This paper examines three questions orderly with the help of the European Social Survey (ESS) pooled cross section data. Firstly, whether there is a gap of probability of being self-employed existed between natives and immigrants in Sweden. Secondly, whether there is heterogeneity existed within different ethnic group of immigrants and thirdly, if that heterogeneity existed across genders. The results show that there is no significant gap of probability of being self-employed between natives and immigrants in Sweden, and it can be due to the heterogeneity within the immigrant group itself. The results of logit model indicate that the probability of being self-employed for immigrants from Asian countries (the Middle East countries excluded) are significantly different from Swedish natives, and that for immigrants from the Middle East countries and Asian countries (the Middle East countries excluded) are both significantly different from immigrants from the Nordic countries (Sweden excluded). Furthermore, when looking by the perspective of genders, the results reveal that the heterogeneity existed when examining the groups for both genders can only be found in male immigrant group, while female immigrant group do not appear to be heterogeneous.

Tooth enamel is among the most durable substances in the human body and as such has high recoverability in forensic anthropology cases. Its crystalline hydroxyapatite matrix has a slightly variable chemical composition which incorporates biologically available trace elements. The trace elements are derived from an individual's diet and the water he or she consumes during the period of enamel formation. As a result, trace element profiles of enamel can reflect the geology, pollution, and certain cultural dietary factors of the area in which the individual resided during this period. This research examines a sample of teeth with known demographic information from the Antioquia Modern Skeletal Reference Collection in Medellin, Colombia. A sample set of 75 teeth from 61 individuals born in areas throughout northwestern Colombia were analyzed using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), a minimally destructive, semi-quantitative technique. Analysis was performed at the Center for Archaeology, Materials, and Applied Spectroscopy (CAMAS) at Idaho State University. 33 elements were analyzed in the sample. Nonparametric methods were used to assess the relationship between elemental profiles and region of origin. Sr, Mo, Ag, Ba, Eu, and Tm concentration profiles were found to vary among regional groups. Al, Ni, Cr, Mn, Co, Sr, Cd, Sb, Sm, Eu, and U were found to predict region of origin. Differences in municipality were classified with 72% accuracy, variation across the department of Antioquia was classified with 67% accuracy, and the age of the geologic substrate was classified with 67% accuracy. The results suggest that trace element analysis of permanent tooth enamel may be of some use in estimating an individual's region of origin in forensic anthropological contexts. Further research with both larger sample sizes and more geographic variation is necessary.

Contexte : Environ 20 % des femmes enceintes présentent un risque élevé de dépression prénatale. Les femmes immigrantes présentent des symptômes dépressifs élevés pendant la grossesse, le début de la période suivant l'accouchement et comme mères de jeunes enfants. Tandis que les disparités ethniques dans la symptomatologie dépressive pendant la grossesse ont été décrites, la combinaison de la longueur du séjour dans le pays d’accueil et la région d'origine sont rarement évalués dans des études qui portent sur la santé des immigrants au Canada. En outre, les études auprès des femmes immigrantes enceintes ont souvent un échantillon de taille qui ne suffit pas pour démêler les effets de la région d'origine et de la durée du séjour sur la santé mentale. De plus, au Canada, presque une femme sur cinq est un immigrant, mais leur santé mentale au cours de la grossesse, les niveaux d'exposition aux facteurs de risque reconnus pour la dépression prénatale et comment leur exposition et la vulnérabilité face à ces risques se comparent à celles des femmes enceintes nés au Canada, sont peu connus. De plus, le processus d'immigration peut être accompagné de nombreux défis qui augmentent le risque de violence subie par la femme. Néanmoins, les preuves existantes dans la littérature sont contradictoires, surtout en ce qui concerne le type de violence évaluée, les minorités ethniques qui sont considérées et l'inclusion de l'état de santé mentale. Objectifs : Tout d'abord, nous avons comparé la santé mentale de femmes immigrantes et les femmes nées au Canada au cours de la grossesse en tenant compte de la durée du séjour et de la région d'origine, et nous avons évalué le rôle des facteurs socio-économiques et du soutien social dans la symptomatologie dépressive prénatale. Deuxièmement, nous avons examiné la