L’ostréiculture française repose essentiellement sur l’élevage de l’huître creuse, Crassostrea gigas confronté cependant à des épisodes de mortalités anormales, touchant les différents stades de vie de l'huître. Plusieurs études ont démontré l’implication d’agents infectieux comme des bactéries du genre Vibrio dans ces mortalités. En France, V. aestuarianus est une bactérie connue depuis les années 2000 pour impacter la survie des huîtres. Sa fréquence de détection dans les cas de mortalités d’huîtres adultes analysés par le réseau REPAMO (REseau de PAthologie des Mollusques) est cependant en augmentation depuis 2011. Dans ce contexte, afin d’étudier le développement de la maladie induite par V. aestuarianus chez C. gigas, un modèle d’expérimentation par balnéation dans de l’eau de mer contenant des bactéries fraichement excrétées, au plus proche des modes de contaminations naturelles, a été développé. Le suivi de la présence de la souche 12/016 (souche virulente) et son mutant 12/016ΔvarS (souche non-virulente) dans l’eau de mer, dans les différents tissus et dans l’hémolymphe des animaux vivants et moribonds a montré que le cycle infectieux est constitué de I) une phase de pénétration rapide de la bactérie dans l’hôte (moins de 24h) et de colonisation initiale de l’hémolymphe et des branchies, II) une phase d’incubation de 3-4 jours au cours de laquelle la souche virulente se multiplie dans l'ensemble des tissus d'huître et III) une phase de mortalités aiguës (mort de l'animal par septicémie). A ce stade, le recrutement et la lyse hémocytaire ainsi que différentes lésions tissulaires comme la lyse du tissu conjonctif sous-épithélial au niveau du manteau et l’atrophie de diverticules digestives ont été observés. D'autre part, l'étude d’expression relative de 18 gènes de virulence connus chez d’autres Vibrion a montré que l’expression des facteurs de virulence de V. aestuarianus est régulée différemment au cours de différentes étapes de l'infection et nous avons observé que la métalloprotéase vam est significativement sur-exprimée dans l’hémolymphe des animaux contaminés à j4 post infection (étape intermédiaire de l’infection) par rapport à son niveau d’expression au premier jour de l’infection (étape précoce). / Oyster-farming in France is mainly based on pacific cupped oysters, Crassostrea gigas culture. Currently, oyster culture is confronted by several abnormal episodes of mass mortality affecting all life stages. These outbeaks involve, among other factors, infectious agents including bacteria of the genus Vibrio. In France, since 2000, V. aestuarianus is known as a bacterium that impacts the survival of C. gigas. Since 2011, its detection frequency in adult oyster mortalities cases reported by REPAMO network (REseau de PAthologie des Mollusques), is constantly increasing. In this context, to study V. aestuarianus disease development in C. gigas, an experimental infection model based on immersion in sea water containing freshly shed bacteria was developed. By monitoring the presence of strain 12/016 (virulent strain) and its mutant 12/016 ΔvarS (non-virulent strain) in the seawater, in the different tissues and in the haemolymph of live and moribund animals, we showed that the infectious cycle consists of several successive phases: I) rapid penetration of the bacterium into the host (less than 24 hours) and initial colonization of the haemolymph and gills, II) 3-4 days of incubation during which the virulent strain multiplies in whole oyster tissues and III) acute mortalities (animal death due to septicemia). At this stage, recruitment and haemocyte lysis as well as different tissue lesions such as lysis of the sub-epithelial connective tissue in the mantle and atrophy of digestive diverticula were observed. On the other hand, relative expression of 18 virulence genes (known in other Vibrion) were analyzed by RT-QPCR. Virulence factors are regulated differently during different stages of infection and vam metalloprotease is significantly over-expressed in the haemolymph of infected animals at day 4 post infection (intermediate stage of infection) compared to its level of expression at day 1 post infection (early stage).

