Orientador: Mario Roberto Marostica Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T20:32:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Berno_LucianeIsabel_M.pdf: 1103514 bytes, checksum: 7482258c3423d699ee03f85080189d7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de avaliar os efeitos do selênio oriundo da torta de castanha do Brasil sobre a concentração dos hormônios da tireóide, níveis de glutationa reduzida e alguns parâmetros bioquímicos de ratos Wistar decorrentes da ingestão de dietas com diferentes proporções de torta de castanha. Assim, o estudo se iniciou com o recebimento das amêndoas de castanha do Brasil, provenientes da indústria Juta e Castanha?, localizada na cidade de São Paulo. Em seguida procedeu-se à sua prensagem para desengorduramento parcial das castanhas ¿ o produto obtido desse processo foi denominado ¿torta desengordurada de castanha¿. Para dar continuidade ao trabalho, foi determinada a composição centesimal das fontes protéicas utilizadas no estudo, torta desengordurada de castanha do Brasil e caseína, utilizada como proteína padrão. A partir desses dados, foram confeccionadas as dietas dos animais com 12% de proteína. As dietas continham diferentes teores de torta e caseína como fontes de proteína, resultando em oito dietas diferentes, sendo elas: G1: 100% caseína com mix-mineral AIN 93G; G2: 100% caseína com mix-mineral AIN 93G elaborado com exclusão de Se; G3: 65% caseína, 35% torta de castanha do Brasil; com mix-mineral AIN 93G elaborado com exclusão de Se; G4: 65% caseína, 35% torta de castanha do Brasil; com mix-mineral AIN 93G; G5: 75% caseína, 25% torta de castanha do Brasil; com mix-mineral AIN 93G elaborado com exclusão de Se; G6: 75% caseína, 25% torta de castanha do Brasil; com mix-mineral AIN 93G; G7: 87,5% caseína, 12,5% torta de castanha do Brasil; com mix-mineral AIN 93G elaborado com exclusão de Se; G8: 87,5% caseína, 12,5% torta de castanha do Brasil; com mix-mineral AIN 93G. O ensaio biológico contou com 64 animais, divididos em oito grupos de oito animais cada, acondicionados em gaiolas separadas, sob ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas, com temperatura e umidade controladas, durante o período de 28 dias do ensaio biológico. O consumo de dieta e o ganho de peso foram monitorados. Ao final do experimento, os animais foram mortos por decapitação e o sangue foi coletado para realização das análises propostas. Os níveis dos hormônios da tireóide apresentaram-se, para todos os grupos, dentro dos parâmetros descritos na literatura como ideais para roedores. Os grupos alimentados com as dietas que continham torta de castanha do Brasil apresentaram níveis de T3 significativamente maiores (1,19 a 1,41 nmol/L) que os encontrados nos grupos alimentados somente com caseína (1,04 e 1,07 nmol/L), o que revela que a torta de castanha do Brasil é um alimento que pode influenciar positivamente o metabolismo da tireóide. A análise da concentração sanguínea de glutationa reduzida revelou que, assim como a caseína (proteína padrão), a torta de castanha do Brasil apresenta características nutricionais que contribuem para a manutenção adequada dos níveis sanguíneos de glutationa (88,49 a 94,70 mg/dl). No entanto, outros fatores, que não só as diferentes concentrações de selênio consumidas pelos animais influenciaram os níveis de glutationa SH sanguínea encontrados. Os resultados dos parâmetros bioquímicos analisados, glicemia (79,05 a 139,76 mg/dl) e colesterol (34,73 a 87,42 mg/dl), levaram à conclusão de que torta de castanha do Brasil, não só influencia positivamente o metabolismo da tireóide, mas também o metabolismo dos glicídios e lipídeos. Para a análise estatística utilizou-se o software SAS INSTITUTE (1999). A análise de variância (ANOVA) foi calculada e as médias comparadas por meio do teste de Tukey, com 5% de significância / Abstact: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of selenium of the defatted cake from Brazil nuts on the concentrations of thyroid hormones, levels of reduced glutathione and some biochemical parameters of rats resulting from ingestion of diets with different proportions of defatted cake. The study began on receiving the Brazil nuts from Jute and Castanha® industry, located in São Paulo. Then the nuts were pressed partially eliminating the oil - the product of this process was called 'defatted cake' The centesimal composition of protein sources used in the study was determined: defatted cake of the Brazil nut and casein (the later used as protein reference), and diets were prepared with 12% of protein. The diets contained different levels of defatted cake and casein, resulting in eight different diets, which