The rehabilitation of urban environments by giving old buildings new functions is an old practice, but policies meant for encouraging rehabilitation trace their American origins back to the 1960s with the growing criticism of urban renewal plans and the rise of historic preservation values. In the U.S., historic rehabilitation has proven to be a way of revitalizing cities which have faced deindustrialization, disinvestment and shrinking tax revenues. Built heritage is especially vulnerable in these places because of the willingness of city governors to attract investment and development at any costs. This willingness of local authorities to let developers run amock in their cities might prove to be a bad strategy in the long run, even though it can bring capital back into the city fairly quick. In a climate of toughening regional and global competition over tourism and the location of business headquarters, the images and cultures of cities have gained an increasing importance. Careful and well planned redevelopment of the built environment has an crucial role to play in the re-imaging of industrial cities. Not including the new jobs and other direct economic benefits of rehabilitation, historic structures carry a large part of a city’s character and identity, ingredients desperately sought after when cities need to get an edge and show why they are worth visiting or relocating to. This paper has argued that successful rehabilitation not only makes use of the historic built environment, but also that it has the potential of renegotiating and redefining the history of a city (or at least parts of it). In this way rehabilitation can prove to have great public benefits in making new spaces available for public access and civic intercourse. City governors should not just look at quick economic benefits. A city where the urban fabric has been destroyed through profit-oriented and shortsighted development runs the risk of having gone into a dead end. A more prosperous future for the population, not just the developers, might instead be found in democratically planned and financially scaled down solutions in which the built environment is systematically reused. American developers and cities have proven to be successful in making rehabilitation financially successful for the property owner. Considerably less interest have been shown for the public benefits of these projects, often making them into isolated enclaves lacking legitimacy among the public and causing conflicts within the neighborhood. Developers are repeatedly accused of gentrification, displacement and for ignoring the public need for affordable housing. Despite the unclear public benefits these projects are often heavily subsidized on federal, state as well as city level. After having dealt with the growing general importance of cultural policies for cities, U.S. policies on historic rehabilitation are discussed and two large redevelopment projects in Baltimore and Durham presented. After that a Swedish case of inner city redevelopment through rehabilitation is presented, showing a contrast in both national policy and local practice. Swedish redevelopment has not been subsidized in the same generous manner as in many states of the U.S., and it has been more integrated into urban planning. In the Swedish case the city governors were not interested in preserving the built environment, but due to disinvestment new construction did not occur. In the 1970s, there was a consensus between leading politicians and local developers that preservation values would not be allowed to stand in the way of development. Until the early 1980s there was also a lack of local public support for preserving industrial buildings, as in many deindustrialized cities where industry has come to symbolize unemployment and stigmatization. The unique environment of the Industrial Landscape was finally preserved not through the actions of local government, but of architectural historians and curators representing government authority. Development of the historic district needed close monitoring at a national level since the developer had a very strong influence on local politics. In Swedish preservation policies local authorities have the possibility to landmark and protect environments much in the same way as in many U.S. cities with preservation commissions. If an urban plan seems to interfer with preservation goals, however, national authorities have the possibility of intervening in a similar way to that of state preservation offices in the U.S. In the 1990s development within the Industrial Landscape went into a more mature and democratically influenced phase in which goals of public access and attractiveness became increasingly important. The lesson from Sweden shows that redevelopment through rehabilitation can be affordable and that it does not need a whole lot of public subsidy. It also shows that the historical and aesthetic values need to be stressed in order for the development project to win the public support that is needed in a democratically lead community. The political leadership in this city, paralyzed by economic crisis, was heavily influnced by the developer, who was a large property owner in the city. But through monitoring, academic research and participation in public debate by preservation professionals, the table was turned and the preservation of the Industrial Landscape gained more and more support from the city in the 1980s. Instead of giving subsidies to the developer, the government located a national museum of labor to the district at a time in which economic support was badly needed. This showed that successful rehabilitation was possible here and that it would have considerable public benefits. Finally, it is also argued that the historical experiences of the national preservation movements have influenced the way rehabilitation is carried out. In Sweden, historic preservation has largely been a task for national government, whereas in the U.S. it has to a large extent been organized through national and local non-profit organizations buying up properties and lobbying for preservation causes. In this way historic preservation has been more integrated in Swedish urban politics, whereas in the U.S. preservationists have been identified as just one interest among others.