répartition des facteurs de risque contextuels de la symptomatologie dépressive prénatale selon le statut d'immigrant et la durée du séjour au Canada. Nous avons ensuite évalué l'association entre ces facteurs de risque et les symptômes de dépression prénataux et ensuite comparé la vulnérabilité des femmes nés au Canada et les femmes immigrantes à ces facteurs de risque en ce qui concerne les symptômes de la dépression prénatale. En troisième lieu, nous avons décrit la prévalence de la violence pendant la grossesse et examiné l'association entre l'expérience de la violence depuis le début de la grossesse et la prévalence des symptômes de la dépression prénatale, en tenant compte du statut d’immigrant. Méthodes : Les données proviennent de l'étude de Montréal sur les différences socio-économiques en prématurité. Les femmes ont été recrutées lors des examens de routine d'échographie (16 à 20 semaines), lors de la prise du sang (8-12 semaines), ou dans les centres de soins prénatals. L’échelle de dépistage Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D) a été utilisée pour évaluer la symptomatologie dépressive à 24-26 semaines de grossesse chez 1495 immigrantes et 3834 femmes nées au Canada. Les niveaux d'exposition à certains facteurs de risque ont été évalués selon le statut d'immigrant et la durée de séjour à l'aide des tests Chi-2 ou test- t. L'échelle de dépistage Abuse Assessment screen (AAS) a été utilisée pour déterminer la fréquence et la gravité de la violence depuis le début de la grossesse. La relation avec l'agresseur a été également considérée. Toutes les mesures d'association ont été évaluées à l'aide de régressions logistiques multiples. Des termes d'interaction multiplicative furent construits entre chacun des facteurs de risque et statut d'immigrant pour révéler la vulnérabilité différentielle entre les femmes nés au Canada et immigrantes. Résultats : La prévalence des symptômes de dépression prénatales (CES-D > = 16 points) était plus élevée chez les immigrantes (32 % [29,6-34,4]) que chez les femmes nées au Canada (22,8 % (IC 95 % [21.4-24.1]). Des femmes immigrantes présentaient une symptomatologie dépressive élevée indépendamment du temps depuis l'immigration. La région d'origine est un fort indice de la symptomatologie dépressive : les prévalences les plus élevées ont été observées chez les femmes de la région des Caraïbes (45 %), de l’Asie du Sud (43 %), du Maghreb (42 %), de l'Afrique subsaharienne (39 %) et de l’Amérique latine (33 %) comparativement aux femmes nées au Canada (22 %) et celle de l'Asie de l’Est où la prévalence était la plus faible (17 %). La susceptibilité de présenter une dépression prénatale chez les femmes immigrantes était attenuée après l’ajustement pour le manque de soutien social et de l'argent pour les besoins de base. En ce qui concerne la durée du séjour au Canada, les symptômes dépressifs ont augmenté avec le temps chez les femmes d’origines européenne et asiatique du sud-est, diminué chez les femmes venant du Maghreb, de l’Afrique subsaharienne, du Moyen-Orient, et de l’Asie de l'est, et ont varié avec le temps chez les femmes d’origine latine et des Caraïbes. Les femmes immigrantes étaient beaucoup plus exposées que celles nées au Canada à des facteurs de risques contextuels indésirables comme la mésentente conjugale, le manque de soutien social, la pauvreté et l'encombrement au domicile. Au même niveau d'exposition aux facteurs de risque, les femmes nées au Canada ont présenté une plus grande vulnérabilité à des symptômes de la dépression prénatale en l'absence de soutien social (POR = 4,14 IC95 % [2,69 ; 6.37]) tandis que les femmes immigrées ont présentées une plus grande vulnérabilité à des symptômes de la dépression prénatale en absence d'argent pour les besoins de base (POR = 2,98 IC95 % [2.06 ; 4,32]). En ce qui concerne la violence, les menaces constituent le type de la violence le plus souvent rapporté avec 63 % qui ont lieu plus d'une fois. Les femmes immigrantes de long terme ont rapporté la prévalence la plus élevée de tous les types de violence (7,7 %). La violence par le partenaire intime a été la plus fréquemment rapportées (15 %) chez les femmes enceintes les plus pauvres. Des fortes associations ont été obtenues entre la fréquence de la violence (plus d'un épisode) et la symptomatologie dépressive (POR = 5,21 [3,73 ; 7,23] ; ainsi qu’entre la violence par le partenaire intime et la symptomatologie dépressive (POR = 5, 81 [4,19 ; 8,08). Le statut d'immigrant n'a pas modifié les associations entre la violence et la symptomatologie dépressive. Conclusion: Les fréquences élevées des symptômes dépressifs observées mettent en évidence la nécessité d'évaluer l'efficacité des interventions préventives contre la dépression prénatale. La dépression chez les femmes enceintes appartenant à des groupes minoritaires mérite plus d'attention, indépendamment de leur durée de séjour au Canada. Les inégalités d’exposition aux facteurs de