Ontologies are machine processable artifacts and the core structures of the Semantic Web. OWL (Web Ontology Language) is a W3C Recommendation language for developing ontologies; it is based on Description Logics, allowing for precise knowledge representation and sound and complete automated reasoning over the collection of axioms in an OWL document. Although ontologies are useful for sharing terminologies, their design and reuse are difficult and time consuming processes. Despite the efforts of the community towards the development of OWL ontologies, there is a lack of methods and tools for reusing and inspecting ontologies, i.e., reverse engineering methods. This thesis focuses on the area by investigating the detection of regularities in ontologies, for the purpose of abstracting sets of axioms into patterns that can be verified and reused. Its main contribution is the Regularity Inspector for Ontologies (RIO) framework, which implements methods to find syntactic regularities (repetitive structures in the asserted axioms) and semantic regularities (repetitive structures in the entailments) in an ontology. Regularity detection is achieved through the use of cluster analysis for detecting similarities in sets of axioms. This thesis provides experimental evidence for the effectiveness of regularity analysis for the inspection of patterns, and the discovery of modeling irregularities (often modelling errors) during quality assurance for real, large ontologies. In particular, empirical analysis showed that RIO could successfully detect regularities in ontologies, revealing the patterns adopted by the developers. It can be also used to trace pattern deviations as part of checking conformance to an intended design template during quality assurance of an ontology. This work has been motivated by the existence of pattern based systematic development methodologies and the lack of methods for discovering patterns in existing ontologies --- the natural complement of these pattern based development methodologies.

<p> Regularities in strings model many phenomena and thus form the subject of extensive mathematical studies. Perhaps the most conspicuous regularities in strings are those that manifest themselves in the form of repeated subpatterns, that is, repeats, multirepeats, repetitions, runs and others. Regularities in the form of repeating substrings were the basis of one of the earliest and still widely used compression algorithms and remain central in more recent approaches. Repeats and repetitions of lengthy substrings in DNA and protein sequences are important markers in biological research. </p> <p> A large proportion of the available algorithms for computing regularities in strings depends on the prior computation of a suffix tree, or, more recently, of a suffix array. The design of new algorithms for computing regularities should emphasize conceptual simplicity, as well as both time and space efficiency.</p> <p> In this thesis, we investigate mathematical and algorithmical aspects of the computation of regularities in strings.</p> <p> The first part of the thesis is the development of space and time efficient nonextendible (NE) and supernonextendible (SNE) repeats algorithms RPT, shown to be more efficient than previous methods based on tests using different real data sets. In particular, we describe four variants of a new fast algorithm RPT1 that, based on suffix array construction, computes all the complete NE repeats in a given string x whose length (period) p ≥ pmin, where pmin ≥ 1 is a user-specified minimum. RPT1 uses 5n bytes of space directly, but requires the LCP array, whose construction needs 6n bytes. The variants RPT1-3 and RPT1-4 execute in O(n) time independent of alphabet size and are faster than the two other algorithms previously proposed for this problem. To provide a basis of comparison for RPT1, we also describe a straightforward algorithm RPT2 that computes complete NE repeats without any recourse to suffix arrays and whose total space requirement is only 5n bytes; however, this algorithm is slower than RPT1. Furthermore, we describe new fast algorithms RPT3 for computing all complete SNE repeats in x. Of these, RPT3-2 executes in O(n) time independent of alphabet size, thus asymptotically faster than the methods previously proposed. We conclude with a brief discussion of applications to bioinformatics and data compression.</p> <p> The second part of the thesis deals with the issue of finding the NE multirepeats in a set of N strings of average length n under various constraints. A multirepeat is a repeat that occurs at least m times (m ≥ 2) in each of at least q ≥ 1 strings in a given set of strings. We show that RPT1 can be extended to locate the multirepeats based on the investigation of the properties of the multirepeats and various strategies. We describe algorithms to find complete NE multirepeats, first with no restriction on "gap length" (that is, the gap between occurrences of the multirepeat), then with bounded gaps. For the first problem, we propose two algorithms with worst-case time complexities O(Nn+αlog2N) and O(Nn+α) that use 9Nn and 10Nn bytes of space, respectively, where α is the alphabet size. For the second problem, we describe an algorithm with worst-case time complexity O(RNn) that requires approximately 10Nn bytes, where R is the number of multirepeats output. We remark that if we set the min and max constraints on gaps equal to zero in this algorithm, we can find all repetitions (tandem repeats) in arbitrary subsets of a given set. We demonstrate that our algorithms are faster, more flexible and much more space efficient than algorithms recently proposed for this problem.