This thesis studies the concept of Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development (LRRD), a topic discussed since the late 1980’s that has failed to be practically implemented, partly because of widely divergent perspectives on the concept. The discourse on LRRD has so far largely been conducted in a top-down fashion with donors constituting the dominant interlocutor, while the perspectives of aid organisations and local communities involved in humanitarian and developmental programmes have been widely overlooked. This thesis thus means to bring clarity to how LRRD is conceptualised by different stakeholders through proposing a comprehensive conceptual framework based from literature, which is used to analyse empirical case studies at the local, national, and international levels. The case studies were conducted in Indonesia and Sweden through interviews with 16 participants and a survey with 20 beneficiaries as respondents. The participants included: beneficiaries at a tsunami post-disaster site, local community leaders, a local level NGO, two national level Indonesia NGOs (MDMC and YEU), and an INGO (Plan International).The research reveal that none of the cases experienced as rigid divide between humanitarian and development action as is often suggested in the literature discourse and through donor policies. All interviewed NGOs expressed that they operated in a way that does create strong humanitarian-developmental linkages and that the major obstacle to achieve this is external pressures, particularly from donor agencies, to operate under exclusively humanitarian or developmental imperatives.

Malawi is one of the poorest countries in the world and suffers from recurring disasters but no ongoing conflicts. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) working there must therefore take relief, rehabilitation, and development into account as shifting between these stages is the reality of the rights-holders. What approaches that should be used while doing this is unique in each context. The aid structure is however clearly divided between those working with relief and those working with development, and even though the conceptual development suggest that the aid structure should join there has been no change towards this. At the same time Result Based Management (RBM) as a principle for aid effectiveness has been heavily criticized for focusing on short term results, among others. This qualitative study has contributed to closing two research gaps; in identifying that Disaster Risk Reduction, Human Rights Based Approach, economic empowerment, and sustainable relief interventions are the approaches that CSOs in Malawi tend to focus on when working close to a community where there is a need to link relief, rehabilitation, and development (LRRD); and in identifying that not only can the pressure from a divided aid structure be blamed for the challenges facing CSOs implementing LRRD approaches, but RBM is also a contributing part. This results in CSOs being torn between accountability issues towards donors and staying legitimate towards rights-holders and that because of these challenges they cannot live up to their potential and provide the most effective aid. / Malawi är ett av de fattigaste länderna i världen och lider av återkommande katastrofer men inga pågående konflikter. Perioder av humanitära katastrofer, återuppbyggnad, och utveckling, skiftar och växlar fram och tillbaka i olika stadier och eftersom det är rättighetsbärarnas verklighet så är det också något civilsamhällsorganisationer som arbetar med olika typer av utvecklingssamarbete måste ta hänsyn till att. Vilka metoder som bör användas när organisationer arbetar i detta klimat är unikt för varje kontext. Biståndet är emellertid tydligt uppdelad mellan de som arbetar med humanitärt arbete och de som arbetar med utveckling, och trots att den konceptuella utvecklingen föreslår att biståndet bör kopplas samman så har det inte skett någon strukturell förändring. Samtidigt har resultatbaserat arbete som är en princip för biståndseffektivitet starkt kritiserats, bland annat för att det fokuseras för mycket på kortsiktiga resultat. Denna intervjubaserade studie har bidragit till att minska två forskningsgap; genom att identifiera att katastrofförebyggande arbete, rättighetsbaserat arbete, ekonomisk empowerment, och hållbara humanitära insatser som de tillvägagångssätt som civilsamhällesorganisationer i Malawi tenderar att fokusera på när de arbetar nära ett samhälle där det finns ett behov av att koppla samman humanitärt arbete med rehabilitering och utveckling (LRRD); och genom att identifiera att det inte bara är trycket från en uppdelad biståndsstruktur som förklarar de utmaningar som organisationer står inför när d arbetar med LRRD utan att resultatbaserat arbete också är en bidragande del. Lokala civilsamhällesorganisationer balanserar mellan ansvaret de har mot gentemot givare och legitimiteten de måste ha gentemot rättighetsinnehavare. I slutändan kan de på grund av dessa utmaningar inte leva upp till sin potential och tillhandahålla det mest effektiva stödet.