risque existent entre les femmes enceintes nées au Canada et immigrantes. Des interventions favorisant la réduction de la pauvreté et l'intégration sociale pourraient réduire le risque de la dépression prénatale. La violence contre les femmes enceintes n'est pas rare au Canada et elle est associée à des symptômes de la dépression prénatale. Ces résultats appuient le développement futur du dépistage périnatal de la violence, de son suivi et d'un système d'aiguillage culturellement ajusté. / Background: Approximately 20% of childbearing women present a high risk of antenatal depression. Immigrant women present high depressive symptoms during pregnancy, the early post-partum period and as mothers of young children. While ethnic disparities in depressive symptomatology during pregnancy have been described abroad, the combination of length of stay and region of origin is rarely assessed in studies of immigrant health in Canada. Also, studies of pregnant immigrant women often have a sample size which is insufficient to disentangle the effect that region of origin and length of stay has on mental health. Moreover, in Canada, almost one in five women is an immigrant, but little is known about immigrant women’s mental health during pregnancy, their levels of exposure to recognized risk factors for antenatal depression, or how their exposure and vulnerability to these risks compares to that of Canadian-born pregnant women. There is also growing awareness that the immigration process may be accompanied by numerous challenges that increase the risk for intimate partner violence. Nevertheless, existing evidence in the literature is conflicting, especially with regard to the type of violence assessed, the extent to which specific immigrant minority populations are considered, and the inclusion of mental health status. Objectives: First, we compared mental health of immigrant and Canadian native-born women during pregnancy according to length of stay and region of origin, and we assessed the role of economics and social support in antenatal depressive symptoms. Second, we examined the distribution of contextual risk factors for antenatal depressive symptoms according to immigrant status and the length of stay in Canada, and assessed the association between these risk factors and antenatal depressive symptoms for Canadian-born and immigrant women, and then compared the vulnerability of Canadian-born and immigrant women to risk factors in relation to antenatal depressive symptoms. Third, we described the prevalence of violence during pregnancy, and examined the association between the experience of violence since the beginning of pregnancy and the prevalence of antenatal depressive symptoms, taking into account immigrant status. Methods: Data originated from the Montreal study on socioeconomic differences in prematurity. Women were recruited at routine ultrasound examinations (16-20 weeks), at antenatal blood sampling (8-12 weeks), or in antenatal care clinics. Using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, 3834 Canadian-born and 1495 immigrant women were evaluated for depression at 24-26 weeks of pregnancy. Levels of exposure to the selected risk factors according to immigrant status and length of stay were assessed using the Chi-square-test or the t-test. The Abuse Assessment Screen scale was used to determine the frequency and severity of violence since the beginning of pregnancy. Relationship with abuser was also considered. All measures of association were assessed using logistic regression. Multiplicative interaction terms were constructed between each of the risk factors and immigrant status to reveal differential vulnerability between Canadian-born and immigrant women. Results: Prevalence of antenatal depressive symptoms (CES-D >=16 points) was higher in immigrants (32% [29.6- 34.4]) than in Canadian-born women (22.8 % IC 95% [21.4- 24.1]). Immigrant women had higher depressive symptomatology independently of time since immigration. Region of origin was a strong predictor of depressive symptomatology: women from the Caribbean (45%), South Asia (43%), Maghreb (42%), Sub-Saharan Africa (39%) and Latin America (33%) had the highest prevalence of depressive symptomatology compared to Canadian-born women (22%) and women form East Asia the lowest (17%). The higher depression odds in immigrant women are attenuated after adjustment for lack of social support and money for basic needs. Time trends of depressive symptoms varied across origins. In relation to length of stay, depressive symptoms increased (European, Southeast Asian), decreased (Maghrebian, Sub-Saharan African, Middle Eastern, East Asian) or fluctuated (Latin American, Caribbean). Immigrant women were significantly more exposed than Canadian-born women to adverse contextual risk factors such as high marital strain, lack of social support, poverty, and crowding. At the same level of exposure to risk factors, Canadian-born women presented