were: Diet 1: (Standard diet) AIN 93G diet (protein source: casein, mineral mix AIN 93); Diet 2: (Control diet) AIN 93G diet (protein source: casein, mineral mix AIN 93 without selenium); Diet 3: AIN 93 Diet (protein sources: 65% casein/35% Brazil nut defatted cake, mineral mix AIN 93 without selenium); Diet 4: AIN 93G diet (protein sources: 65% casein/35% Brazil nut defatted cake, mineral mix AIN 93); Diet 5: AIN 93 Diet (protein sources: 75% casein/25% Brazil nut defatted cake, mineral mix AIN 93 without selenium); Diet 6: AIN 93G diet (protein sources: 75% casein/25% Brazil nut defatted cake, mineral mix AIN-93); Diet 7: AIN 93 Diet (protein sources: 87,5% casein/12,5% Brazil nut defatted cake, mineral mix AIN 93 without selenium); Diet 8: AIN 93G diet (protein sources: 87,5% casein/12,5% Brazil nut defatted cake, mineral mix AIN-93). The assay had 64 animals, divided into eight groups with eight animals each, and packed in separate cages, on cycles light/dark of 12 hours, with controlled temperature and humidity during the 28 days of the assay. The consumption of diet and weight gain was monitored. At the end of the experiment, the animals were killed by decapitation and blood was collected to perform the analysis proposed. The levels of thyroid hormones showed an increase for all groups, remaining the value described in the literature as ideal for rodents. The groups fed the diets containing defatted cake of the Brazil nut showed higher levels of T3 than those found in the groups fed only casein, which shows that Brazil nut cake may positively influence the thyroid metabolism. The analysis of blood concentration of reduced glutathione revealed that the Brazil nut defatted cake presents nutritional characteristics that contribute to the maintenance of adequate blood levels of glutathione. However, other factors, independent of selenium concentrations consumed by the animals influenced the levels of blood glutathione. The biochemical parameters examined, glucose and cholesterol, lead to the conclusion that the Brazil nut defatted cake influence positively not only the thyroid metabolism, but also the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

This thesis concerns the wake control and flow dynamic analysis for a flow around a circular cylinder at different Reynolds numbers using reduced models. The wake control and dynamics in the reduced space were addressed using the sensitivity theory and the adjoint method. In the case of wake control, it was possible to predict the physical parameters of the active and passive controllers on the wake of the main cylinder. On the other hand, in the construction of the reduced space, a new shift mode calculated from a perturbation of the mean flow was proposed using the sensitivity to base flow modifications. The mathematical basis of the reduced space was constructed using a Fourier modal decomposition of the flow enriched by the shift mode. The proposed reduced space made possible the recomposition of the flow and the comparison with the physical parameters calculated in the physical space. Additionally, using the reduced space, it was possible to determine the transition dynamics between the equilibrium point of the Navier Stokes equation and the non-linear saturation state using the Landau coefficients obtained in the reduced model, opening the possibility of solving the flow around a 2D and 3D cylinder with low computational cost. / Esta tese trata sobre o controle de esteira assim como a análise dinâmica do escoamento em torno de um cilindro a diferentes números de Reynolds usando modelos reduzidos. O controle de esteira e a dinâmica no espaço reduzido foram abordados usando a teoria da sensibilidade e o método adjunto. No caso de controle de esteira, foi possível prever os parâmetros físicos dos controladores ativos e passivos no escoamento do cilindro principal. Por outro lado, na construção do espaço reduzido, foi proposto um novo modo de deslocamento (shift mode) calculado a partir de uma perturbação do campo médio usando a sensibilidade às modificações do campo base. A base matemática do espaço reduzido foi construída usando uma decomposição modal de Fourier do escoamento enriquecido pelo modo de deslocamento (shift mode). O espaço reduzido proposto possibilitou a recomposição do escoamento e a comparação com os parâmetros físicos calculados no espaço físico. Além disso, usando o espaço reduzido, foi possível determinar a dinâmica de transição entre o ponto de equilíbrio da equação de Navier Stokes e o estado de saturação não linear usando os coeficientes de Landau obtidos no modelo reduzido, abrindo a possibilidade de resolver o escoamento em torno de um cilindro 2D e 3D com baixo custo computacional