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2007. / Title from title page. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Em bactérias, os fatores sigma alternativos permitem a rápida adaptação da célula a alterações no ambiente. Dentre estes, os fatores sigma ECF (função extra-itoplasmática) caracterizam-se pelo envolvimento na resposta a sinais da região extra-citoplasmática da célula. O sequenciamento do genoma de Caulobacter crescentus indicou a presença de 13 ORFs codificando fatores ECF. Este trabalho descreve a caracterização de cepas mutantes em cinco genes que codificam fatores sigma ECF de C. crescentus, sendo eles sigL, sigM, sigN, sigU e sigF. A regulação da expressão destes genes em respostas a diferentes estresses foi também analisada, pelo uso de fusões de transcrição de suas regiões promotoras ao gene reporter lacZ. Todos os mutantes mostraram-se viáveis, sendo também tão resistentes quanto a cepa parental a uma série de estresses ambientais testados, indicando que estes genes não são essenciais. Verificou-se, porém, que os mutantes nos genes sigL e sigM são mais sensíveis ao choque térmico extremo (48°C). A caracterização da cepa mutante em sigF mostrou que este gene é essencial para a resistência da célula a estresse oxidativo durante a fase estacionária. A análise da expressão de sigF indicou um controle pós-transcricional, com o acúmulo da proteína SigF durante esta fase do crescimento, sem um aumento na transcrição do gene. Oito genes regulados por &#963;F durante a fase estacionária foram identificados em experimentos de \"microarray\", incluindo os genes de resposta a estresse oxidativo, sodA e msrA. A análise da atividade do promotor de sigU mostrou sua indução na entrada na fase estacionária e após estresse salino e osmótico. No entanto, o mutante nulo em sigU não se apresentou mais sensível que a cepa parental a esses estresses. Os resultados aqui descritos permitiram identificar a importância de alguns dos fatores ECF de C. crescentus na resposta a estresses nesta bactéria. / Alternative sigma factors permit the rapid adaptation to environmental changes in bacteria. Among them, members of the ECF subfamily (extrac</i<ytoplasmic function) are characterized by their involvement in responses to changes in the extracytoplasmic compartment of the cell. Analysis of the complete genome sequence of Caulobacter crescentus has led to the identification of 13 ORFs encoding putative sigma factors of the ECF subclass. The present work describes the characterization of mutant strains in five genes encoding ECF sigma factors from C. crescentus, named sigL, sigM, sigN, sigU and sigF. The expression of these genes in response to distinct stress conditions was also investigated, using transcriptional fusions of their promoter regions to the lacZ reporter gene. The five mutants strains obtained were viable and did not show increased sensitivity, when compared to the parental strain, to a series of environmental stress conditions, indicating that these genes are not essential. However, the sigL and sigM mutant strains were shown to be more sensitive to extreme heat shock (48°C). Furthermore, the characterization of the sigF mutant strain demonstrated that this gene is essential for oxidative stress survival during stationary phase. Analysis of sigF expression indicated a post-transcriptional control, with an increase in the levels of SigF protein during this growth phase, without changes in the transcription rate of the gene. Eight genes regulated by &#963;F during stationary phase were identified in microarray experiments, including the oxidative stress response genes sodA and msrA. Analysis of sigU promoter activity in response to distinct stress conditions showed induction upon entry into stationary phase and during saline and osmotic stress. Nevertheless, the sigU null mutant did not show increased sensitivity to these stresses. The results described here identified the importance of some of the C. crescentus ECF sigma factors in the response to stresses in this bacterium.

P. aeruginosa PA14 é uma linhagem isolada de queimadura que apresenta vários fatores de patogenicidade comuns no quadro de infecção de hospedeiros filogeneticamente distintos (plantas, mamíferos ou invertebrados). O gene kerV foi revelado numa busca por mutantes atenuados em virulência em uma biblioteca de mutantes por transposons da linhagem PA14 (Rahme et al., 1997). A caracterização da linhagem D12, mutante em kerV, confirmou sua virulência atenuada (Apidianakis et al., 2005 e An et al., 2009) e resultados do transcriptoma mostraram alteração na expressão de mais de 500 genes, sendo alguns relacionados com o sistema de \"quorum sensing\" (Rahme et al, dados não publicados). O gene kerV está próximo à montante ao gene gloB, envolvido em detoxificação de metilglioxal, e à jusante aos genes rnhA e dnaQ, que codificam proteínas envolvidas na replicação e reparo do DNA. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a função molecular do produto de kerV e a expressão dos genes do lócus kerV-rnhA-dnaQ. Análises de bioinformática indicam que a proteína KerV é uma metiltransferase dependente de S-adenosil-metionina (SAM), apresentando um domínio conservado de ligação a SAM e uma arquitetura de domínio compatível com a organização em fitas-beta e hélices-alfa alternadas descritas para a família das metiltransferases dependentes de SAM. Ela não apresenta outros domínios conservados que indiquem seu substrato de metilação. A expressão heteróloga desta proteína em E. coli, mostrou que ela é expressa de maneira parcialmente solúvel quando co-expressa com as chaperoninas GroEL/GroES em baixas temperaturas ou quando fusionada a MBP ou GST. A purificação desta proteína mostra que ela é co-eluída com a chaperonina GroEL sugerindo que para atingir sua conformação nativa ela necessita dessas proteínas acessórias. MBP-KerV purificado foi usado para ensaios \"in vitro\" de atividade de metiltransferase e ligação a SAM, que não foram conclusivos, pois não há certeza do seu correto estado de enovelamento. Ensaios de duplo-híbrido mostraram que KerV não interage com os produtos de rnhA e dnaQ, sugerindo que KerV não está diretamente relacionado com suas funções. A freqüência de mutação na linhagem D12 está levemente aumentada (aproximadamente quatro vezes), o que sugere que KerV não está diretamente envolvida no reparo de DNA do tipo ´mismatch repair`. Os ensaios usados para detectar metilação do DNA, proteínas e rRNAs não revelaram que KerV estaria envolvido com a metilação destes substratos. Os inícios de transcrição dos genes kerV, rnhA e dnaQ foram determinados. A deleção de kerV causa um efeito polar na transcrição do gene rnhA, que não se reflete nos níveis da proteína. A deleção também afeta a expressão de dnaQ, sugerindo que KerV seja importante para sua regulação. Os ensaios de complementação da virulência em modelos invertebrados e de células epiteliais de pulmão mostram que apenas a presença dos três genes e seus produtos em níveis normais são capazes de reverter a maioria dos fenótipos atenuados. KerV se mostrou essencial para a inibição da translocação de NF-kB para o núcleo das células, comprovando que esta proteína é relevante para a virulência de PA14, contribuindo com o silenciamento da resposta imune do hospedeiro. O conjunto dos resultados indicam uma complexa inter-relação entre a expressão dos genes kerV, rnhA e dnaQ e seu papel na biologia de P. aeruginosa. / P. aeruginosa PA14 is a burn isolate multi-host pathogen strain. The screening for virulence attenuated mutants in a PA14 transposon mutant library revealed the kerV gene (Rahme et al., 1997). The characterization of D12 strain, a kerV mutant, confirmed the attenuated virulence phenotype (Apidianakis et al., 2005 and An et al., 2009) and transcriptome analysis showed the expression of more than 500 genes are affected in D12, some of these genes are related with quorum sensing (Rahme et al, unpublished data). kerV is upstream of the gloB gene, related with methylglioxal detoxification and downstream of the rnhA and dnaQ genes, both related with DNA replication and repair. The purpose of this work was to study the molecular function of KerV product and the expression of kerV-rnhA-dnaQ locus. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that KerV is a SAM dependent methyltransferase that have a conserved SAM binding domain with architecture compatible with classic alternating &#946;-stranded and &#945;-helical regions. KerV does not show any other conserved motif that could indicate its methylation substrate. Heterologous expression in E. coli showed that KerV is partially soluble only when co-expressed with GroeL/GroES chaperones at low temperatures or when KerV is in fusion with MBP or GST tag. During the purification process KerV was copurified with GroEL chaperone suggesting that this association may be required for the correct folding of KerV. Methyltransferase activity and SAM binding assays were done with purified MBPKerV and the results were not conclusive since the proper conformation of MBP-KerV cannot be verified. Yeast two-hybrid assays indicated that RNaseH and DnaQ are not interaction partners of KerV, suggesting that their functions are not directly related. The mutation frequency of D12 strain increased only about four times in relation to PA14, suggesting that KerV is not directly involved with DNA mismatch repair. The assays to detect methylation in DNA, RNAs and proteins do not show that KerV is involved with methylation of these substrates. The transcription start sites of kerV, rnhA and dnaQ genes were mapped through 5\'-RACE- and primer extension experiments. The kerV deletion causes a polar effect on the transcription of rnhA gene, which is not reflected on RNaseH protein levels. The kerV deletion also affects dnaQ expression, suggesting that KerV is important for its regulation.The virulence complementation assays in flies and lung epithelial cells showed that the fully rescue of the wild type phenotype was achieved only when the entire locus is present. KerV was essential to inhibit the NF-kB nucleus translocation, demonstrating that KerV is relevant to PA14 virulence, contributing for the silencing of host immune system. Altogether, these data showed a complex inter-relation among kerV, rnhA and dnaQ genes and its role in P. aeruginosa biology