higher vulnerability to antenatal depressive symptoms when lacking social support (OR= 4.14 IC95% [2.69;6.37] ) while immigrant women presented higher vulnerability to antenatal depressive symptoms when lacking money for basic needs (OR=2.98 IC95% [2.06;4.32]). Threats were the most frequent type of violence with 63% happening more than once. Long-term immigrant women reported the highest prevalence of all types of violence (7,7%). Intimate partner violence was most frequently reported (15%) among the poorest pregnant women. Strong associations exist between more than one episode of abuse and depression (POR= 5,21 [3,73; 7,23], and intimate partner violence and depression [POR=5,81 [4,19;8,08]. Immigrant status did not change the associations between violence and depression. Conclusion: The observed high frequencies of depressive symptoms highlight the need to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive interventions against antenatal depression. Depression in minority pregnant women deserves more attention, independently of their length of stay in Canada. Important risk factor exposure inequalities exist between Canadian-born and immigrant pregnant women. Social support interventions favouring integration and poverty reduction could reduce the risk of antenatal depression. Violence against pregnant women is not rare in Canada and it is associated with antenatal depressive symptoms. These findings support future development of perinatal screening for violence, follow-up and a culturally sensitive referral system.

No description available.

The causes of errors in the angle of impact calculation were investigated including the surface type, falling velocity and the method used to fit an ellipse to a bloodstain. As had been cited previously the angle of impact was generally underestimated, especially at acute angles and the reason for this was determined to be due to an overestimation of the length of a bloodstain. The surface type was found to significantly affect the accuracy of an angle of impact calculation and as the falling velocity increased, the angle of impact calculation became more accurate. High-speed photography was used to further investigate the formation of bloodstains on surfaces. It was found that the formation of the bloodstain varied depending on the surface type and the angle of the surface. Bloodstain pattern analysis involves the application of scientific techniques to reconstruct events that resulted in a bloodstain pattern. The position of the blood source in three-dimensional space is a fundamental element of this application. Currently little is known about the methods used by bloodstain pattern analysts to select bloodstains when determining the region of origin. Fourteen analysts worldwide were surveyed in order to ascertain this information. It was found that the methods used were variable and were often not based on scientific research. Research was therefore undertaken into bloodstain selection and in particular, which bloodstains should be selected for a region of origin analysis. As a result of these experiments, two sets of selection criteria were established, one for use when the region of origin is being calculated manually and one for when directional analysis is being used.

The causes of errors in the angle of impact calculation were investigated including the surface type, falling velocity and the method used to fit an ellipse to a bloodstain. As had been cited previously the angle of impact was generally underestimated, especially at acute angles and the reason for this was determined to be due to an overestimation of the length of a bloodstain. The surface type was found to significantly affect the accuracy of an angle of impact calculation and as the falling velocity increased, the angle of impact calculation became more accurate. High-speed photography was used to further investigate the formation of bloodstains on surfaces. It was found that the formation of the bloodstain varied depending on the surface type and the angle of the surface. Bloodstain pattern analysis involves the application of scientific techniques to reconstruct events that resulted in a bloodstain pattern. The position of the blood source in three-dimensional space is a fundamental element of this application. Currently little is known about the methods used by bloodstain pattern analysts to select bloodstains when determining the region of origin. Fourteen analysts worldwide were surveyed in order to ascertain this information. It was found that the methods used were variable and were often not based on scientific research. Research was therefore undertaken into bloodstain selection and in particular, which bloodstains should be selected for a region of origin analysis. As a result of these experiments, two sets of selection criteria were established, one for use when the region of origin is being calculated manually and one for when directional analysis is being used.

