Orientador: Edwiges Maria Morato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T22:59:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hebling_CarolinaBarbosa_M.pdf: 658061 bytes, checksum: ab69bb0efe0ded95c5ee091c4461e199 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A reformulação, fenômeno extremamente produtivo na linguagem cotidiana, é uma atividade de composição textual e de (re)organização discursiva, na qual o falante produz um enunciado lingüístico que reformula um outro prévio, adequando-o de acordo com suas intenções comunicativas e à situação interativa em curso. Levando em conta a recorrência deste fenômeno também na linguagem comprometida pela afasia, este trabalho tem por objetivo a caracterização das atividades de reformulação na conversação entre afásicos e não-afásicos, a partir de uma perspectiva sócio-cognitiva (Vygotsky, 1934; Tomasello, 1999, Marcuschi, 2003; Koch, 2004; Morato, 2007). Partindo da hipótese de que, ainda que apresentem dificuldades de (meta)linguagem, afásicos não deixem de atuar competentemente com relação à atividade reflexiva que o uso da linguagem constitui nestas instâncias reformulativas, estabelecemos algumas indagações norteadoras: i) quais elementos ancoram os processos de (re)construção do sentido na presença de diversos déficits lingüísticos, parafasias, agramatismos, dificuldades em encontrar palavras, etc.? ii) como se articulam os processos lingüísticos e interacionais nas atividades reformulativas que os sujeitos empreendem na interação para ajustar as condições de produção do sentido no texto conversacional? iii) o que a afasia, como perturbação da metalinguagem, implica para estas atividades (meta)reformulativas? E, finalmente, iv) se a reformulação implica uma tomada de consciência sobre o objeto lingüístico, o que a relação entre reformulação e reflexividade lingüística pode revelar sobre as relações entre linguagem e cognição nas afasias? Retomando de maneira crítica a bibliografia produzida tradicionalmente no campo da Neurolingüística sobre o fenômeno, chamamos atenção, em alternativa a uma abordagem cognitivista, à possibilidade de um tratamento lingüístico sócio-cognitivo dos processos reflexivos (meta/epilingüísticos), constitutivos das atividades de reformulação na linguagem de afásicos e não-afásicos. Uma vez identificados em um corpus de conversações entre afásicos e não-afásicos os tipos, marcas e funções da reformulação para falantes afásicos e não-afásicos, poderemos adensar o entendimento das semelhanças e diferenças que se apresentam para os falantes afásicos e não-afásicos no que toca às estratégias textuais-interativas. / Abstract: Reformulation, an extremely productive phenomenon in everyday language, is an activity of textual composition and discourse (re)organization in which the speaker makes a linguistic statement recasting a previous one, adjusting it according to their communicative intentions and to the ongoing interactive situation. Taking into account the recurrence of this phenomenon also in the language impaired by aphasia, this work aims at characterizing the activities of reformulation in conversations between aphasics and non-aphasics from a social cognitive perspective (Vygotsky, 1934, Tomasello, 1999, Marcuschi, 2003, Koch, 2004; Morato, 2007). On the assumption that even in present of (meta)linguistic difficulties aphasics do not cease to act competently in relation to the activity that the reflexive use of language implies in these instances, some guiding questions are established: i) which elements anchor the processes of (re)construction of meaning in the presence of various linguistics deficits, paraphasias, agrammatisms, difficulties in finding words, etc.? ii) how are the linguistic and interactional processes articulated in the activities which subjects undertake in interaction to adjust the production conditions of meaning in conversational text? iii) once aphasia can be seen as a metalinguistic impairment, what are the consequences so entailed in these (meta)reformulative activities? And finally, iv) once reformulation entails awareness of language, what can this relationship between reformulation and linguistic reflexivity reveal about the relationship between language and cognition in aphasia? Taking to a critical revision the literature traditionally produced in the field of Neurolinguistics, we focus on an alternative to the cognitive approach of the phenomenon - the possibility of a social cognitive approach to the reflexive processes (meta/epilinguistic) underlying reformulation activities in the aphasic and non aphasic language. Once the types, marks and functions of reformulation are identified in a corpus of conversations between aphasics and non-aphasics, we believe we can understand more accurately the similarities and differences that come to aphasic and nonaphasic speakers regarding textual-interactive strategies. / Mestrado / Mestre em Linguística