Unicellular organisms such as yeast have been traditionally studied in shaken cultures, i.e., under condition in which they do not grow attached to solid surfaces as under natural conditions. In nature, cells only rarely live alone, but, on the other hand often create multicellular colonies or biofilms. During last years, yeasts started to be investigated also when grown on solid media. Our laboratory has previously developed special techniques for investigation of yeast colonies. These techniques allowed us to describe individual cell subpopulations within the colonies. The aim of this work was to prepare a series of mutant strains, describe morphology and ultrastructure of their colonies with the aim to contribute to understanding ofthe role of mitochondrial retrograde signalling pathway in the development of yeast colonies. This work describes expression of few selected genes (CIT2, RTG1, RTG2, and RTG3) in colonies of the parental strain BY4742 and of other mutant strains with deletion of one or more genes of RTG regulatory pathways. The results of the diploma thesis together with results of other authors became part of the publication (Podholová et al., 2016). Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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There is currently very few information about the transaltion of linear cytoplasmatic plasmids occured in yeast cells Kluyveromyces lactis. However, there is a relatively well developer information about their transcription apparatus. A study of transkript linear plasmids revealed an atypical organization at the 5ʼ end. Those ends contain nontemplate polyadenylation and they are missing the N7 methylguanosine hat. Because of the presence of this structure, which is localized at 5ʼend of plasmids specific mRNA, raised a question regarding the iniciation of the translation. The present thesis is focused on the preparation of reporter systém suitable for studying the influence of a number of the nontemplate adenosins, which were added at the 5ʼ ends of mRNA linear plasmids. The frist step was making a construction of dual yeast cell plasmids carring two reporters genes, which are under the controle of two different promoters. After a successfull construction, the aktivity of promoters TEF1 and PGK1 was measured, whereby the promoter TEF1 proved twice stronger. The transcription start site of both promotor was determined. The second step was the construction of a reporter system directly in yeast cell plasmid pGKL. Reporter genes were under the controle of two promoters originating from the pGKL...

Les différents mécanismes de régulation posttranscriptionnelle de l’expression des gènes sont de plus en plus reconnus comme des processus essentiels dans divers phénomènes physiologiques importants, comme la prolifération cellulaire et la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN. Deux des protéines impliquées dans ce type de régulation sont Staufen1 (Stau1) et Staufen2 (Stau2). Elles sont des protéines de liaison à l’ARN double brin qui contribuent au transport de l’ARN messager (ARNm), au contrôle de la traduction, à l’épissage alternatif et sont responsables de la dégradation de certains ARNm spécifiques. Les protéines Staufen peuvent en effet s’associer à des ARNm bien précis, d’autant plus que, majoritairement, Stau1 et Stau2 ne se retrouvent pas en complexe avec les mêmes cibles. De nombreuses évidences récentes montrent l’implication de divers mécanismes de régulation posttranscriptionnelle dans la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN, plusieurs protéines de liaison à l’ARN y participant d’ailleurs. De façon importante, cette réponse dicte un ou plusieurs destin(s) à la cellule qui doit réagir à la suite de dommages à l’intégrité de son ADN: réparation de l’ADN, arrêt de la prolifération cellulaire, apoptose. Nous avons donc fait l’hypothèse que l’expression de Stau1 et/ou de Stau2 pourrait être affectée en réponse à un stress génotoxique, ce qui pourrait avoir comme conséquence de moduler l’expression et/ou la stabilité de leurs ARNm cibles. De même, notre laboratoire a récemment observé que l’expression de Stau1 varie pendant le cycle cellulaire, celle-ci étant plus élevée jusqu’au début de la mitose (prométaphase), puis elle diminue alors que les cellules complètent leur division. Par conséquent, nous avons fait l’hypothèse que Stau1 pourrait lier des ARNm de façon différentielle dans des cellules bloquées en prométaphase et dans des cellules asynchrones. D’un côté, en employant la camptothécine (CPT), une drogue causant des dommages à l’ADN, pour traiter des cellules de la lignée de cancer