A floresta Amazônica possui um papel ambiental, social e econômico importante para a região, para o país e para o mundo. Dessa forma, técnicas de exploração que visam a diminuição dos impactos causados à floresta são essenciais. Com isso, o objetivo dessa tese é comparar a Exploração de Impacto Reduzido com a Exploração Convencional na Amazônia brasileira através de modelos empíricos de árvore individual de crescimento e produção. O experimento foi instalado na fazenda Agrossete, localizada em Paragominas - PA. Em 1993, três áreas dessa fazenda foram selecionadas para exploração. Na primeira área, 105 hectares foram explorados através da Exploração de Impacto Reduzido. Na segunda área, 75 hectares foram submetidos à Exploração Convencional. E, por fim, a terceira área foi mantida como área testemunha. A coleta de dados de diâmetro à altura do peito e a identificação das espécies dentro de uma parcela de 24,5 hectares, instalada aleatoriamente em cada área, foi realizada nos anos de 1993 (antes da colheita), 1994 (seis meses depois da colheita), 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006 e 2009. Dessa forma, as três áreas foram comparadas através do ajuste de um modelo de incremento diamétrico, considerando que efeito estocástico podia assumir outras quatro distribuições além da distribuição normal, de um modelo de probabilidade de mortalidade e de um modelo de probabilidade de recrutamento. O comportamento do incremento diamétrico indicou que as áreas que foram submetidas a exploração possuem o mesmo comportamento em quase todos os grupos de espécies, com exceção do grupo de espécies intermediárias. Os indivíduos que são submetidos a exploração possuem um maior crescimento em diâmetros quando comparados com área que não sofreu exploração. Além disso, assumir o efeito estocástico com distribuição Weibull melhorou o ajuste dos modelos. Em relação à probabilidade de mortalidade, novamente as áreas que sofreram exploração possuem comportamento semelhante quanto à mortalidade, mas diferente da área que não foi explorada, sendo que os indivíduos localizados nas áreas exploradas possuem uma maior probabilidade de morte em relação aos presentes na área não explorada. Os modelos de probabilidade de recrutamento indicaram diferença apenas entre as áreas exploradas e a área controle. Sendo que, as áreas exploradas apresentaram uma maior taxa de recrumento em comparação a área não explorada. Portanto, o comportamento individual das árvores após a exploração é o mesmo na Exploração Convencional e na Exploração de Impacto Reduzido. / The Amazon forest has an important environmental, social and economic role for the region, the country and the world. Thus, logging techniques aimed the mitigation of impacts caused to the forest are essential. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to compare the Reduced Impact Logging to the Conventional Logging in the Brazilian Amazon through individual tree empirical yield and growth models. In 1993, three areas of this farm had selected for logging. In the first area, 105 hectares were harvested by Reduced Impact Logging. In the second area, 75 hectares underwent Conventional Logging. Finally, the third area was kept as a control area. The diameter at breast height and the species identification were collect inside a 24.5 hectares plot, located randomly in each area. The data were collect in 1993 (before harvest), 1994 (six months after the harvest ), 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009. Therefore, the three areas were compared by adjusting a diameter increment model, whereas stochastic effect may take five different distributions, a survival probability model, and a recruitment probabil- ity model. The behavior of the diameter increment indicated the areas were subject to logging have the same behavior in almost every successional groups of species, except in the interme- diate species group. Individuals who are undergoing harvest have a greater diameter growth compared with the area that has not logged. Also, assume the stochastic effect with Weibull distribution improve the fit of models. Regarding the probability of survival, logged areas have similar behavior, but different from another area that has not harvest. The individuals located in the logged areas have an increased mortality rates. Recruitment probability models indicated a difference only between the logged area with not logged area. The logging areas presented a bigger recruitment rates than not logged area. Then, the individual behavior of trees after logging is the same for Reduced-Impact Logging and Conventional Logging.