A tradução de Sérgio Milliet dos Essais de Michel de Montaigne para o português brasileiro envolve um trabalho de leitura, interpretação e escritura em várias frentes: estilística, retórica, linguística, antropológica, histórica, etc. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar como foram traduzidos os pontos de inflexão nos quais os discursos do Outro aparecem no de Montaigne. O fio condutor do estudo pelo texto montaigneano representado pelo o paratexto páginas de rosto, prefácios e notas das edições francesas e das edições usadas na tradução leva, em torno da noção de reformulação, às heterogeneidades enunciativas e à tradução da escritura. O percurso traçado faz com que a reformulação, no sentido amplo da comunicação, seja pensada como uma noção operatória na abordagem de questões discursivas. O princípio que norteia o trabalho é baseado numa análise do discurso que considera o interdiscurso como origem de todo discurso e a heterogeneidade enunciativa como constitutiva da linguagem. Assim, a leitura/interpretação dos capítulos leva em conta a maneira como alguns traços da heterogeneidade a citação e a ironia se realizam na escritura do texto de Montaigne e nas traduções. A partir da observação empírica das traduções em francês moderno e em português brasileiro, nota-se que esses traços, diferentemente reformulados, trazem para dentro dos novos textos características que podem ser atribuídas às representações, sociais e individuais, dos próprios tradutores. / The Brazilian Portuguese translation of the Essais de Michel de Montaigne by Sérgio Milliet involves an effort of reading, interpretation and writing in many ways: stylistic, rhetoric, linguistic, anthropological, historical, etc. This work aims at the identification of how those points of inflexion in which the Others discourse shows up in Montaignes discourse were translated. The paratextual title pages, prefaces and notes of the French editions were the connecting thread through Montaignes texts to the enunciative heterogeneities and to the translation. The reformulation is, in the broad sense of communication, an operating notion in the approach of discourses questions. The research is based on the discourse analysis, which considers the interdiscourse as the origin of all discourse and the heterogeneity as a constructive element of language. The reading/interpretation of chapters takes into account the heterogeneities citation and irony that appear in Montaignes writing and in the translations. From the empirical observation of translations to modern French and to Brazilian Portuguese we noticed that these features, formulated in a different way, bring to the new texts some characteristics that may be imputed to the social and individual representations of the translators themselves.

Orientador: Maria Márcia Sigrist Malavasi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T10:49:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duarte_TatianaCarvalho_M.pdf: 1992121 bytes, checksum: ae02d25df08cdf807c7ff98a342ac0d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Essa pesquisa analisa a alteração na redação do artigo 8º do Regimento Geral da UNICAMP (Deliberação Consu-A-35/2003) que ocorreu no ano de 2003, em que os Institutos e Faculdades assumiram a responsabilidade acadêmica e administrativa de suas respectivas Licenciaturas, retirando assim aqueles cursos da responsabilidade exclusiva da Faculdade de Educação (FE). O objetivo central é analisar o processo de reformulação identificando as implicações dessa mudança nos cursos de formação de professores da UNICAMP. Na busca de alcançar os objetivos propostos por este estudo utilizou-se da metodologia qualitativa de pesquisa e optou pela análise de documentos legais e elaborados naquele período e entrevistas semiestruturadas. No total foram realizadas (28) vinte e oito entrevistas, no ano de 2012, com professores, ex-Coordenadores de Curso, atuais Coordenadores de Curso, representantes da Faculdade de Educação, da Subcomissão Permanente de Formação de Professores (SPFP) e da Pró-Reitoria de Graduação (PRG). Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que tímidos avanços foram alcançados, entretanto, alguns problemas surgiram e outros persistiram nos cursos de formação de professores após a reformulação. As melhorias mais significativas remetem-se às novas configurações curriculares. O fato de os Institutos/Faculdades terem assumido algumas disciplinas e, sobretudo, disciplinas de estágio escolar, componente curricular ministrado, anteriormente, apenas pela Faculdade de Educação, foi considerado um avanço. Dentre as dificuldades, após a reformulação de 2003, os cursos de Licenciatura se depararam com um novo problema: a falta de professores ligados ao ensino. Há necessidade de contratação de professores ligados à Educação para atuarem nas Licenciaturas. A análise dos dados permite afirmar que a maioria dos docentes que lecionam nos cursos de formação de professores da UNICAMP vem de áreas específicas e não possuem nenhuma formação na área de Educação. Mesmo reconhecendo o importante papel da universidade no desenvolvimento da sociedade e especialmente na melhoria da qualidade da educação, há pouca atenção dedicada aos cursos formadores de professores na UNICAMP. Somado a essas problemáticas, o cenário dos cursos de Licenciatura traz grandes discussões que ultrapassam as dificuldades institucionais. Nesse quadro da formação de professores como profissão, há uma latente insatisfação e