colorectal HCT116, nous avons observé que seule l’expression de Stau2 est réduite de façon considérable, tant au niveau de la protéine que de l’ARNm. L’utilisation d’autres agents cytotoxiques a permis de confirmer cette observation initiale. De plus, nous avons constaté que l’expression de Stau2 est touchée même dans des conditions n’engendrant pas une réponse apoptotique, ce qui suggère que cette déplétion de Stau2 est possiblement importante pour la mise en place d’une réponse appropriée aux dommages à l’ADN. D’ailleurs, la surexpression de Stau2 conjointement avec le traitement à la CPT entraîne un retard dans l’induction de l’apoptose dans les cellules HCT116. Nous avons aussi montré que la diminution de l’expression de Stau2 est due à une régulation de sa transcription en réponse au stress génotoxique, ce pourquoi une région minimale du promoteur putatif de Stau2 est nécessaire. Également, nous avons identifié que le facteur de transcription E2F1, couramment impliqué dans la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN, peut contrôler l’expression de Stau2. Ainsi, E2F1 permet une augmentation de l’expression de Stau2 dans des cellules non traitées, mais cette hausse est abolie dans des cellules traitées à la CPT, ce qui suggère que la CPT pourrait agir en inhibant l’activation transcriptionnelle de Stau2 par E2F1. Enfin, nous avons observé que certains ARNm associés à Stau2, et codant pour des protéines impliquées dans la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN et l’apoptose, sont exprimés différemment dans des cellules traitées à la CPT et des cellules non traitées. D’un autre côté, nous avons identifié les ARNm associés à Stau1 lors de la prométaphase, alors que l’expression de Stau1 est à son niveau le plus élevé pendant le cycle cellulaire, grâce à une étude à grande échelle de micropuces d’ADN dans des cellules HEK293T. Nous avons par la suite confirmé l’association entre Stau1 et certains ARNm d’intérêts, donc codant pour des protéines impliquées dans la régulation de la prolifération cellulaire et/ou le déroulement de la mitose. Une comparaison de la liaison de ces ARNm à Stau1 dans des cellules bloquées en prométaphase par rapport à des cellules asynchrones nous a permis de constater une association préférentielle dans les cellules en prométaphase. Ceci suggère une augmentation potentielle de la régulation de ces ARNm par Stau1 à ce moment du cycle cellulaire. Les données présentées dans cette thèse indiquent vraisemblablement que la régulation posttranscriptionnelle de l’expression génique contrôlée par les protéines Staufen se fait en partie grâce à la modulation de l’expression de Stau1 et de Stau2 en fonction des conditions cellulaires. Nous envisageons alors que cette variation de l’expression des protéines Staufen ait des conséquences sur des sous-ensembles d’ARNm auxquels elles sont liées et que de cette façon, elles jouent un rôle pour réguler des processus physiologiques essentiels comme la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN et la progression dans le cycle cellulaire. / The various mecanisms of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression are more and more recognized as essential processes in diverse important physiological phenomenons, like cell proliferation and the DNA damage response (DDR). Two of the proteins implicated in this type of regulation are Staufen1 (Stau1) and Staufen2 (Stau2). They are double-stranded RNA binding proteins contributing to messenger RNA (mRNA) transport, translation control, alternative splicing and are responsible for the degradation of some specific mRNAs. The Staufen proteins are indeed able to associate with particular mRNAs. Interestingly, Stau1 and Stau2 predominantly form complexes with different targets. Recent evidences show the implication of various post-transcriptional regulation mecanisms in the DDR, moreover several RNA binding proteins are involved. Importantly, this response dictates one or several cell fates following damage to the integrity of the cell’s DNA: DNA repair, cell proliferation arrest, apoptosis. We hypothesized that Stau1 and/or Stau2 expression could be affected in response to genotoxic stress, which could consequently modulate the expression and/or the stability of their mRNA targets. Also, our laboratory has recently observed that Stau1 expression varies during the cell cycle. It is elevated up to the beginning of mitosis (prometaphase) and it decreases as cells complete their division. We therefore hypothesized that Stau1 could differentially bind mRNAs in cells blocked in prometaphasis and in asynchronous cells. On the one hand, by using camptothecin (CPT), a DNA damaging agent, to treat cells from the colorectal cancer cell line HCT116, we observed that only the expression of Stau2 is considerably reduced, both at the level of the protein and that of the mRNA. The use of other cytotoxic agents allowed us to confirm this initial observation. We also noted that Stau2 expression is down-regulated