Le taux de pyrolyse est un paramètre clé du comportement du feu qui, à son tour, contrôle le transfert de chaleur à la surface du combustible. Dans cette étude, un modèle de pyrolyse volumique d’un combustible solide semi–transparent prenant en compte le rayonnement au sein du solide et la régression de l’interface a été couplé au code ISIS. Un algorithme génétique a été utilisé afin de déterminer un jeu optimal de paramètres cinétiques pour la pyrolyse du PMMA à partir d’une expérience de pyrolyse pure sous cône calorimètre en atmosphère normalement oxygénée. Des expériences de pyrolyse avec flamme de plaques carrées ont été réalisées afin de valider les résultats du modèle. L’analyse des résultats obtenus au centre de l’échantillon montre que la vitesse de régression de la surface devient constante en fonction du temps et que la contribution radiative au flux de chaleur total reste pratiquement constante. Les résultats du modèle couplé sont en bon accord avec la littérature et les mesures de cette étude. Néanmoins, le flux de chaleur incident aux bords de l’échantillon est sous-estimé. Une bonne concordance est obtenue entre les hauteurs de flammes prédites et celles déduites de la corrélation de Heskestad. Enfin, pour simuler la pyrolyse du PMMA en atmosphère sous–oxygénée, une chimie à deux étapes avec prise en compte du phénomène d’extinction de la flamme a été utilisée. Les résultats des simulations ont été comparés aux mesures réalisées dans le dispositif CADUCEE pour des fractions volumiques d’oxygène de 18,5% et 19,5%. La baisse du taux de pyrolyse et des températures de flamme avec la fraction volumique d’oxygène est bien reproduite par le modèle. / The pyrolysis rate is a key parameter controlling fire behavior, which in turn drives the heat feedback from the flame to the fuel surface. In the present study an in–depth pyrolysis model of a semi–transparent solid fuel with spectrally–resolved radiation and a moving gas/solid interface was coupled with the CFD code ISIS. A combined genetic algorithm/pyrolysis model was used with Cone Calorimeter data from a pure pyrolysis experiment to estimate a unique set of kinetic parameters for PMMA pyrolysis. In order to validate the coupled model, ambient air flaming experiments were conducted on square slabs of PMMA. From measurements at the center of the slab, it was found that the experimental regression rate becomes almost constant with time, and that the radiative contribution to the total heat flux remains almost constant. Coupled model results show a fairly good agreement with the literature and with current measurements. Nevertheless, the flame heat flux feedback at the edges of the slab is underestimated. Predicted flame heights based on a threshold temperature criterion were found to be close to those deduced from the correlation of Heskestad. Finally, in order to predict the pyrolysis of PMMA under reduced ambient oxygen concentration, a two–step chemical reaction and a flammability diagram for flame extinction was used. Model results are compared with data obtained in the experimental facility CADUCEE for ambient oxygen concentrations of 18.2 and 19.5%. Data show that the total mass loss rate and flame temperature decrease with the oxygen concentration, which is well reproduced by the model.

