O objeto de estudo deste trabalho são as estruturas em língua portuguesa padrão em que ocorre a chamada indeterminação do sujeito. A partir da análise de textos do gênero entrevista, publicados na Revista Veja (seção 'páginas amarelas'), analisam-se as principais características sintáticas, semânticas, pragmáticas e discursivas do sujeito indeterminado. Admitindo que a linguagem permite ao homem interpretar o mundo em que vive, busca-se apresentar os mecanismos de indeterminação do sujeito como uma forma de referenciação indeterminada. Para tanto, foram investigadas, criticamente, as principais noções de sujeito e de sua indeterminação, em diversos estudiosos da língua portuguesa, desde épocas remotas até os dias atuais, comparando-se os critérios (sintáticos, semânticos, mórficos e discursivos) apresentados nesses estudos. A partir da análise do corpus, verifica-se que os diversos mecanismos de indeterminação possuem graus específicos e que se podem permutar. Além disso, fica patente que há tipos verbais afins a certas estruturas de sujeito indeterminado. Desse modo, a referenciação indeterminada construída a partir do lugar sintático sujeito caracteriza-se como poderosa estratégia discursiva / The object of this work is the structures in standard Portuguese language in which the call occurs indetermination of the subject. From the analysis of texts of the genre interview published in Veja magazine (section ' yellow pages ') analyzes the main syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and discourse features of an indefinite subject . Assuming that the language allows man to interpret the world in which he lives, we seek to present the mechanisms of indetermination of the subject as a form of indeterminate referring. For this purpose, we investigated critically the main notions of subject and its indeterminacy , many scholars in the Portuguese language , since ancient times to the present day , comparing the criteria (syntactic, semantic, and discursive morphic) presented in these studies . From the analysis of the corpus, it appears that the various mechanisms of indeterminacy have specific degrees and can be interchanged. Moreover, it is clear that there are verbal related to certain types of indeterminate structures subject . Thus, the indefinite referring constructed from the syntactic place subject is characterized as powerful discursive strategy

People describe and explore space with a strong emphasis on the visual senses, yet modelling the field of view has received little attention within the realm of Location Based Services (LBS), in part due to the lack of useful data. Advances in data capture, such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), provide new opportunities to build digital city models and expand the range of applications which use visibility analysis. This thesis capitalises on these advances with the development of a visibility model to support a number of innovative LBS functions in an urban region and particular focus is given to the visibility model‟s supporting role in the formation of referring expressions, the descriptive phrases used to identify objects in a scene, which are relevant when delivering spatial information to the user through a speech based interface. Speech interfaces are particularly useful to mobile users with restricted screen viewing opportunities, such as navigational support for motorists and a wider range of tasks including delivering information to urban pedestrians. As speech recognition accuracies improve so new interaction opportunities will allow users to relate to their surroundings and retrieve information on buildings in view through spoken descriptions. The papers presented in this thesis work towards this goal, by translating spatial information into a form which matches the user‟s perspective and can be delivered over a speech interface. The foundation is the development of a new visual exposure model for use in urban areas, able to calculate a number of metrics about Features of Interest (FOIs), including the façade area visible and the percentage on the skyline. The impact of urban vegetation as a semi-permeable visual barrier is also considered, and how visual exposure calculations may be adjusted to accommodate under canopy and through canopy views. The model may be used by pedestrian LBSs, or applied to vehicle navigation tasks to determine how much of a route ahead is in view for a car driver, identifying the sections with limited visibility or the best places for an overtaking manoeuvre. Delivering information via a speech interface requires FOI positions to be defined according to projective space relating to the user‟s viewpoint, rather than topological or metric space, and this is handled using a new egocentric model. Finally descriptions of the FOIs are considered, including a method to automatically collect façade colours by excluding foreground objects, and a model to determine the most appropriate description to direct the LBS user‟s attention to a FOI in view.

