regain mulhousienne ont lias aillé ensemble dans le cadre du poilez VERTILAP" sur le développement d'un nouveau textile non-tissé 3D. Ce travail de thèse a eu pour objectif de développer le proucde de ! abris ation de ces nouveaux matériaux ainsi que les produits non-tisses 3D obtenus. La démarche de développements procédé produits a consisté Ii faire évoluer le prototype expérimental VERTILAP' au travers de la caractérisation physique et mécanique en compression des produits obtenus. Des méthodes ci dcsj outils de caractérisations adaptés a ces nouveaux produits ont etc mis au point. L'analyse de résultats obtenus s'est appuyée sur les outils statistiques i abn de valider ces résultats. Une étude comparative avec les produits contenant de la mousse polyuréthane (PU) a permis de montrer que ces nouveaux non-tissés 3D pouvaient être utilisés en remplacement des mousses PU. La réalisation de prototypes pour des applications d'habitacle autinnobilu a été faite et a prouvé la faisabilité industrielle d'un tel remplacement. Les résultats de ce travail ont été utilisés pour [élaboration du cahier des charges d'ur prototype semi industriel VERTILAP". / The question of the recycling of the laminated textile fabrics especially in the automotive indusuy represents one of the main requests and challenge of the car manufactures and the OEM's sine 2000. indced, it is nowadays impérative l'or car industry to promote ecological methods of developinent in regard to new consumer sensibility. Rcgarding the Europcan directives 2000 CE53, the automotive products should be at 85% recyclable and at 95% reusable by January 2015. In order to answer this issue, sonie textile industrialists and researchers are working together, through the VERTILAP projet to develop a new material as a 3D nonwoven which will be used to substitute polyuréthane (PU) foam. This work aims to develop the VERTILAP experimental prototype through the physical and mechanical characterizations in compression of thosc new 3D nonwovens. Methods and tools have been canied out to reach Chat goal. Statistical analyses have been used to validate the obtained experimental data. A comparative study between the VERTILAP" products, issued from the VERTILAP" process, and the automotive PU foams bas shows that the new 3D nonwovens can be used to substitute the PU foams. VERTILAP" experimental prototypes such as headrest upholstery and door panel have been developed and have proved the feasibility of the foam exchange. The already obtained results of this work have been taking alto accourt in the spécifications of the new VERTILAP" serai industrial prototype.

Today’s information-centered world leads the ever-increasing consumer demand for more powerful, multifunctional portable devices. Additionally, recent developments on long-lasting energy sources and compliant, flexible systems, have introduced new required features to the portable devices industry. For example, wireless sensor networks are in urgent need of self-sustainable, easy-to-deploy, mobile platforms, wirelessly interconnected and accessible through a cloud computing system. The objective of my doctoral work is to develop integration strategies to effectively fabricate mechanically flexible, energy-independent systems, which could empower sensor networks for a great variety of new exciting applications. The first module, flexible electronics, can be achieved through several techniques and materials. Our main focus is to bring mechanical flexibility to the state-of-the-art high performing silicon-based electronics, with billions of ultra-low power, nano-sized transistors. Therefore, we have developed a low-cost batch fabrication process to transform standard, rigid, mono-crystalline silicon (100) wafer with devices, into a thin (5-20 m), mechanically flexible, optically semi-transparent silicon fabric. Recycling of the remaining wafer is possible, enabling generation of multiple fabrics to ensure lowcost and optimal utilization of the whole substrate. We have shown mono, amorphous and poly-crystalline silicon and silicon dioxide fabrics, featuring industry’s most advanced high-/metal-gate based capacitors and transistors. The second module consists on the development of efficient energy scavenging systems. First, we have identified an innovative and relatively young technology, which can address at the same time two of the main concerns of human kind: water and energy. Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are capable of producing energy out the metabolism of bacteria while treating wastewater. We have developed two micro-liter MFC designs, one with carbon nanotubes (CNT)-based anode and the second with a more sustainable design and easy to implement. Power production ranges from 392 to 100 mW/m3 depending on design. Additionally we have explored a flexible thermoelectric generator (0.139 μW/cm2) and a lithium-ion battery (~800 μAh/m2) for back-up energy generation and storage. Future work includes the implementation of a self-powered System-on-Package which gathers together energy generation, storage and consumption. Additionally we are working to demonstrate Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) circuitry on our flexible platform, as well as memory systems.