</p> <p> Finally, the third part of the thesis provides a convenient framework for comparing the LZ factorization algorithms which are used in the computation of regularities in strings rather than in the traditional application to text compression. LZ factorization is the computational bottleneck in numerous string processing algorithms, especially in regularity studies, such as computing repetitions, runs, repeats with fixed gap, branching repeats, sequence alignment, local periods, and data compression. Since 1977, when Ziv and Lempel described a kind of string factorization useful for data compression, there has been a succession of algorithms proposed for computing "LZ factorization". In particular, there have been several recent algorithms proposed that extend the usefulness of LZ factorization, especially to the computation of runs in a string x. We choose these algorithms and analyze each algorithm separately, and remark on them by comparing some of their important aspects, for example, additional space required and handling mechanism. We also address their output format differences and some special features. We then provide a complete theoretical comparison of their time and space efficiency. We conduct intensive testing on both time and space performance and analyze the results carefully to draw conclusions in which situations these algorithms perform best. We believe that our investigation and analysis will be very useful for researchers in their choice of the proper LZ factorization algorithms to deal with the problems related to computation of the regularities in strings.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Lehmer (1929) analisa matematicamente o método do passo uniforme para construção de quadrados mágicos de ordem impar. Ele divide sua análise em várias etapas. Na primeira delas, envolvendo a discussão de condições necessárias e suficientes para o preenchimento do quadrado pelo método, o autor afirma que se dois números guardarem entre si uma certa relação, eles serão designados a ocupar a mesma célula do quadrado causando seu não preenchimento. A análise do preenchimento pelo método do passo uniforme envolve a resolução de um sistema linear módulo n. Nesse trabalho, discutimos o comportamento das soluções desse sistema quando o método falha no preenchimento. Como consequência, concluímos que números que guardam a relação mencionada nunca ocupam a mesma célula. A análise das condições necessárias e suficientes para obter quadrados mágicos segundo a definição de Lehmer (1929) envolve a resolução de equações de congruências lineares a duas variáveis. Nesse trabalho, detalhamos os resultados de Lehmer (1929). A análise das condições necessárias e suficientes para obtenção de quadrados mágicos, como são reconhecidos usualmente, também envolve a resolução de equações de congruências lineares a duas variáveis. Discutimos o comportamento das soluções dessas equações para obter diagonais principais mágicas. Como consequência, mostramos que diagonais principais mágicas são obtidas se e somente se as coordenadas iniciais guardarem certas relações / Lehmer (1929) mathematically analyzes the uniform step method for constructing magic squares of odd order. He divides his analysis into several steps. In the first, involving a discussion of necessary and sufficient conditions for completing the square, the author states that if two numbers keep a certain relationship to each other, they will be designated to occupy the same cell of the square causing its non fulfillment. The analysis of the uniform step method involves solving a linear system module n. In this monograph, we discuss the behavior of solutions of this system when the method fails in fulfilling the square. Consequently, we conclude that numbers guarding the mentioned relationship never occupy the same cell. The analysis of necessary and sufficient conditions for obtaining magic square (as defined by Lehmer (1929)) involves solving linear congruences in two variables. In this work, we detail the results of Lehmer (1929). The analysis of the necessary and sufficient conditions for magic squares (as usually defined) also involves solving linear congruences in two variables. We discuss the behavior of solutions of these equations to obtain magic main diagonals. Then, we show that magic main diagonals are obtained if and only if the initial coordinates keep certain relationships