This paper describes LAPACK-based Fortran 77 subroutines for the reduction of a Hamiltonian matrix to square-reduced form and the approximation of all its eigenvalues using the implicit version of Van Loan's method. The transformation of the Hamilto- nian matrix to a square-reduced Hamiltonian uses only orthogonal symplectic similarity transformations. The eigenvalues can then be determined by applying the Hessenberg QR iteration to a matrix of half the order of the Hamiltonian matrix and taking the square roots of the computed values. Using scaling strategies similar to those suggested for algebraic Riccati equations can in some cases improve the accuracy of the computed eigenvalues. We demonstrate the performance of the subroutines for several examples and show how they can be used to solve some control-theoretic problems.

Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science / Kimberly W. Kramer / Of seismic steel lateral force resisting systems in practice today, the Moment Frame has most diverse connection types. Special Moment frames resist lateral loads through energy dissipation of the inelastic deformation of the beam members. The 1994 Northridge earthquake proved that the standard for welded beam-column connections were not sufficient to prevent damage to the connection or failure of the connection. Through numerous studies, new methods and standards for Special Moment Frame connections are presented in the Seismic Design Manual 2nd Edition to promote energy dissipation away from the beam-column connection. A common type of SMF is the Reduce Beams Section (RBS). To encourage inelastic deformation away from the beam-column connection, the beam flange’s dimensions are reduced a distance away from the beam-column connection; making the member “weaker” at that specific location dictating where the plastic hinging will occur during a seismic event. The reduction is usually taken in a semi-circular pattern. Another type of SMF connection is the Kaiser Bolted Bracket® (KBB) which consists of brackets that stiffen the beam-column connection. KBB connections are similar to RBS connections as the stiffness is higher near the connection and lower away from the connection. Instead of reducing the beam’s sectional properties, KBB uses a bracket to stiffen the connection. The building used in this parametric study is a 4-story office building. This thesis reports the results of the parametric study by comparing two SMF connections: Reduced Beam Section and Kaiser Bolted Brackets. This parametric study includes results from three Seismic Design Categories; B, C, and D, and the use of two different foundation connections; fixed and pinned. The purpose of this parametric study is to compare member sizes, member forces, and story drift. The results of Seismic Design Category D are discussed in depth in this thesis, while the results of Seismic Design Category B and C are provided in the Appendices.

D'un point de vue industriel, la mise en place de nouvelles architectures de systèmes mécaniques nécessite un long processus de conception permettant de définir et d'anticiper le comportement. Dans le cas particulier des systèmes aéronautiques tels que les moteurs d'avions, un certain nombre de pièces sont particulièrement sensibles car elles doivent répondre à des impératifs stricts en termes d'encombrement, de performance et de tenue mécanique. Dans ce contexte, la prévision du comportement vibratoire revêt une importance particulière puisqu'elle permet d'évaluer le niveau des sollicitations cycliques appliquées sur le système et guide ainsi la détection en amont d'éventuels problèmes de fatigue des matériaux. La plupart du temps, des modèles numériques sont utilisés pour représenter les structures, et le comportement est simulé en résolvant un ensemble d'équations. Pour atteindre un niveau de détail répondant au besoin industriel, ces modèles peuvent être particulièrement gros, et la résolution des équations associées demande des ressources et des temps de calcul considérables. De plus, pour rendre compte au mieux des comportements observés expérimentalement, il est souvent nécessaire de prendre en compte des phénomènes non-linéaires, ce qui augmente encore la difficulté. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit concernent cette problématique du comportement vibratoire des structures non-linéaires et s'orientent autour de deux axes : la réduction de modèle et le calcul des solutions multiples. L'objectif du premier axe est de contribuer à la construction de modèles numériques non linéaires réduits utilisables en conception de systèmes industriels et de proposer des outils d'exploitation et d'interprétation de ces modèles. En particulier, on considère le cas des méthodes de projection de Galerkin et on montre qu'elles sont à même de construire des modèles réduits réalistes. Des méthodes complémentaires de réduction de modèles sont également présentées dans le cas particulier de la recherche de solutions par la méthode de la balance harmonique (HBM) : on s'intéressera en particulier à des méthodes de sélection d'harmoniques. Après avoir comparé les différentes méthodes proposées sur un exemple simple de poutre non-linéaire, elles sont appliquées à un modèle de structure industrielle représentant une aube d'hélice d'open rotor. Le second axe de ces travaux concerne le calcul de solutions multiples pour les systèmes dynamiques non-linéaires. Une particularité de ces systèmes est en effet de présenter plusieurs configurations stables pour un état de sollicitation donné. Il s'agira ici de proposer des méthodes de calcul permettant de dresser la liste exhaustive des solutions possibles. Le travail présenté se concentre sur la recherche de solutions périodiques par la méthode de la balance harmonique pour des systèmes possédant des non-linéarités polynomiales. Ces restrictions conduisent à la résolution de systèmes polynomiaux pour lesquels il existe des méthodes permettant de calculer l'ensemble des solutions. En particulier, on propose l'utilisation originale de méthodes basées sur le calcul de bases de Groebner pour la résolution de systèmes polynomiaux issus de la mécanique. Les différentes méthodes présentées sont illustrées et comparées sur des exemples simples. Les résultats montrent que même pour des systèmes simples, le comportement dynamique peut être très complexe. / In an industrial context, the design of new mechanical systems requires long design processes in order to define and to anticipate the behavior of all the constitutive parts. In the particular case of aeronautical structures such as plane engines, design is especially critical since they have to meet various and strict needs (life duration, performances . . .). Then, anticipating vibratory behavior is very important as this provides information about cyclic solicitations and fatigue. Most often, numerical models are used to mimic the structure and mechanical behavior is simulated by solving a set of differential equations. In the case of industrial structures, such models can be quite large and their resolution very time-consuming. Moreover, in order to model experimental behavior realistically, it is often necessary to take nonlinear phenomena into account and thus increase the required computational effort. The work presented in this PhD deals with the study of mechanical nonlinear systems. It focuses on two principal directions : model reduction and multiple solutions computation. The goal of the first direction is to contribute to the building of numerical reduced order models usable in industrial context and to propose tools to exploit an interpret them. Particularly, Galerkin projection methods are investigated in the context of nonlinear systems reduction, showing that those methods are, under certain conditions, able to give a reliable picture of full system behavior. In the case of the harmonic balance method, complementary methods are also proposed to reduce the size of the algebraic equations system by using harmonic selection techniques. The presented methods are firstly illustrated and compared on a simple nonlinear beam example ; they are then applied to an industrial model of open rotor blade. The second direction of this work deals with the computation of multiple solutions arising in nonlinear dynamical systems. Indeed, it has been shown that such systems can present different stable configurations for a given solicitation. The objective here is to provide tools for computing such multiple solutions. We only consider the case of periodic solutions for systems with polynomial nonlinearities, treated with harmonic balance method. These hypotheses enable one to search for multiple states as solutions of polynomial algebraic systems of equations, for which some methods exist to compute the entire set of solutions. In particular, we propose to use methods relying on Groebner basis computation, in order to compute the whole set of solutions. The proposed methods are illustrated and compared on simple examples, showing that even such simple systems can present very complex dynamical behavior.