even in conditions that do not induce apoptosis, suggesting that the decrease in Stau2 expression may be required for a proper DDR. Indeed, Stau2 overexpression together with the CPT treatment causes a delay in apoptosis induction in HCT116 cells. We also showed that Stau2 down-regulation is due to the regulation of its transcription in response to the genotoxic stress, which necessitates a minimal region in Stau2’s putative promoter. Besides, we identified the E2F1 transcription factor, commonly implicated in the DDR, as a regulator of Stau2 expression. E2F1 thus stimulates an increase in Stau2 expression in non-treated cells, but this up-regulation is abolished in CPT-treated cells, which suggests that CPT could act by inhibiting Stau2 transcriptional activation by E2F1. Finally, we observed that some Stau2-associated mRNAs, which code for proteins implicated in the DDR and apoptosis, are differentially expressed in CPT-treated cells compared to non-treated cells. On the other hand, we identified Stau1-associated mRNAs during prometaphase, when Stau1 expression is at its highest level in the cell cycle, by performing a large-scale study using DNA microarrays in HEK293T cells. We subsequently confirmed the association between Stau1 and some mRNAs of interest, mainly coding for proteins involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and/or mitosis progression. A comparison of the association between Stau1 and these mRNAs in prometaphase-blocked cells with that in asynchronous cells allowed us to notice a preferential association in prometaphase-blocked cells. This suggests a potential increase of the regulation of these mRNAs by Stau1 at that point of the cell cycle. The data presented in this thesis indicate that in all likelihood the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression controlled by the Staufen proteins happens in part thanks to the modulation of Stau1 and Stau2 expression according to the cellular conditions. We then contemplate that this fluctuation in Staufen proteins expression has consequences on mRNA subsets with which they associate, and that this may mean they have an important role to play in regulating essential physiological processes like DDR and cell cycle progression.

L'étude qu'on a entreprise a pour but d'analyser les facteurs de virulence des espèces "Classiques" et "nouvelles" de Brucella. Dans cette perspective, on a analysé les génomes des espèces récemment découvertes : Brucella inopinata BO1 et Brucella inopinata-like BO2, isolés pour la première fois de patients humains sans réservoir animal connu. On a découvert que ces deux espèces possèdent des profils de restriction uniques. De plus, BO2 possède deux chromosomes de taille identique, un profil jamais décrit pour une autre espèce de Brucella. L'analyse de la réplication intracellulaire de ces deux espèces révèle que BO2 ne se réplique pas dans les macrophages humains et murins alors que BO1 se réplique d'une façon similaire à Brucella suis 1330, ce qui confirme la potentielle implication de BO1 dans la pathogenèse chez l'homme. Sur un autre niveau d'analyse, on a été à la recherche de facteurs de virulence potentiels dans d'autres espèces de Brucella notamment Brucella microti et Brucella suis sur les niveaux génomique et post-transcriptionnel. Sur le niveau génomique, on a découvert que le système GAD (glutamate decarboxylase) confère une résistance à l'acidité à Brucella microti lors de son passage dans l'estomac. Sur le niveau post-transcriptionnel, on a isolé, séquencé et identifié les petits ARNs noncodant associés à la protéine chaperone Hfq, qui joue un rôle important dans la virulence de Brucella. / We have undertaken in this study a multidimensional analysis of the virulence factors of "Classical" and new "Brucella species". In this objective, we have analysed the genomes of newly described species Brucella inopinata BO1 and Brucella inopinata-like BO2 isolated for the first time from human patients with no known animal reservoir. We found that these two species have unique restriction profiles. In addition, BO2 has a unique chromosomal distribution with two chromosomes of the same size, never seen before in Brucella. Analysis of the intracellular replication of these strains reveals that BO2 is unable to replicate in neither human nor mouse macrophages while BO1 successfully entered and replicated as efficiently as Brucella suis 1330 confirming the potential virulence of this species for humans. On an other level of analysis, we looked for potential virulence factors in other Brucella species including Brucella microti and Brucella suis at the genomic and post-transcriptional level. At the genomic level we discovered that the glutamate decarboxylase system confers resistance to acidity to Brucella miroti during its transit in the stomach. On the post-transcriptional level, we isolated, sequenced and identified small noncoding RNAs associated to the chaperone protein Hfq, known to play a role in the virulence of Brucella.