desinteresse por uma carreira profissional de baixo prestígio no mercado de trabalho, com aviltante remuneração e muitas vezes, péssimas condições de trabalho. / Abstract: This research analyzes the change in the wording of Article 8 of the General Rules of UNICAMP (Deliberation Consu-A-35/2003) that occurred in 2003, in which the Institutes and Faculties took the academic and administrative responsibility of their respective Licentiateship, withdrawing so those courses the responsibility of the Faculty of Education (FE).The main objective is to analyze the reshaping process identifying the implications of this change in training courses for teachers of UNICAMP. Seeking to achieve the objectives proposed by this study it was used qualitative methods of research and opted for analysis of drafted and legal documents that period and semistructured interviews. In total were performed (28) twenty-eight interviews, in the year 2012, with teachers, former Course Coordinators, current Course Coordinators, representatives of the Faculty of Education, the Permanent Subcommittee for Teacher Training (PSTT) and Pro Rector of Graduation (PRG). The survey results indicate that timid advances have been achieved, however, some problems arose and persisted in others training courses for teachers after the makeover. Significant enhancements refer to the new curricular settings. The fact Institutes / Faculties have taken some courses, and especially, disciplines of stage school, curriculum component taught, previously, only for the Faculty of Education, was considered a breakthrough. Among the difficulties after the 2003 redesign, the Licentiateship faced with a new problem: a lack of teachers involved in teaching. There is need to hire teachers linked to Education to act at Licentiateship. Data analysis allows us to affirm that the majority of teachers who teach courses in teacher training UNICAMP comes from specific areas and have no training in the area of Education. While recognizing the important duty of the university in the development of society and especially in improving the quality of education, there is little attention paid to teacher training courses at UNICAMP. Added to these problems, the scenario of Licentiateship courses brings great discussions that go beyond the institutional difficulties. In the context of teacher education as a profession, there is a latent dissatisfaction and disinterest in a career of low status in the labor market, with demeaning pay and often poor working conditions. / Mestrado / Ensino e Práticas Culturais / Mestra em Educação

A variety of practical network optimization problems arising in the context of public supply and commercial transportation, emergency response and risk management, engineering design, and industrial planning are addressed in this study. The decisions to be made in these problems include the location of supply centers, the routing, allocation and scheduling of flow between supply and demand locations, and the design of links in the network. This study is concerned with the development of optimization models and the analysis of five such problems, and the subsequent design and testing of exact and heuristic algorithms for solving these various network optimization problems. The first problem addressed is the time-dependent shortest pair of disjoint paths problem. We examine computational complexity issues, models, and algorithms for the problem of finding a shortest pair of disjoint paths between two nodes of a network such that the total travel delay is minimized, given that the individual arc delays are time-dependent. It is shown that this problem, and many variations of it, are nP-Hard and a 0-1 linear programming model that can be used to solve this problem is developed. This model can accommodate various degrees of disjointedness of the pair of paths, from complete to partial with respect to specific arcs. Next, we examine a minimum-risk routing problem and pursue the development, analysis, and testing of a mathematical model for determining a route that attempts to reduce the risk of low probability-high consequence accidents related with the transportation of hazardous materials (hazmat). More specifically, the problem addressed in this study involves finding a path that minimizes the conditional expectation of a consequence, given that an accident occurs, subject to the expected value of the consequence being lesser than or equal to a specified level n, and the probability of an accident on the path being also constrained to be no more than some value h. Various insights into related modeling issues are also provided. The values n and h are user-prescribed and could be prompted by the solution of shortest path problems that minimize the respective corresponding linear risk functions. The proposed model is a discrete, fractional programming problem that is solved using a specialized branch-and-bound approach. The model is also tested using realistic data associated with a case concerned with routing hazmat through the roadways of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The third problem deals with the development of a resource allocation strategy for emergency and risk management. An