In this thesis, the method of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) is implemented to construct approximate, reduced order models (ROM) of mesh movement methods. Three mesh movement algorithms are implemented and comparatively evaluated, namely radial basis function interpolation, mesh optimization and elastic deformation. POD models of the mesh movement algorithms are constructed using a series of system observations, or snapshots of a given mesh for a set of boundary deformations. The scalar expansion coefficients for the POD basis modes are computed in three different ways, through coefficient optimization, Galerkin projection of the governing set of equations and coefficient interpolation. It is found that using only coefficient interpolation yields mesh movement models that accurately approximates the full order mesh movement, with CPU cost savings in excess of 99%. We further introduce a novel training procedure whereby the POD models are generated in a fully automated fashion. The technology is applicable to any mesh movement method and enables potential reductions of up to four orders of magnitude in mesh movement related costs. The proposed model can be implemented without having to pre-train the POD model, to any fluid-structure interaction code with an existing mesh movement scheme. Copyright / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted

Orientadores: Vitor Baranauskas, Helder José Ceragioli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T01:34:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_ThiagoFranchiPereirada_D.pdf: 9373432 bytes, checksum: 13a36b35d789088396a134f65246b3a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Células solares orgânicas e inorgânicas representam uma excelente alternativa como fonte de energia renovável. Este trabalho consiste em aplicar nanoestruturas de carbono obtidas pela técnica HFCVD (Hot Filament Chemical Vapour Deposition) como componentes utilizados na construção e melhoria de células solares orgânicas (organic photovoltaics - OPVs) e células sensibilizadas por corante (dye-sensitized cells - DSCs). Foi obtido óxido de grafeno reduzido (rGO), carbono tipo diamante (DLC - diamondlike carbon) e diamante condutor nanoestruturado. Estes materiais foram caracterizados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM-FEG), microscopia de transmissão de alta resolução (HRTEM), espectroscopia Raman e análise termogravimétrica (TGA). O rGO foi empregado na construção das células DSC misturado na pasta de TiO2 em diferentes concentrações, produzindo o aumento de fotocorrente gerada e, consequentemente, o rendimento. O mesmo material foi empregado nas OPVs, em diferentes concentrações, para a substituição do fulereno PCBM (1-(3-metoxicarbonil)-propil-1-1-fenil- (6,6)metanofulereno) e também em conjunto com o fulereno, sendo observada também a melhoria no desempenho dos dispositivos em função da concentração. Com finalidade de substituir os contraeletrodos das células DSC, carbono tipo diamante foi depositado em substrato de alumínio (Al) e diamante condutor nanoestruturado depositado em substratos de nióbio (Nb). As células com contraeletrodos de Al com filme de DLC apresentaram sensibilidade à luz, com possibilidade de aplicação em sensores ópticos, enquanto as células com contraeletrodos de Nb com filme de diamante condutor apresentaram excelente desempenho, tornando possível a substituição dos contraeletrodos de platina / Abstract: Organic and inorganic solar cells comprise a promising solution as a renewable energy source. This work consists of applying carbon nanostructures obtained by HFCVD technique (Hot Filament Chemical Vapour Deposition) as components used in the construction and improvement of organic solar cells (organic photovoltaics - OPVs) and dye sensitized cells (dye-sensitized cells - DSCs). Reduced graphene oxide (rGO), carbon diamond-like (DLC - diamond- like carbon) and nanostructured conductor diamond was obtained. These materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEG), high resolution transmission microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Reduced graphene oxide was used for the construction of the DSC cell at the TiO2 layer mixed in different concentrations, producing an increase in photocurrent generated and thus conversion efficiency. The same material was used in the OPVs at different concentrations for the replacement of fullerene PCBM (1- (3-methoxycarbonyl) -propyl-1-1-phenyl- (6,6) metanofulereno) and with the fullerene was also observed improvement in performance of the devices as a function of concentration. With aim of replacing the counterelectrode of DSCs cells, diamond-like carbon was deposited on aluminum substrate (Al) and nanostructured conductive diamond deposited on niobium (Nb) substrates. Cells with Al/DLC counterelectrode showed sensitivity to light, with the possibility of application in optical devices