The study was an assessment to determine the health rehabilitation interventions employed by Zimbabwe health actors between 2009 and 2011. It also was to ascertain the extent to which the interventions met criteria for effective rehabilitation, and that includes, health rehabilitation should ease the transition between health humanitarian and health development. Data was collected through interviewing health actors and review of policy documents while a vulnerability analysis approach was applied. The study revealed that, while the implemented health recovery interventions resulted in halting the health crisis, their role in facilitating progress towards health development was marginal. There were clear humanitarian residual issues and evidence of weak areas of the health system. A clear pathway needed to be mapped by actors, particularly policy makers to ensure effective rehabilitation. However, this seemed to lack in some areas. There were numerous overlapping and repetitive policies with little detailed guidelines. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

The study was an assessment to determine the health rehabilitation interventions employed by Zimbabwe health actors between 2009 and 2011. It also was to ascertain the extent to which the interventions met criteria for effective rehabilitation, and that includes, health rehabilitation should ease the transition between health humanitarian and health development. Data was collected through interviewing health actors and review of policy documents while a vulnerability analysis approach was applied. The study revealed that, while the implemented health recovery interventions resulted in halting the health crisis, their role in facilitating progress towards health development was marginal. There were clear humanitarian residual issues and evidence of weak areas of the health system. A clear pathway needed to be mapped by actors, particularly policy makers to ensure effective rehabilitation. However, this seemed to lack in some areas. There were numerous overlapping and repetitive policies with little detailed guidelines. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

Text in English / This study analyses the application of a community based intervention, the Care Group (CG) model, in relief work in Somalia and South Sudan. On the basis of expert interviews and a variety of documents it was researched whether the CG model is applicable to the context mentioned or if adaptations would be necessary. An increase in prolonged crises challenges humanitarian action to adapt relief work to longer-term interventions. The concept of combining the strengths of development cooperation and humanitarian action - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development - is looked at in this study. Furthermore, for example, the asset-based community development approach, humanitarian work and characteristics of a protracted crisis were explored as the theoretical back-ground. The findings and the conclusion of this research may provide inputs for other humanitarian NGOs that are working in chronic conflict situations and being confronted with the need to introduce a long-term method for Behaviour Change Communication. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

This research explores the perception and practice of participatory communication for development. To this end, the study focuses on a leading local Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) named Organisation for Rehabilitation and Development in Amhara (ORDA), Ethiopia. This qualitative case study was based on the participatory development communication model which has been assumed to bring about sustainable socio-economic change of a country (Melkote & Steeves, 2001; Mefalopulos, 2008; Servaes, 2008). The data were collected using in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), document analysis and field observation. The collected data were organised and analysed in the form of content and thematic analysis. The results revealed economic oriented and top down approach to development communication as the dominant conceptions, and majority of the research participants perceived the concept ‘participation’ as mere contributions of labour and materials which are not real participation, but co-option. Only a few of the management members of ORDA conceptualized the idea of ‘participation’ as an empowerment process in which the organisation’s official document is also stated. Besides, the results showed no genuine participation of the local community in ORDA’s development process. Generally, these results could lead us to conclude that participatory communication was the missing link in the development process. That is, communication was perceived as a transmission of development information and an image building activity, not a process of empowerment. The major communications practices of ORDA were also best described as one-way top down which could reveal the legacy of modernisation and dependency theories of the development literature. The study further indicated pressing factors such as individual, organisational and environmental related affecting the implementation of ORDA’s participatory development communication. The results of study further indicated that participatory development communication was not used a means of liberation from the chain of poverty, dependency syndrome and other underdevelopment problems which deeply persist in the region. Based on the findings, the study commends the mainstreaming of participatory development communication both at the perceptual and practical level for achieving sustainable development in rural Amhara region, Ethiopia. / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication) / Communication

Diese Arbeit betrachtet ausschließlich die Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen im Rahmen der Städtebauförderung nach Art. 104b GG. Die Einbeziehung von anderen Förderungsmöglichkeiten wie Fach-, Landes- sowie EU-Förderung wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nicht untersucht, da die Komplexität der Zusammenhänge den Umfang der Arbeit beträchtlich erhöhen würde. In der weiterführenden Perspektive wird dennoch darauf Bezug genommen. Ebenso komplex wird das Thema, wenn die Überlagerung der Städtebauförderprogramme nicht nur als räumliche Überlagerung betrachtet wird, sondern als inhaltliche (z. B. in den Maßnahmen), finanzielle (z. B. als Mittelbündelung) oder verwaltungsstrukturelle Überlagerung. Als Ausgangsbasis wird die räumliche Überlagerung im Mittelpunkt stehen. In der Analyse sowie Bewertung werden die anderen Aspekte einbezogen, wenn sie von Bedeutung sind. Bei der Betrachtung einer räumlichen Überlagerung ist nur das jeweilige Programm nicht das festgelegte Gebiet von Interesse. In Abhängigkeit vom Programm sind verschiedene Gebietsfestlegungen möglich. In der Analyse werden die rechtlichen Vorgaben sowie der Umgang mit der Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen untersucht. Dabei wird für alle Länder eine Systematik der jeweiligen Regelungen und Positionen erstellt. Die Perspektiven des Bundes und ausgewählter Gemeinden bilden den Rahmen der Untersuchung. Die näheren Gründe für die bisherige Handhabung auf Landes- und Gemeindeebene werden genauer beleuchtet. Insgesamt ergibt sich ein Bild über die bestehenden bundesweiten Regelungen und Praktiken zur Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen sowie deren Genese. Die zweite Zielstellung betrifft die Bewertung der existierenden Verfahren zur Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen. Die Bewertung erfolgt auf drei Ebenen: die rechtliche Ebene, die Zielebene sowie die Ebene der Rahmenbedingungen. Als Grundlage dienen die Analysen aus den vorangegangenen Kapiteln sowie weiteren Quellen. Abschließend werden Handlungsempfehlungen zur Überlagerung von Städtebauförderprogrammen erstellt, die den Nutzen erhöhen bzw. die Kosten verringern.