important and novel issue addressed in modeling this problem is the effect of loss in coverage due to the non-availability of emergency response vehicles that are currently serving certain primary incidents. This is accommodated within the model by including in the objective function a term that reflects the opportunity cost for serving an additional incident that might occur probabilistically on the network. A mixed-integer programming model is formulated for the multiple incident - multiple response problem, and we show how its solution capability can be significantly enhanced by injecting a particular structure into the constraints that results in an equivalent alternative model representation. Furthermore, for certain special cases of the MIMR problem, efficient polynomial-time solution approaches are prescribed. An algorithmic module composed of these procedures, and used in concert with a computationally efficient LP-based heuristic scheme that is developed, has been incorporated into an area-wide incident management decision support system (WAIMSS) at the Center for Transportation Research, Virginia Tech. The fourth problem addressed in this study deals with the development of global optimization algorithms for designing a water distribution network, or expanding an already existing one, that satisfies specified flow demands at stated pressure head requirements. The nonlinear, nonconvex network problem is transformed into the space of certain design variables. By relaxing the nonlinear constraints in the transformed space via suitable polyhedral outer approximations and applying the Reformulation-Linearization Technique (RLT), a tight linear lower bounding problem is derived. This problem provides an enhancement and a more precise representation of previous lower bounding relaxations that use similar approximations. Computational experience on three standard test problems from the literature is provided. For all these problems, a proven global optimal solution within a tolerance of 10 -4 % and/or within 1$ of optimality is obtained. For the two larger instances dealing with the Hanoi and New York test networks that have been open for nearly three decades, the solutions derived represent significant improvements, and the global optimality has been verified at the stated level of accuracy for these problems for the very first time in the literature. A new real network design test problem based on the Town of Blacksburg Water Distribution System is also offered to be included in the available library of test cases, and related computational results on deriving global optimal solutions are presented. The final problem addressed in this study is concerned with a global optimization approach for solving capacitated Euclidean distance multifacility location-allocation problems, as well as the development of a new algorithm for solving the generalized lp distance location-allocation problem. There exists no global optimization algorithm that has been developed and tested for this class of problems, aside from a total enumeration approach. Beginning with the Euclidean distance problem, we design depth-first and best-first branch-and-bound algorithms based on a partitioning of the allocation space that finitely converges to a global optimum for this nonconvex problem. For deriving lower bounds at node subproblems in these partial enumeration schemes, we employ two types of procedures. The first approach computes a lower bound via a simple projected location space lower bounding (PLSB) subproblem. The second approach derives a significantly enhanced lower bound by using a Reformulation-Linearization Technique (RLT) to transform an equivalent representation of the original nonconvex problem into a higher dimensional linear programming relaxation. In addition, certain cut-set inequalities generated in the allocation space, objective function based cuts derived in the location space, and tangential linear supporting hyperplanes for the distance function are added to further tighten the lower bounding relaxation. The RLT procedure is then extended to the.general lp distance problem for 1 < p < 2. Various issues related to the selection of branching variables, the design of heuristics via special selective backtracking mechanisms, and the study of the sensitivity of the proposed algorithm to the value of p in the lp - norm, are computationally investigated. Computational experience is also provided on a set of test problems to investigate both the PLSB and the RLT-lower bounding schemes. The results indicate that the proposed global optimization approach using the RLT-based scheme offers a promising viable solution procedure. In fact, among the problems solved, for the only two test instances previously available in the literature for the Euclidean distance case that were posed in 1979, we report proven global optimal solutions within a tolerance of 0.1% for the first time. It is hoped that the modeling, analysis, insights, and concepts provided for these various network based problems that arise in diverse routing, location, distribution, and design contexts, will provide guidelines for studying many other problems that arise in related situations. / Ph. D.