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Lehmer (1929) analisa matematicamente o método do passo uniforme para construção de quadrados mágicos de ordem impar. Ele divide sua análise em várias etapas. Na primeira delas, envolvendo a discussão de condições necessárias e suficientes para o preenchimento do quadrado pelo método, o autor afirma que se dois números guardarem entre si uma certa relação, eles serão designados a ocupar a mesma célula do quadrado causando seu não preenchimento. A análise do preenchimento pelo método do passo uniforme envolve a resolução de um sistema linear módulo n. Nesse trabalho, discutimos o comportamento das soluções desse sistema quando o método falha no preenchimento. Como consequência, concluímos que números que guardam a relação mencionada nunca ocupam a mesma célula. A análise das condições necessárias e suficientes para obter quadrados mágicos segundo a definição de Lehmer (1929) envolve a resolução de equações de congruências lineares a duas variáveis. Nesse trabalho, detalhamos os resultados de Lehmer (1929). A análise das condições necessárias e suficientes para obtenção de quadrados mágicos, como são reconhecidos usualmente, também envolve a resolução de equações de congruências lineares a duas variáveis. Discutimos o comportamento das soluções dessas equações para obter diagonais principais mágicas. Como consequência, mostramos que diagonais principais mágicas são obtidas se e somente se as coordenadas iniciais guardarem certas relações / Lehmer (1929) mathematically analyzes the uniform step method for constructing magic squares of odd order. He divides his analysis into several steps. In the first, involving a discussion of necessary and sufficient conditions for completing the square, the author states that if two numbers keep a certain relationship to each other, they will be designated to occupy the same cell of the square causing its non fulfillment. The analysis of the uniform step method involves solving a linear system module n. In this monograph, we discuss the behavior of solutions of this system when the method fails in fulfilling the square. Consequently, we conclude that numbers guarding the mentioned relationship never occupy the same cell. The analysis of necessary and sufficient conditions for obtaining magic square (as defined by Lehmer (1929)) involves solving linear congruences in two variables. In this work, we detail the results of Lehmer (1929). The analysis of the necessary and sufficient conditions for magic squares (as usually defined) also involves solving linear congruences in two variables. We discuss the behavior of solutions of these equations to obtain magic main diagonals. Then, we show that magic main diagonals are obtained if and only if the initial coordinates keep certain relationships

yes / The aim of this paper is to examine the notion of social mechanisms by comparison with the notions of evolutionary and physical mechanisms. It is argued that social mechanisms are based on trends, and not lawlike regularities, so that social mechanisms are different from mechanisms in the natural sciences. Taking as an example of social causation the abolition of the slave trade, the paper argues that social mechanisms should be incorporated in Weber’s wider notion of adequate causation in order to achieve their explanatory purpose.

A presente dissertação pretende mostrar marcas de uma possível criação de um \"espaço ficcional\" no contato do aluno de espanhol como língua estrangeira (LE) e a língua que estuda. Para chegar a estas marcas postulamos uma metáfora que pode comparar o \"espaço ficcional\" com as representações sobre a língua espanhola no Brasil. Como amostra de pesquisa coletamos redações de alunos de espanhol como LE de níveis intermediário e avançado. Foram obtidas cinco amostras com diferentes gêneros e temáticas. Analisando as redações encontramos regularidades que nos levam a perceber a criação de um \"espaço ficcional\", cuja descrição crítica pode ser outro modo de ver o que acontece com a subjetividade na aprendizagem de uma LE. No caminho que nos leva em direção ao espaço ficcional, encontramos uma série de tons e vozes. E também enunciados sobre um encantamento com a língua espanhola que parece promover a possibilidade de entrar em espaços novos e transformar estes espaços alheios em próprios por uma apropriação ou absorção do estranho. / The present dissertation intends to show marks of a possible creation of a \'fictional space\' in the contact of a student of Spanish as a foreign language and with the language he studies. In order to get these marks a metaphor that can compare the \'fictional space\' to the representations on the Spanish language in Brazil was postulated. As research sample, compositions of intermediate and advanced-level students of Spanish were collected. Five samples with different genres and themes were made. Analyzing the compositions we have found regularities that lead us to notice the creation of a \'fictional space\', whose critical description can be another way of seeing what happens with the subjectivity in the learning of one foreign language. On the road that takes us towards the fictional space, we have found a series of tones and voices. It is also enunciated an enchantment with the Spanish language that seems to promote the possibility to enter in new spaces and to transform these strange spaces in their own for a stranger\'s appropriation or absorption.