while cells with Nb/nanostructured conductive diamond counterelectrode showed excellent performance, with possibility to replace platinum counterelectrodes / Doutorado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientadores: Walkíria Hanada Viotto, Jorge Hanada Viotto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T10:06:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brondi-Mendes_JulianaZara_M.pdf: 1743834 bytes, checksum: e6b20a9891b13b8f77c5289a252af596 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, o mercado de produtos light vem se expandindo graças a um segmento de consumidores preocupados com a qualidade de vida e saúde. O mercado dos lácteos com reduzido teor de gordura está na liderança entre os produtos light mais procurados. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os motivos que influenciam na decisão de compra de queijos com reduzido teor de gordura tanto quanto compreender as razões em não consumi-los e avaliar a composição físico-química, perfil de textura, mobilidade de água por ressonância magnética nuclear de baixo campo e aceitação de diferentes amostras comerciais de queijo frescal light disponíveis no mercado a partir dos processos de fabricação tradicional, acidificação direta e ultrafiltração. Análise conjunta foi a ferramenta utilizada para tentar entender a estrutura de preferência dos consumidores de queijo frescal light, ou seja, compreender a complexidade do processo de escolha e decisão de compra do consumidor. Na primeira fase, caracterizada pelas análises laboratoriais, foi verificado a diferença na composição entre as diferentes fabricações de queijo frescal light, sendo os ultrafiltrados os queijos mais macios, de maior umidade e consequentemente menor de teor de gordura e proteína total. Os resultados de ressonância magnética nuclear revelaram o comportamento da água quanto ao seu estado (livre ou imobilizado) para todas as amostras. Na segunda fase, um questionário sócio demográfico e sobre hábitos de compra foi aplicado a 151 consumidores de queijos light revelando que os principais consumidores são pessoas acima dos 40 anos com alto poder aquisitivo, preocupados em manter hábitos mais saudáveis. Por outro lado, falta de hábito foi a principal razão alegada em não consumir queijos light. A análise conjunta revelou que os consumidores consideram mais importante a textura desses queijos, seguido do tamanho da porção e alegação nutricional. Dentre os níveis de cada fator, queijo fresco de consistência firme, porção individual, light com 40% menos gordura, foram os que tiveram maior preferência. De maneira geral, todos os processos de fabricação de queijo fresco light avaliados foram bem aceitos, com média em torno de 6-7 para aceitação global / Abstract: In recent years, the light products market is expanding due to a segment of consumers concerned about the quality of life and health. The reduced fat dairy market is in the lead among the most sought light products. This study aimed to evaluate the reasons that influence the buying decision of reduced fat content cheeses as well as to understand the reasons not to consume them and evaluate the physical and chemical composition, texture profile analysis, mobility of water by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance and acceptance of different commercial samples of light fresh chesse available in the market from traditional manufacture processes, direct acidification and ultrafiltration. Conjoint analysis was the tool used to understand the consumer preference structure of light fresh cheese, thus, understand the complexity of the process of choosing and consumer buying decision. In the first phase, characterized by laboratory analysis, it was found that the difference in composition between different light fresh cheese manufacturing processes, being the ultrafiltered cheeses the softer cheeses, of high moisture and consequently lower fat content and total protein. The results of nuclear magnetic resonance showed the water behavior regarding to its state (free or immobilized) for all samples. In the second phase, a demographic and shopping habits questionnaire was applied to 151 consumers of light cheeses showing that the main consumers are people over 40 years old with the higher income, concerned about maintaining healthier habits. On the other hand, the lack of habit was the main reason reported at not consume light cheeses. The conjoint analysis showed that consumers consider most important texture of these cheeses, followed by the portion size nutritional claim. Among the levels of each factor, fresh cheese of firm consistence, individual portion and light with 40% less fat, were the ones who had higher preference. In general, all manufacturing process of light fresh cheese evaluated were well accepted, averaging around 6-7 for global acceptance / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestra em Tecnologia de Alimentos