The containership design problem involves optimizing a nonconvex objective function over a design space that is restricted by a set of constraints defined in terms of nonconvex functions. An application of standard nonlinear optimization methods to such a problem can at best attain a local optimum that need not be a global optimum. This thesis investigates the application of alternative modeling, approximation, and global optimization techniques for developing a multidisciplinary approach to the containership design problem. The problem involves five design variables, which prioritized according to their relative importance in the model are: design draft, depth at side, speed, overall length, and maximum beam. Five constraints are imposed on the design, viz., an equality constraint to enforce the balance between the weight and the displacement, a linear inequality constraint on the length to depth ratio that is implied by the lightship weight formulation for the design to be acceptable, an inequality constraint on the metacentric height to ensure that the design satisfies the Coast Guard wind heel criterion, an inequality on the freeboard to ensure the minimum required freeboard governed by the code of federal regulations for freeboard (46 CFR 42), and an inequality constraint on the rolling period to ensure that the design satisfies the minimum required rolling period criterion. The objective function employed is the required freight rate, expressed in dollars per metric ton per nautical mile in order to recover annualized construction and operational costs. The model also accommodates various practical issues in a manner suitable to improve its representability. For example, it takes into account the discrete container stowage issue. The carrying capacity (number of containers) is expressed as a continuous function of the principal dimensions by using a linear response surface fit that in turn makes the objective function continuous. The weight-displacement balance is maintained by including draft as a design variable and imposing an equality constraint on the weight and displacement rather than introducing an internal loop to calculate draft at each iteration. This speeds up the optimization process. Also, the weight is formulated independent of the draft to ensure independence of the weight and the displacement, which simplifies the optimization process. The time for loading and unloading containers at a given port is a function of the number of cranes available. The number of cranes is formulated as a function of the length of the ship, and the resulting expression is made continuous through a linear response surface fit. To solve this problem, we design two approaches based on employing a sequence of polynomial programming approximations, each within two alternative branch-and-bound frameworks. In the first approach, we construct a polynomial programming approximation to the containership design problem using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and solve this model to global optimality using the software package BARON (Branch-and-Reduce Optimization Navigator - see Sahinidis, 1996), although the Reformulation-Linearization Technique (RLT)-based procedure of Sherali and Tuncbilek (1992, 1997) offers a viable alternative (BARON itself incorporates some elements of the latter approach). The resulting solution is refined by the application of a local search method. This procedure is integrated into two alternative branch-and-bound frameworks. The motivation is that the solution of the nonconvex polynomial approximations is likely to yield solutions in the near vicinity of the true underlying global optimum, and hence, the application of a local search method initiated at such a solution has a greater prospect of detecting such a global optimum. In the second approach, we utilize a continuous-space branch-and-bound procedure based on linear programming (LP) relaxations. These relaxations are generated through an approximation scheme that first utilizes RSM to derive polynomial approximations to the objective function and the constraints, and then applies the RLT to obtain an LP relaxation. The initial stage of this lower bounding step generates a tight, nonconvex polynomial programming relaxation for the problem, and the subsequent step constructs an LP relaxation to the resulting polynomial program via a suitable RLT procedure. The underlying motivation for these two steps is to generate a tight outer approximation of the convex envelope of the objective function over the convex hull of the feasible region. The solution obtained using the polynomial approximations is treated as a lower bound. A local search method is applied to this solution to compute an upper bound. This bounding step is then integrated into two alternative branch-and-bound frameworks. The node partitioning schemes are especially designed so that the gaps resulting from these two levels of approximations are induced to approach zero in the limit, thereby ensuring convergence to a (near) global optimum. A comparison of the containership design obtained from the designed algorithmic approaches with that obtained from the application of the nonlinear optimization methods as in previous research, exhibits a significant improvement in the design parameters translating to a significant amount of annual cost savings. For a typical containership of the size pertaining to a test case addressed in this work, having a gross weight of 90,000 metric tons, an annual transportation capacity of 99,000 containers corresponding to an annual deadweight of 1,188,000 metric tons, and logging 119,000 nautical miles annually, the improvement in the prescribed design translates to an annual estimated savings of $ 1,862,784 (or approximately $ 1.86 million) and an estimated 27 % increase in the return on investment over the life of the ship. The main contribution of this research is that it develops a detailed formulation and a more precise model of the containership design problem, along with suitable response surface and global optimization methodologies for prescribing an improved modeling and algorithmic approach for the highly nonconvex containership design problem. / Master of Science