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-16T13:39:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciane Ramos Américo.pdf: 4444136 bytes, checksum: 32eab6d66c6c4a90e71e2161b1f58cfc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-16T13:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciane Ramos Américo.pdf: 4444136 bytes, checksum: 32eab6d66c6c4a90e71e2161b1f58cfc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / When researching the construction of the process of generalization of patterns and regularities, many authors were found that consider this study essential to the development of mathematical learning because they present situations of exploration, experimentation and investigation as a way to stimulate the development of thought and algebraic language. Such recognition denotes the important role of teachers through investigation, observation and experimentation during class. In this way, this research seeks to investigate the knowledge that mathematics teachers present about the study of generalizations of patterns and regularities. It is a qualitative research, based on recorded interviews in audio and protocols of resolution of Activities, that allowed us to analyze what pedagogical knowledge and on the teaching of mathematics, the professors of the São Paulo state public network, manifest when solving Activities on standards and regularities, contained in the curricular material used in these schools. For each interviewee we perform an investigation process describing sections of the resolutions, then, based on the theoretical references of this research, we categorize the knowledge presented in knowledge of the mathematical content and pedagogical knowledge. The results obtained after the analysis of the five interviewees allowed us to observe that teachers do not present difficulties in solving activities, but we perceive weaknesses in the knowledge about the importance and possibilities that these activities can offer in the construction of mathematical knowledge. This reflection corroborated with the analysis of the pedagogical knowledge that we consider about the knowledge of the content and the teaching of Algebra. These analyzes allowed us to reflect on how the teachers participating in this research understand the curricular materials available, the comprehension they have about the path chosen by the idealizers of this curriculum for the construction of mathematical knowledge and what possibilities of connections with mathematical concepts could be given in each Learning Situation. During the interviews we could see the interest shown by the teachers in seizing the moment and talking about their apprehensions about the Activities and about what they observe of the learning of their students, as well as the preoccupation with the use of manipulable materials and the mother language To better approximate the knowledge that the student brings as learning and the objective that one wishes to achieve with the proposed activities. The results confirm the fragility that the teachers present in these areas of knowledge and the desire for continuous training that allow the expansion of teaching knowledge / Ao pesquisar sobre a construção do processo de generalização de padrões e regularidades, foram encontrados muitos autores que consideram este estudo essencial ao desenvolvimento da aprendizagem matemática por apresentarem situações de exploração, experimentação e investigação como forma de estimular o desenvolvimento do pensamento e da linguagem algébrica. Tal reconhecimento denota à ação docente importante papel por meio da investigação, da observação e experimentação oportunizada durante as aulas. Desta forma, esta pesquisa busca investigar o conhecimento que os professores de matemática apresentam sobre o estudo de generalizações de padrões e regularidades. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, baseada em entrevistas gravadas em áudio e protocolos de resolução de Atividades, que nos permitiram analisar quais conhecimentos pedagógicos e sobre o ensino da matemática, os professores da rede pública estadual de São Paulo, manifestam ao resolverem atividades sobre padrões e regularidades, contidas no material curricular utilizado nestas escolas. Para cada entrevistado realizamos um processo de investigação descrevendo trechos das resoluções, em seguida, com base nos referenciais teóricos desta pesquisa, categorizamos os conhecimentos apresentados em conhecimentos do conteúdo matemático e conhecimentos pedagógicos. Os resultados obtidos após a análise dos cinco entrevistados nos permitiram observar que os professores não apresentam dificuldades na resolução das atividades, porém percebemos fragilidades no conhecimento sobre a importância e possibilidades que estas atividades podem oferecer na construção do conhecimento matemático. Esta reflexão corroborou com a análise dos conhecimentos pedagógicos que consideramos sobre o conhecimento do conteúdo e do ensino da Álgebra. Estas análises nos permitiram refletir sobre como os professores participantes desta investigação entendem os materiais curriculares disponibilizados, a compreensão que possuem sobre o percurso escolhido pelos idealizadores deste currículo para a construção do conhecimento matemático e quais as possibilidades de conexões com conceitos matemáticos poderiam ser oportunizados em cada Situação de Aprendizagem. Durante a realização das entrevistas pudemos perceber o interesse apresentado pelos professores em aproveitar o momento e conversar sobre suas apreensões a respeito das Atividades e sobre o que observam da aprendizagem de seus alunos, assim como a preocupação com a utilização de materiais manipuláveis e da linguagem materna para melhor aproximação entre o saber que o aluno traz como aprendizado e o objetivo que se deseja atingir com as atividades propostas. Os resultados encontrados confirmam a fragilidade que os docentes apresentam nestas áreas do conhecimento e o desejo de formações continuadas que permitam a ampliação do saber docente