Dans l'optique de préparer des vitrimères à partir des thermoplastiques communément utilisés, tels le PMMA et le PS, des réactions d'échange dynamiques reposant les liens imine et esters boroniques ont été étudiées. Des paramètres importants comme la constante de dissociation de certaines molécules, la constante de vitesse et l'énergie d'activation ont été mesurées. Des monomères porteurs de liaisons échangeables ont été synthétisés et polymérisés. Des vitrimères, avec des liaisons C-C dans la chaine principale, ont été créés par différentes stratégies (PMMA et PS). Ces matériaux sont réticulés et insolubles avec un plateau caoutchouteux mais également façonnables et recyclables par moulage par compression ou par injection. Ces vitrimères peuvent relaxer les contraintes et couler à une température supérieure à celle de leur transition vitreuse. Des viscosités de 105-107 Pa.s ont été estimées pour les vitrimères PMMA reposant sur la chimie des esters boroniques. Des tests de traction montrent que leurs propriétés mécaniques de ces matériaux ne subissent pas de baisse significative après plusieurs cycles de recyclage par moulage par injection. Même après plusieurs cycles de moulage, les vitrimères basés sur la chimie des esters boroniques peuvent être complètement dé-réticulés, signe de leur stabilité à haute température lors du moulage. Ces vitrimères ont une résistance supérieure dans les conditions "d'environmental stress cracking" comme des réseaux polymères conventionnels. / With the aim to generate vitrimers from commonly used thermoplastics with carbon-carbon based backbones, such as PMMA and PS, dynamic covalent exchange reactions relying on Schiff’s bases and boronic esters were investigated. Two different approaches, i.e. crosslinking in solution or in extrusion, were used. These materials are processable via extrusion, compression and injection molding like their thermoplastic counterparts. The crosslinked nature of these systems was confirmed by solubility tests and DMA. Rheological measurements revealed the vitrimers ability to flow and viscosities between 105-107 Pa.s for boronic ester based PMMA vitrimers were measured. Consecutive tensile testing/reprocessing sequences proved the full recyclability of these vitrimers, and selective cleavage of the vitrimer networks followed by precise chemical analyses showed the thermal and chemical stabilities of vitrimers relying on boronic ester bonds. The stress cracking resistance of these vitrimers was significantly higher than that of parent thermoplastics, as can be expected for crosslinked systems.

This thesis investigates the impact of yarn and fabric structure on the mechanical recyclability of textile structures. It focuses on variations in yarn twist and form (single or plied) as well as fabric type (woven or knitted) and their respective constructions. The study involved evaluating the mechanical recyclability of 21 cotton textile structures in different constructions, including woven and knitted fabrics, each made using one of the four yarns prepared for this study. The mechanical recyclability was evaluated based on the opening efficiency of the textile structures, together with the average mean fiber length and short fiber content post-tearing. According to the evaluation, a higher fraction of fibers sorted as open and longer fibers resulting from tearing indicated higher recyclability. Based on the evaluation, it was observed that the single yarns tended to be more favorable for mechanical recycling compared to plied yarns. In addition, the effect of the yarn plying twist was multifaceted, with lower yarn twists not necessarily benefiting recyclability. Testing was also conducted to characterize the yarn and fabric structures concerning properties such as count, strength, yarn twist, and thread density of the fabrics. It could be seen that it is of higher relevance to categories of fabric structures based on their density than their fabric type (weaved or knitted) in terms of recyclability. The denser fabric structures' recyclability was more dependent on their fabric construction, whereas, in less dense fabric structures, the yarn structure appeared to have a greater impact. Therefore, determining the interaction of the yarn and fabric structures is important to understand how variations in yarn and fabric structures impact the recyclability of textile structures.