Skim, sweet buttermilk, and butter derived aqueous phase components were used to re-emulsify low-melt and medium-melt fraction butteroils to yield 20% milkfat creams. The implications of separation temperature in obtaining components, melting point characteristics, and formulation on the chemical and physical properties of reformulated and natural creams were analyzed. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that both reformulated and natural creams were oil-in-water emulsions, demonstrating lipid globules surrounded by surface material. Chemical analysis of components proved that sweet buttermilk and butter-derived aqueous phase components had significantly higher (p less than or equal to 0.01) amounts of cholesterol and phospholipid than skim milk, resulting in creams formulated with sweet buttermilk and butter-derived aqueous phase creams having significantly higher (p less than or equal to 0.01) amounts of cholesterol and phospholipid than creams formulated with skim milk. Butter-derived aqueous phase had higher (p less than or equal to 0.01) amounts of lipid, cholesterol, and phospholipid than sweet buttermilk. However, skim component had higher (p less than or equal to 0.01) amounts of protein than butter-derived aqueous phase. When compared to natural creams, creams consisting of sweet buttermilk and butter-derived aqueous phase components had similar amounts of total phospholipid and amount of phospholipid adsorbed to lipid globules than creams consisting of skim component. Creams consisting of skim component had higher (p less than or equal to 0.01) amounts of protein than natural cream. Reformulated creams having low-melt fraction butteroil had higher (p less than or equal to 0.01) amounts of cholesterol. For reformulated creams, creams processed from components obtained by 49oC separation had significantly higher (p less than or equal to 0.01) amounts of cholesterol than like creams manufactured from 55oC separation components. Creaming stability, viscosity, feathering, and sensory quality of reformulated and natural creams were analyzed over a 13 day storage period at 3.3oC. Formulation, separation temperature, or melting point characteristics did not significantly (p greater than 0.01) affect creaming stability of reformulated and control creams homogenized at 13.6/3.4 MPa. The day within storage period, however, was a significant factor (p less than or equal to 0.01) in determining creaming stability of reformulated and natural creams. All creams displayed typical non-Newtonian behavior at 7oC, displayed by hysteresis curves in which viscosity decreased as shear rate increased. Formulation and separation temperature used to obtain components did not have a significant (p greater than 0.01) effect on viscosity; however, all creams formulated with medium-melt fraction butteroil had significantly (p less than or equal to 0.01) higher apparent viscosity values than creams with low-melt fraction butteroil at shear rate 692.48 s-1 and at 1384.96 s-1 and 2769.92 s-1 for creams formulated with skim component. Regardless of formulation, separation temperature, and melting point characteristics, all creams feathered in a pH range of 4.70-5.09. Reformulated and natural creams met sensory quality specifications as determined by the In/Out Method of Specification, except for creams formulated with skim milk and low-melt fraction butteroil which were characterized as having oxidized flavors. Creams formulated with buttermilk and butter derived aqueous phase had more comparable physical properties to natural creams than skim milk creams. / Master of Science

L’objectif de ce travail est de montrer — à partir d’un corpus d’entretiens télévisés filmés à deux périodes différentes, 1967-1972 et 2007-2012 — comment se manifestent, en français parlé, les phénomènes de redondance prédicative, c’est-à-dire de reprise du sens d’une prédication (l’énoncé-source) par une autre prédication (l’énoncé reformulé). Le cadre théorique choisi pour mener à bien cette recherche est celui du Lexique-Grammaire élaboré par Maurice Gross et son équipe du LADL, ainsi que la théorie de la reformulation élaborée par Claire Martinot à partir de 1994. Cette reprise, qui suppose la préservation du sens d’origine, peut être strictement littérale (répétition), porter sur des processus uniquement syntaxiques(transformation), consister en une clarification du sens de l’énoncé-source (paraphrase définitoire) ou instaurer une équivalence de sens sans fondement syntaxique (paraphrases sémantiques sensibles ou non à l’influence du contexte). L’hypothèse de départ de ce travail est que mettre en relation milieux sociaux, époques d’enregistrement et types de reformulation doit révéler quels paramètres expliquent le mieux l’usage préférentiel de tel ou tel type de redondance par telle ou telle catégorie de locuteurs. / The purpose of this research project is to show, from a corpus of televised interviews shot in two different periods, 1967-1972 and 2007-2012, how predicative redundancy phenomena occur in spoken French, that is, how a source phrase can be taken over by another phrase. The theoretical frame adopted to lead this research is the Lexicon-Grammar developed by Maurice Gross and his LADL team, as well as the reformulation theory Claire Martinot has been developing since 1994. This rewording, which assumes the preservation of the semantic data of the original phrase, may be strictly literal (repetition), concern only syntactic processes (transformation), consist of a clarification of the meaning of the source phrase (in that case, a form of definition) or institute a semantic equivalence between the phrases without any syntactic corollation, this last type of redundancy proving to be either context-free or context-sensitive. The initial hypothesis of this research project is that making connections between social environments, dates of recording, and types of rewording must be possible and must reveal explanations about the preferential use of specific types of redundancy by specific categories of speakers.