Introduktion: Alla röntgenundersökningar med joniserande strålning ska vara berättigade och optimerade. Detta kräver röntgenremisser av god kvalité. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva faktorer som har påverkan i röntgenremissens berättigandeprocess. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt baserad på kvantitativa studier som kvalitetsgranskats. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i fem kategorier: berättigade och oberättigade röntgenundersökningar, avsaknad av klinisk information, användning av riktlinjer, införande av intervention och röntgenremissens utformning. Slutsats: Röntgenremissers kvalité har betydelse i berättigandeprocessen. Antalet oberättigade röntgenundersökningar minskar genom ökad kunskap vilket gör utbildning för remitterande läkare till en nyckelfaktor. Detta leder till säkrare sjukvård där patienter inte utsätts för onödig joniserande strålning. / Introduction: All x-ray examinations with ionizing radiation must be justified and optimized. This requires radiology referral of good quality. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe factors that affect the process of justification in radiology referrals. Method: A general literature review based on quantitative studies that have been verified based on its credibility. Result: The results are presented in five categories: justified and unjustified x-ray examinations, lack of clinical information, use of guidelines, introduction of intervention and the design of the radiology referral. Conclusion: The quality of the radiology referral has significance in the process of justification. Number of unjustified x-ray examinations are reduced through increased knowledge, which makes education for referring physicians a keyfactor. This leads to safer healthcare where patients are not exposed to unnecessary ionizing radiation.

Southern Sotho verbal relative clauses are, on discourse-pragmatic grounds, categorised as direct and indirect. The pragmatic factors that govern the occurrence of these two types of relatives within a particular discourse context are investigated. An analysis of relative clauses occurring in live conversations as well as in the dramas Bulane (Khaketla, 1983) and Tjootjo e tla hloma sese/a (Maake, 1992) reveals that direct relative clauses usually modify the reference of predicate nouns (i.e. nouns used as the complements of copulative predicates), while indirect relative clauses modify the reference of object nouns. Theories which suggest that both predicate as well as object nouns generally convey new information, but that the reference status of predicate nouns is non-specific indefinite, while that of object nouns is specific indefinite, are discussed. A hypothesis suggesting that there is an interrelationship between the reference status of a head noun and the type of relative by means of which it is qualified, is proposed. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

The subject of this thesis is the analysis and comparison of explicit and implicit means of reference to the general human agent in English and in Czech. In these languages we may find both explicit and implicit means which are used to refer to the general human agent and which are identical to a certain degree. However, especially among the implicit means we may observe rather different structures in both languages. This thesis analyses two sets of data - the excerpts from two English novels with their Czech translations and two Czech novels with their English translations. The total number of examples excerpted is 200, each example being considered with its translation to the other language. The source language of this study is English for which a set of particular explicit and implicit means which we focus on in this analysis was defined. For this reason, also in the case of the Czech originals the examples were excerpted from the English translations and their Czech original versions were found. The samples obtained from both the sets of data were further compared and the analysed means were divided into three groups - instances where the means in English and in Czech were identical, instances where the means were nonidentical and instances where the reference to the general human agent was...

Southern Sotho verbal relative clauses are, on discourse-pragmatic grounds, categorised as direct and indirect. The pragmatic factors that govern the occurrence of these two types of relatives within a particular discourse context are investigated. An analysis of relative clauses occurring in live conversations as well as in the dramas Bulane (Khaketla, 1983) and Tjootjo e tla hloma sese/a (Maake, 1992) reveals that direct relative clauses usually modify the reference of predicate nouns (i.e. nouns used as the complements of copulative predicates), while indirect relative clauses modify the reference of object nouns. Theories which suggest that both predicate as well as object nouns generally convey new information, but that the reference status of predicate nouns is non-specific indefinite, while that of object nouns is specific indefinite, are discussed. A hypothesis suggesting that there is an interrelationship between the reference status of a head noun and the type of relative by means of which it is qualified, is proposed. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)