The use of plastic materials has changed the packaging industry, the construction industry, the automotive industry, and many others drastically. Plastics are also abundant in our everyday life. However, its downsides in the society are undeniable and are starting to get attention from law makers, the general public and industries alike. Because of their reliance on fossil feedstock and persistence in nature, efforts are being made to make plastics biobased as well as improving recycling of the material. However, the recycling process is complicated, unoptimized and also differs depending on the product and the country. The differences include the techniques and technology used for sorting, the plastics which are prioritized, and where they end up. This project investigated the recyclability of Renol®, a biopolymer based on lignin, a residual product from the forest industry. To do this, first it was established the most interesting viable thermoplastic resin for the Renol was PP. This was because one of the uses for Renol is in plastic packaging, where PP is one of the most recycled materials. Different compositions of the PP/Renol blend were then produced, containing 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50wt% Renol. Density testing and infrared spectroscopy were then used to determine the highest percentage by weight of Renol that could be included for the material to still be detected as PP in a plastics recycling station. For density, the highest concentration was determined to be 46wt% and 27wt%, for sorting methods using 1.00g/cm3 and 0.95g/cm3 as their thresholds, respectively. Using near-infrared technology and computer algorithms by TOMRA (the European company leading the industry in sorting materials), this value decreased to 20wt%. The quality of recycled polypropylene with Renol (Ren25 and Ren50) and without (rPP) was then measured using the tests stated in the RecyClass protocol for PP containers. It was found that both Ren25 and Ren50 had an elongation at break which was too low compared to rPP. There was a woody smell in the materials Ren25 and Ren50. This was reflected in the measurement for volatiles, where the materials were inserted into a 180°C oven and Ren50 lost the most mass out of the three materials. If the material were to be sent to an official recyclability test, it would most likely fail with the elongation at break, the smell and the volatile substances. In a packaging context it would most likely be sorted and recycled as colored PP at a maximum of 20wt% Renol and for other products with PP, most likely at a maximum of 46wt% Renol. / Användandet av plaster har drastiskt förändrat, bland många andra, förpacknings-, bygg- och bilindustrin. Plaster är också oerhört vanliga i vårt vardagliga liv. Dock är deras negativa egenskaper uppmärksammade av allmänheten, industrier samt lagstiftare. På grund av att traditionellt ha varit beroende av icke-förnybara fossila råmaterial samt dess långsamma nedbrytning i naturen studeras möjligheter till att producera biobaserade plaster samt att förbättra återvinningsprocessen för plaster. I praktiken är återvinningen dock komplex och skiljer sig från land till land och produkt till produkt. Teknologier som fungerar på en typ av plast och produkt fungerar inte nödvändigtvis på en annan. Detta projekt undersökte återvinningsgraden av Renol®, en biopolymer baserad på lignin, en restprodukt från skogsindustrin, och en syntetisk polymer. För detta syfte var det polypropen (PP) som valdes som blandpolymer, då PP är en av de mest återvunna polymererna samt att ett av användningsområden av Renol är förpackningar. Olika blandningar av Renol/PP blandningen producerades, med 5, 10, 20, 30 och 50 viktprocent (wt%) Renol vardera. Tester av de olika blandningars densitet samt analys med hjälp av infraröd spektroskopi användes sedan för att bestämma högsta procenthalten Renol materialet kan innehålla och fortfarande detekteras som PP i en återvinningsstation. Genom densitetsproven fastställdes maxkoncentrationen Renol till 46wt% och 27wt%, för sorteringsmetoder som använder 1.00g/cm3 respektive 0.95g/cm3 som tröskelvärden för PP. Genom infraröd teknologi och datoralgoritmer från TOMRA (europeiska ledare i materialsortering) blev maxvärdet fastställt till 20wt%.  Kvaliteten av återvunnen PP (rPP) jämfördes sedan med den av blandningar av rPP och Renol för att se hur deras egenskaper skiljer sig. Materialtester gjordes med hänvisning till de tester RecyClass-protokollet föreslog för PP-förpackningar. Många tester låg inom toleransen, dock var töjningen vid brott lägre hos Renolblandningen. Renol har också en speciell lukt som inte hittas hos ren rPP samt att den ger av mer volatila ämnen än rPP. Skulle materialet alltså skickas till ett officiellt återvinningstest hos RecyClass, skulle det troligen misslyckas på grund av en lägre töjning vid brott, dess lukt samt dess volatila substanser. Skulle materialet användas i en förpackning skulle den med stor sannolikhet sorteras som färgad PP vid en maxhalt av 20wt% Renol och för andra PP-produkter vid ett max av 46wt% Renol. / El uso de materiales plásticos ha cambiado drásticamente