Nous sommes partie d’une réflexion sur l’inscription du nom propre (Npr) en discours et des changements de sens qu’il peut subir. A partir du Npr « Hezbollah », mot-pivot de cette étude, nous avons entamé l’analyse d’un corpus de presse (7 journaux libanais, français et américains) pour une période qui court de janvier 2010 (probable menace de guerre entre Israël et le Hezbollah) à janvier 2011 (la chute du gouvernement libanais). Nous avons privilégié au départ une étude quantitative, en nous appuyant sur la statistique textuelle, afin de mesurer l’importance accordée au Hezbollah en fonction des événements qui jalonnent la période (nombre et longueur des articles). En allant du mot au texte, nous avons ensuite analysé la combinatoire du mot-pivot dans son contexte proche (prédications, caractérisations) puis ses reprises en contexte élargi, afin d’étudier les différences de traitement significatives selon les pays et les lignes éditoriales des journaux. / We chose to reflect on the proper noun and the changes it undergoes in discourse. Using the keyword, “Hezbollah”, we started the analysis of a corpus of newspapers (7 Lebanese, French and American newspapers), from January 2010 (probable threat of war between Israel and Hezbollah) till January 2011 (the fall of the Lebanese government). A quantitative study, based on textual statistics, was a must in an attempt to identify the importance of Hezbollah according to main events during this period of time and the number and length of articles. While shifting from the word to the text, we the analyzed the combinations of “Hezbollah” in its immediate context (predications, adjectives), then its reformulations in the broader context, to highlight the possible differences between countries and editorial lines.

Cette étude est une approche contrastive, multimodale et transculturelle décrivant et analysant l’espace gestuel et le rôle des gestes, du regard et de la prosodie dans des cas de reformulation chez des locuteurs francophones et chez des locuteurs hispanophones.A l’intérieur de chacune de ces aires linguistiques, nous comparons l’espace gestuel et la reformulation dans trois cultures différentes : dans l'aire francophone, nous comparons l’espace gestuel des locuteurs français de France Métropolitaine (Europe) à celui des locuteurs québécois,(Amérique du Nord) et des locuteurs cadjins de Louisiane (Amérique du Nord). Dans l'aire hispanophone, nous comparons l’espace gestuel des locuteurs espagnols (Europe) à celui des locuteurs argentins (Amérique du Sud) et des locuteurs vénézuéliens (Amérique du Sud). Nous analysons les différences et/ou similitudes qui existent chez des locuteurs parlant la même langue dans des contextes culturels différents. Nous avons choisi d’étudier l'espace gestuel et la reformulation de ces locuteurs à partir d'un corpus télévisé.Le corpus établi nous permet d’analyser l’espace gestuel des locuteurs selon le schéma de Pedelty repris par D. Mc Neill (1992) qui permet une double lecture de l’espace gestuel : sur l’axe vertical(buste, tête, au-dessus de la tête), sur l’axe horizontal (près du corps, loin du corps). Ensuite, nous étudions le rôle des gestes et du regard, en relation avec les variations intonatives, dans le processus de reformulation en situation d’interview orale. Nous analysons la fonction de l'amplitude gestuelle et des gestes de captage et points d'éclosion, étudiés par D. McNeill et M. A. Morel, en relation avec le rôle des orientations du regard et de la courbe de fréquence fondamentale, dans différents exemples de reformulation du discours oral. Nous analysons en quoi ces trois modalités du discours oral ont une double fonction d’aide à la construction du propre discours et d’aide à l’intercompréhension dans le contexte de co-énonciation. / We present a multimodal, contrastive and transcultural approach of the gesture space of French speaking area and Spanish-speaking area. We describe and analyse the gesture space on the one hand and on the other hand, the function of gesture, eyes directions and prosody in reformulation examples in French-speaking area and Spanish-speaking area.In each French or Spanish speaking area, we compare gesture space and reformulation in three different cultural areas : in French-speaking area, we compare the gesture space of