Vor dem Hintergrund gesättigter und informationsüberlasteter Märkte wird die Bedeutung der regionalen Herkunft von Lebensmitteln für das Konsumentenverhalten diskutiert. Obwohl diesem Produktattribut in wissenschaftlichen Befragungen eine marketingrelevante Bedeutung bescheinigt wird, spiegelt sich die geäußerte Präferenz und Mehrpreisbereitschaft aus Sicht des Einzelhandels häufig nicht im Kaufverhalten wider. Dies deutet auf eine Diskrepanz zwischen der Einstellung und dem Verhalten hin. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die Einstellung gegenüber regionalen Lebensmitteln auf ihre Verhaltensrelevanz zu überprüfen. Die Einstellungs- und Imagetheorien, ihre Einbettung in die Country-of-Origin-Forschung sowie preistheoretische Ansätze bilden die theoretische Grundlage der Untersuchung. Sekundäranalytische Betrachtungen zeigen, dass die Einstellungs-Verhaltens-Beziehung besonders von persönlichen und situativen Faktoren beeinflusst wird. Die empirische Forschung basiert auf einer komplementären Verwendung von standardisierten Konsumentenbefragungen und Verkaufsexperimenten. Im Fokus der Befragungsdurchführung stehen dabei die Lebensmittelimages des Landes Brandenburg und der Region Spreewald bei Berliner Konsumenten. Für deren Ermittlung wird auf die einstellungsorientierte Imageoperationalisierung sowie auf qualitative Fragestellungen zurückgegriffen. Die Messung der Kaufabsicht erfolgt mit Hilfe simulierter Kaufentscheidungssituationen. Die Erforschung des Kaufverhaltens in Abhängigkeit von Produktherkunft und Preis wird durch die experimentelle Erfassung an insgesamt drei Standorten in Berlin realisiert. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen offenbaren deutlich positive Lebensmittelimages für das Land Brandenburg und besonders für die Region Spreewald. Dies kommt auch in einer grundsätzlich positiven Kaufabsicht zum Ausdruck. Die vergleichende Betrachtung von Kaufabsicht und Kaufverhalten zeigt, dass eine grundsätzliche Diskrepanz zwischen Einstellung und Verhalten nicht bestätigt werden kann. Vielmehr ist ein preispolitischer Spielraum zu erkennen, der für die Bearbeitung marketingrelevanter Segmente genutzt werden kann. Darüber hinaus spricht die weitgehende Übereinstimmung von Kaufabsicht und Kaufverhalten für eine hohe Aussagekraft qualifizierter Befragungen. / Against the background of saturated markets overloaded with information the relevance of food´s regional origin for consumer behavior is discussed. Results of scientific surveys show an increasing relevance of this attribute for marketing. According to retail management, however, the buying patterns do in many cases not confirm the expressed preference and willingness to pay more for regional products. This indicates a discrepancy between attitude and behavior. The aim of this study is to examine the attitude-behavior relationship in case of regional food products. Attitude and image theories and the way they are embedded in country of origin research, as well as approaches of price research form the theoretical basis of investigation. Secondary analytical research shows, that the relationship of attitude and behavior especially depends on personal and situational factors. The empirical research is based on complementary use of standardized consumer surveys and experiments at point of sale. The surveys focus on the food image of the federal state of Brandenburg and the region of Spreewald among Berlin´s consumers. These constructs are determined using attitude-oriented image operationalization and qualitative questions. Buying intentions are established by means of simulated situations where consumers are asked to decide what to buy. Research of consumer behavior depending on a product´s origin and price is carried out in experiments at point of sale at three places in Berlin. The results reveal positive food images for Brandenburg and in particular for Spreewald. This implies a basically positive buying intention for the products with these origins. The comparing examination of buying intention and real buying decision reveals that basically a discrepancy of attitude and behaviour does not exist. In contrast, there is a scope for price policy, which can be used to develop relevant market segments. Moreover, the great extent of consistency between buying intention and buying decision indicates a strong explanatory power of professional surveys.