Une hypothèse dominant actuellement les théories sur l’évolution des capacités syntaxiques est celle d’une spécificité humaine pour le traitement des grammaires supra-régulières. Cette hypothèse est supportée par les données comparatives actuellement disponibles, qui ne fournissent pas de démonstration non ambiguë de cette capacité chez une autre espèce. Dans cette thèse, nous avons adopté une nouvelle approche consistant à examiner si ces échecs pourraient découler de la difficulté que représente l'extraction de régularités non-adjacentes. Pour tester cette hypothèse, nous avons mené une série de quatre études chez le babouin de guinée (Papio papio) et l’humain. La première étude montre que les babouins requièrent une quantité d’exposition beaucoup plus importante que l’humain pour apprendre des associations non-adjacentes. Dans une seconde étude, les babouins ont pu généraliser des patterns basés sur une répétition adjacente ou non-adjacente d’un élément, mais ils se sont montrés davantage sensibles à ces premiers. Une troisième étude, corrélationnelle, révèle que les babouins se montrant sensibles aux régularités non-adjacentes ne sont pas ceux obtenant les meilleures performances pour l’apprentissage de dépendances adjacentes. Une dernière étude suggère que les babouins sont sensibles à une structure en miroir (impliquant des dépendances centrées-emboitées), mais pas à une structure en copie (à dépendances croisées). Ces résultats mettent au jour une importante continuité des capacités syntaxiques au sein de la lignée des primates, mais révèlent également des différences inter-spécifiques importantes dans les contraintes mnésiques pesant sur celles-ci. / A current dominant hypothesis on the evolution of syntactic abilities propose that the processing of supra-regular grammars is a unique human capacity. In support of this hypothesis, artificial grammar learning studies conducted so far do not provide unambiguous demonstration of this capacity in a non-human species. In this thesis, we adopted a new approach by studying cognitive prerequisites for supra-regular grammar processing. Our hypothesis was that these previous failures could be attributed to a bias in these species towards the exploitation of local regularities and difficulties for processing more distant relationships, rather than an inability to master supra-regular grammars. We conducted a series of experiments in Guinea baboons (Papio papio) and humans to assess this hypothesis. In a first experiment, we show that baboons need much more exposure than humans to learn non-adjacent associations. In a second study, we show that baboons can generalize patterns involving an adjacent or a non-adjacent repetition of an element, but that they are more sensitive to the former. A third, correlational, study reveal that baboons succeeding to extract non-adjacent regularities are not those showing the best performance in learning local ones. A last study suggest that baboons are sensitive to a mirror structure (involving center-embedded dependencies), but not to a copy structure (crossed dependencies). Overall, our results reveal a stronger continuity in grammar processing capacities within the primate order than previously thought, but also highlight important species differences in memory constraints.

The human central auditory system can automatically extract abstract regularities from a variant auditory input. To this end, temporarily separated events need to be related. This study tested whether the timing between events, falling either within or outside the temporal window of integration (~350 ms), impacts the extraction of abstract feature relations. We utilized tone pairs for which tones within but not across pairs revealed a constant pitch relation (e.g., pitch of second tone of a pair higher than pitch of first tone, while absolute pitch values varied across pairs). We measured the mismatch negativity (MMN; the brain’s error signal to auditory regularity violations) to second tones that rarely violated the pitch relation (e.g., pitch of second tone lower). A Short condition in which tone duration (90 ms) and stimulus onset asynchrony between the tones of a pair were short (110 ms) was compared to two conditions, where this onset asynchrony was long (510 ms). In the Long Gap condition, the tone durations were identical to Short (90 ms), but the silent interval was prolonged by 400 ms. In Long Tone, the duration of the first tone was prolonged by 400 ms, while the silent interval was comparable to Short (20 ms). Results show a frontocentral MMN of comparable amplitude in all conditions. Thus, abstract pitch relations can be extracted even when the within-pair timing exceeds the integration period. Source analyses indicate MMN generators in the supratemporal cortex. Interestingly, they were located more anterior in Long Gap than in Short and Long Tone. Moreover, frontal generator activity was found for Long Gap and Long Tone. Thus, the way in which the system automatically registers irregular abstract pitch relations depends on the timing of the events to be linked. Pending that the current MMN data mirror established abstract rule representations coding the regular pitch relation, neural processes building these templates vary with timing.

Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-21T12:29:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRDBS.pdf: 2067197 bytes, checksum: 5f66defaac763207d5a885501ea67a20 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T18:33:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRDBS.pdf: 2067197 bytes, checksum: 5f66defaac763207d5a885501ea67a20 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T18:33:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRDBS.pdf: 2067197 bytes, checksum: 5f66defaac763207d5a885501ea67a20 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T18:33:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRDBS.pdf: 2067197 bytes, checksum: 5f66defaac763207d5a885501ea67a20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-17 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / The development and maintenance of vocal verbal repertories that follow structural regularities are processes in need for investigation under the selection by consequences paradigm. The present study investigates the effects of presenting vocal models in passive voice and explicit consequences, of high and medium preference, contingent to descriptions in active voice on the verbal voice of descriptions of Brazilian young children, 4 years old on average. Three experiments were performed. In the first, four children participated. The experimental procedure was composed by five conditions. In the first one, 10 drawings, with two animals interacting, were presented and its descriptions asked. In the second, experimenter and participant alternated in describing 20 drawings, the experimenter always described in passive voice. The third condition was similar to the second, except that descriptions in active voice (divergent) were followed by preferred consequences. The fourth condition was similar to the first one. The fifth condition was similar to the fourth, but it was conducted by an unknown experimenter. All participants described in passive voice after being exposed to the model and continued doing so even when preferred consequences followed descriptions in active voice. But the experimental design may have created a sequence effect between the second and the third conditions. Such limitation was followed in a second experiment. Other four young children participated, 4 years old on average. The procedure was similar to the first experiment, but, the model in passive voice during the second condition was replaced by the presentation of preferred explicit consequences contingent to active voice descriptions. All participants described in passive voice after being exposed to the model, except one. In order to refine the investigation, a third experiment was conducted. Other four young children mean of 4 years old, with different degrees of model following participated. The procedure was identical to the second experiment, but a pre-experimental condition was added in order to measure the participants’ sensibility to the model. Nevertheless, all participants described in passive voice after being exposed to the model in the third experimental condition. The findings point to the importance of investigations on non-arranged contingencies of reinforcement in the development and maintenance of verbal vocal repertoires that follow structural regularities. / O desenvolvimento e manutenção de repertórios verbais vocais que seguem regularidades estruturais são processos pouco investigados sob o paradigma da seleção pelas consequências. O presente estudo investiga os efeitos da apresentação de modelos vocais em voz passiva e de consequências explícitas, de alta e média preferência, contingentes às descrições em voz ativa, sobre a voz verbal das descrições de crianças pequenas, idade média de 4 anos, brasileiras. Três experimentos foram realizados. No primeiro, participaram quatro crianças. O procedimento experimental foi composto por cinco condições. Na primeira condição, 10 desenhos, com dois animais interagindo, foram apresentados e suas descrições solicitadas. Na segunda, experimentador e participante descreveram 20 desenhos alternadamente, sendo as descrições do experimentador sempre em voz passiva. A terceira condição foi semelhante à anterior, porém descrições em voz ativa (divergentes) foram seguidas de consequências preferidas. A quarta condição foi semelhante a primeira. A quinta foi semelhante à quarta, porém foi conduzida por um experimentador desconhecido. Todos os participantes passaram a descrever as figuras em voz passiva após a apresentação do modelo e continuaram a fazê-lo mesmo com apresentação de atividades preferidas contingentes às descrições em voz ativa. Porém, o delineamento empregado pode ter gerado um efeito de sequência entre a segunda e terceira condição. Tal limitação foi investigada no Experimento 2. Participaram outras quatro crianças pequenas, com idades de 4 anos em média. O procedimento foi semelhante ao do primeiro experimento, porém, o modelo em voz passiva durante a segunda condição experimental foi substituído pela apresentação de consequências explícitas preferidas contingentes a descrições em voz ativa. Todos os participantes descreveram os desenhos em voz passiva após serem expostos ao modelo, exceto por um. Buscando refinar a investigação, um terceiro experimento foi realizado. Participaram outras quatro crianças pequenas, média de 4 anos de idade, com diferentes graus de seguimento do modelo. O procedimento foi idêntico ao do segundo experimento, porém, uma tarefa pré-experimental foi adicionada, ela mediu a sensibilidade ao modelo. Não obstante, todos os participantes passaram a falar em voz passiva após serem expostos ao modelo na terceira condição experimental. Os achados apontam para a importância de investigações sobre contingências de reforçamento não arranjadas no desenvolvimento e manutenção de repertórios verbais vocais que seguem regularidades estruturais.