French speakers of Metropolitan France, (Europe), Quebec speakers, (North America), Cajun speakers in Louisiana (North America) and in Spanish-speaking area, we compare the gesture space of Spanish speakers from Spain (Europe), speakers from Argentina (South America), speakers from Venezuela (South America). We analyse the differences and/or the similarities amongst speakers with a common language, either French or Spanish, but a different cultural environment. We decided to study gesture space and reformulation and recorded from a television corpus. Therefore, with this corpus,we can analyse gesture space speakers refering to the diagram “Division of the gesture space for transcription purposes” from Pedelty, which is presented in D. Mc Neill (1992). This diagram allows us to obtain a double reading of gesture space : on the vertical axis (trunk, head, beyondhead), on the horizontal axis (close to the body and far from the body). Afterwards, we analyse the function of gesture and eyes directions and their relationship with the intonative variations during the reformulation process in an oral interview. We analyse the functionof gesture amplitude and the function of catchments and growthpoints, studied by D. Mc Neill andM.A. Morel and their relationship with the function of eyes directions and the fundamentalfrequency (F0) variability with different examples of reformulation in the oral speech. Thereforewe analyse how these three modalities seem to have a double function to help the construction ofthe own speech and/or to help the intercomprehension, the mutual understanding in the coenunciativeprocess.

Notre travail a pour objectif d'analyser les rapports entre un « discours d'archive » et un « discours d'historien » (notion de genre à discuter), chaque modalité renvoyant à des fonctions et à des formes de structurations différentes tout en portant sur la même réalité. Il y a donc un double paradigme mais avec des corrélations. L'analyse portera sur un corpus de discours d'archive (étape pré-analytique de recherche et de numérisation) et sur un corpus d'écrits d'historiens. Après une description des relations qu'ont pu entretenir l'histoire, la linguistique puis plus tard l'analyse du discours, nous analyserons chaque partie du corpus, puis nous les confronterons pour tenter d'identifier leurs points de rencontre et de divergence. Le discours historien est le siège de la confrontation entre d'une part les traces que le passé a laissées et la perception que l'on a des événements (dans le passé et dans le présent, et ce sous le joug de la mémoire collective et de l'héritage culturel), et d'autre part la réalité passée, livrée par l'historien au prix d'une étape « littéraire » et discursive incontournable. Les sciences du langage doivent pouvoir mettre à jour aussi bien les éléments de cohésion et de cohérence internes que les structures interdiscursives qui construisent le monde par ce qu'on en dit. Ainsi, si l'histoire est une réappropriation-reformulation du passé par l'intermédiaire, entre autres, des sources, le discours de l'historien doit en porter les traces : l'analyse du discours peut les dégager, et doit permettre d'expliciter les modalités de mise en œuvre de la langue, dans le cas d'un discours spécialisé relevant du genre historique. / The object our thesis is to bring to light signs of relations (meeting points and divergences) between a specifical discourse (historical discourse and notion of type of discourse to debate) and the historian's source. The study will focus on a selection of material composed of a part of historical discourse and a part of historical source (research in archives and digitalisation). The discourse of history is the meeting place traces of the historian's source, with the perception of events (in the past or nowaday, and through collective memory and cultural heritage), and the past reality, which was written by the historian. Science of langage will show the discourse elaborating constructions of meaning in specific domains (historical and politic) on the level of the text and the inter-texte level (intertextual and interrelation relations). If the historian discourse is a reappropriate and a reformulation of the historians source, it must carry its traces, and linguistic can explain structures of meanings.