la industria de los envases, la de la construcción, la del automóvil y muchas otras. Los plásticos también abundan en nuestra vida cotidiana. Sin embargo, sus desventajas en la sociedad son innegables y están empezando a llamar la atención de los legisladores, el público en general y las industrias por igual. El proceso de reciclaje de plásticos no es sencillo, ya que requiere limpieza, clasificación y compradores dispuestos. También varía según el producto y el país. En este proyecto se investigó la reciclabilidad del Renol®, un biopolímero a base de lignina, un producto residual de la industria forestal. Para ello, primero se estableció que la resina termoplástica viable más interesante para el Renol era el polypropyleno (PP). Esto se debió a que uno de los usos del Renol es en los envases de plástico, donde el PP es uno de los materiales más reciclados. A continuación, se produjeron diferentes composiciones de la mezcla Renol/PP, que contenían 5, 10, 20, 30 y 50wt% de Renol. A continuación, se utilizaron las pruebas de densidad y la espectroscopia de infrarrojos para determinar el mayor porcentaje en peso de Renol que podía incluirse para que el material siguiera detectándose como PP en una estación de reciclaje de plásticos. En cuanto a la densidad, se determinó que la concentración más alta era del 46wt% y del 27wt%, para los métodos de clasificación que utilizan 1,00g/cm3 y 0,95g/cm3 como umbrales, respectivamente. Utilizando la tecnología de infrarrojo cercano y los algoritmos informáticos de TOMRA (la empresa europea líder en el sector de la clasificación de materiales), este valor se redujo al 20wt%. A continuación, se comparó la calidad del PP reciclado (rPP) con mezclas con rPP y Renol para comprobar que el Renol no empeora la calidad de material reciclado. Los ensayos se decidieron en base al protocol RecyClass para envases de PP. Varias propiedades estuvieron dentro de la tolerancia del protocolo, sin embargo el alargamiento de rotura fue menor en la mezcla Renol. El Renol también tenía un olor particular que no se encuentra en el rPP puro y al final libera más sustancias volátiles que el rPP. Por lo tanto, si el material se enviara a una prueba oficial de reciclaje en RecyClass, probablemente fallaría debido a una menor elongación a la rotura, su olor y sus sustancias volátiles. En caso de que el material se utilice en envases, lo más probable es que se clasifique como PP de color con un contenido máximo de 20wt% de Renol y para otros productos de PP con un máximo de 46wt% de Renol.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseJBS_DISSERT.pdf: 2506780 bytes, checksum: d6a8e17babc22c04b62e29971d6d4c29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-06 / It presents a new type of insulation for ductwork hot water, which can be used in solar systems for heating water, which consists of a composite of different compositions based on plaster, cement and EPS ground, palm and water. This composite has as its main features easy assembly and manufacturing processes and low cost. Comparative results will be presented on the tests of materials and thermal tubes proposed. Four formulations were used to manufacture tubes with three diameters 70, 65 and 42mm. It was also tested conventionally used for elastomeric foam insulation to 110 ? C, for a comparative analysis with the composite pipe insulator proposed. It will demonstrate that the cost of manufacturing of such tubes is competitive with alternative elastomeric foam tested, but results of the composite tube to the temperature range studied, are lower. Another drawback of the composite insulator tube is its large mass. It would be important to test such a composite for greater levels of temperature to a diagnostic technique competitive with conventionally used insulators. A positive factor of using the proposed composite-tube would be the recycling of EPS so damaging to the environment, representing an environmentally friendly application of science / Apresenta-se um novo tipo de isolamento t?rmico para tubos condutores de ?gua quente, que pode ser utilizado em sistemas solares para aquecimento de ?gua, que consiste de um comp?sito, de diferentes formula??es, ? base de gesso, cimento , EPS triturado, dend? e ?gua. Tal comp?sito tem como principais caracter?sticas seus f?ceis processos de fabrica??o e montagem de baixo custo. Ser?o apresentados resultados comparativos relativos aos ensaios t?rmicos e de materiais dos tubos propostos. Foram utilizadas quatro formula??es para a fabrica??o dos tubos, com tr?s di?metros 70, 65 e 42mm. Foi tamb?m testada a espuma elastom?rica convencionalmente utilizada para isolamento t?rmico at? 110?C, para uma an?lise comparativa com o tubo comp?sito isolante t?rmico proposto. Demonstrar-se-? que o custo de fabrica??o de tais tubos alternativos ? competitivo com a espuma elastom?rica ensaiada, por?m os resultados do teste de resist?ncia t?rmica do tubo comp?sito, para a faixa de temperatura analisada, s?o inferiores. Um fator positivo da utiliza??o do tubo-comp?sito proposto seria a reciclagem do EPS t?o danoso ao ambiente, representando uma aplica??o cient?fica ambientalmente correta