Diese Arbeit betrachtet ausschließlich die Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen im Rahmen der Städtebauförderung nach Art. 104b GG. Die Einbeziehung von anderen Förderungsmöglichkeiten wie Fach-, Landes- sowie EU-Förderung wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nicht untersucht, da die Komplexität der Zusammenhänge den Umfang der Arbeit beträchtlich erhöhen würde. In der weiterführenden Perspektive wird dennoch darauf Bezug genommen. Ebenso komplex wird das Thema, wenn die Überlagerung der Städtebauförderprogramme nicht nur als räumliche Überlagerung betrachtet wird, sondern als inhaltliche (z. B. in den Maßnahmen), finanzielle (z. B. als Mittelbündelung) oder verwaltungsstrukturelle Überlagerung. Als Ausgangsbasis wird die räumliche Überlagerung im Mittelpunkt stehen. In der Analyse sowie Bewertung werden die anderen Aspekte einbezogen, wenn sie von Bedeutung sind. Bei der Betrachtung einer räumlichen Überlagerung ist nur das jeweilige Programm nicht das festgelegte Gebiet von Interesse. In Abhängigkeit vom Programm sind verschiedene Gebietsfestlegungen möglich. In der Analyse werden die rechtlichen Vorgaben sowie der Umgang mit der Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen untersucht. Dabei wird für alle Länder eine Systematik der jeweiligen Regelungen und Positionen erstellt. Die Perspektiven des Bundes und ausgewählter Gemeinden bilden den Rahmen der Untersuchung. Die näheren Gründe für die bisherige Handhabung auf Landes- und Gemeindeebene werden genauer beleuchtet. Insgesamt ergibt sich ein Bild über die bestehenden bundesweiten Regelungen und Praktiken zur Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen sowie deren Genese. Die zweite Zielstellung betrifft die Bewertung der existierenden Verfahren zur Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen. Die Bewertung erfolgt auf drei Ebenen: die rechtliche Ebene, die Zielebene sowie die Ebene der Rahmenbedingungen. Als Grundlage dienen die Analysen aus den vorangegangenen Kapiteln sowie weiteren Quellen. Abschließend werden Handlungsempfehlungen zur Überlagerung von Städtebauförderprogrammen erstellt, die den Nutzen erhöhen bzw. die Kosten verringern.:INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 Einleitung 1.1 Von der Stadt zur Städtebauförderung 1.2 Stand der Forschung und Literatur 1.3 Eingrenzung und Ziel der Arbeit 1.4 Aufbau und Methodik der Arbeit 2 Die Entwicklung der Städtebauförderung 2.1 Genese der Rechtsgrundlagen 2.1.1 Novellierungen und aktuelle Vorschriften des Artikel 104b Grundgesetz 2.1.2 Wichtige Novellierungen des Baugesetzbuches 2.1.3 Das Besondere Städtebaurecht im Baugesetzbuch 2.2 Entwicklung der Städtebauförderprogramme 3 Die aktuelle Städtebauförderung am Beispiel des Freistaates Sachsen 3.1 Die Verwaltungsvereinbarung Städtebauförderung 2013 3.2 Die Verwaltungsvorschrift Städtebauliche Erneuerung 2009 3.3 Die Programmausschreibung des Sächsischen Staatsministerium des Innern 2013 3.4 Position zu den Überlagerungen und deren Entwicklung 4 Analyse der Überlagerung von Städtebauförderprogrammen 4.1 Methode der Informationsbeschaffung 4.2 Berichte und die Position des Bundes zur Überlagerung von Städtebauförderprogrammen 4.3 Systematisierung der Regelungen und Positionen der Länder zur Überlagerung 4.4 Position ausgewählter Gemeinden 4.5 Gegenüberstellung der Argumente 5 Bewertung 6 Handlungsempfehlungen und Ausblick