Bakgrund:År 1864 stiftades en lag som gjorde det olagligt för en man att utöva våld mot den kvinna han hade en nära relation med. Våld mot kvinnor i en nära relation är idag ett växande samhällsproblem. Kvinnor som är utsatta för våld i en nära relation undviker ofta att söka hjälp då de är rädda för att bli dåligt bemötta, dömda och ifrågasatta. Det är därför av stor vikt att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal vågar fråga kvinnor om de har blivit utsatta för våld för att kunna uppmärksamma problemet.Syfte:Syftet med denna studie var att belysa hur kvinnor upplever välbefinnande samt lidande i en nära relation där våld förekommer.Metod:En kvalitativ studie valdes. Fem självbiografier valdes som belyste kvinnors upplevelser av våld i en nära relation. Analysprocessen genomfördes enligt Graneheim och Lundmans(2004) kvalitativa manifesta innehållsanalys.Resultat:Det våld som kvinnorna utsattes för påverkade dem fysiskt, psykiskt och sexuellt. Våldet ledde till känslor av kränkning, otrygghet och hat. Dessa känslor gav kvinnorna ett lidande. Trots känslor av lidande kunde kvinnorna även känna välbefinnande då de fick stöd av vänner, familj och professionella.Slutsats:Kvinnorna upplevde både lidande och välbefinnande i den våldsamma nära relationen. För att hälso- och sjukvården ska kunna bemöta kvinnor som blir utsatta för våld i en nära relation på ett respektfullt och lyhört sätt, är det viktigt att de får en ökad förståelse och kunskap om kvinnornas egna upplevelser av sin situation.

A STUDY ON THE ESTABLISHMENT AND OPERATION OF THE CONGRESSIONAL LIAISON SYSTEM IN THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE R.O.C. Abstract With the implementation of the Defense Act and the Organization Law of the Ministry of National Defense in 2002, all defense-related matters became formally regulated by law. The relationship between the military and other civilian agencies in the government are therefore of vital importance to national security and defense development. Especially the relationship with Congress, it could influence not only the approval of defense budgets and legislative proposals regarding armed forces, but also the development of military organizations. Based on the author¡¦s previous experience serving as an MND congressional liaison officer, there are some issues need to be worked out, and they become the research motives of this study: Due to confrontations between the Administration and Congress, defense related matters are constantly questioned by lawmakers and encounter considerable difficulties, the author wanted to identify whether the source of this problem is the legal system itself, the personnel involved, or the effectiveness of current congressional liaison system. Since the operation of current military congressional liaison teams depend only on personal experiences and lack professional expertise from related fields such as political science, media propaganda, public relations, administrative management, policy marketing, etc., liaison officers are forced to explore the delicate interactions between the Administration and Legislation all by themselves. Furthermore, liaison personnel from different levels fail to integrate effectively and can not cooperate functionally with the Office of Military Spokesmen. With the above shortcomings, current military liaison teams can only be regarded as congressional contacts, the author would like to provide helpful recommendations through this practical research. Since the MND was among the first few government agencies that established corresponding congressional liaison teams, there are a lot of references available. This research took a qualitative approach, related studies, then interviews with legislators, MND officials, congressional staff, media reporters, and officers serving as (or used to be) military congressional liaisons were conducted and analyzed to investigate the function and effectiveness of current MND congressional liaison system. The first objective of this research is to clearly define the role and functions of the MND congressional liaison system and to enhance its effectiveness in the interactions between the military and Congress. The second objective is to help MND congressional liaison personnel establish enough professional expertise and knowledge to facilitate appropriate approvals of defense budgets and legislative proposals while maintaining a politically neutral stand under the omnipresent political pressures from opposing parties. The third objective of this research is to provide findings and recommendations for the establishment of MND congressional liaison system by examining current liaison procedures from different aspects such as military relations, public policies, issue management, policy marketing, propaganda, and public relations, as well as by investigating the effectiveness of the operations of current liaison system from in-depth interviews with professionals. The Congress plays as a role of Constitutional politics due to the process of making defence policies. Congressional liaison system is main organization of MND for communicating, assisting law makers to conduct the responsibilities of supervising the Constitution. Also, it is the bridge and interface for obtaining ¡§support defence policies ¡¨ from public, political parties and excellent politicians. This article provides recommendations of academics and policies, and as a reference of creating congressional liaison system, focus on organizations, law and regulations, personnel and operations.

Crises lurk around our daily life. Disasters happen any time and they always make a huge impact on the life, property or people¡¦s confidence whether the crises are natural or man-made. However, both government and enterprise can not get rid of the challenge of the crisis. As far as the government organization is concerned, each of the disasters challenges the ability of facing crisis towards the authority concerns such as the 921 earthquake, the Bajhang River event, the debris flow disaster and the Typhoon Nari. This research wants to examine the current circumstance of the crisis management in the central public sector by using a large amount of the questionnaires which target the people who are in charge of the public relationship service. This research also wants to discuss the relationship between the organization characteristics of the central public sector and the strategies of the communication management in the crisis response stage. Hence, this research probes into these topics by the following items: 1. To realize the circumstance of the prevention before the crisis and the preparation stage of the crisis communication management in the central public sector. 2. To realize the circumstance of the crisis response from the crisis communication management in the central public sector. 3. To research the relationship of the organization characteristics and the crisis communication management method that differentiates from the different central public sector. This research proceeds with the methodology of social survey and have the investigation towards the different persons in charge of the public relationship service in the varied central public sectors. Some conclusions are conducted such as below: 1. In the prevention stage of the crisis communication, the circumstance of the issue management is that most of the public relationship service departments of the central public sector are capable of issue monitoring. 2. In the prevention stage of the crisis communication, the circumstance of the relation management can be concluded as: most of the people who are in charge of public relationship in the central public sector can be self affirmative and make a decent relationship with stakeholders. 3. The circumstance of the communication mechanism in the crisis response stage in the government departments: a. Within the past ten years, the central public sector has been aware of the importance of the crisis management policy by degree and it makes the percentage of setting crisis management police raised up to 60 %. b. It is more popular to build up the crisis management team than setting the article of the crisis management policy. Moreover, most of them agree to prevent or to be against the crisis event by using a team and emphasize on the participation of the public relationship service in charge. c. The government office, e.g. crisis management center, that sets up the mechanism of the crisis management team and emphasizes on the operation of the crisis communication management would have the latest media list in hand and set up a spokesperson in general. 4. The image restoration strategies in the crisis response stage The circumstance of the message delivering form: the image restoration strategies reach a considerably plane from the aspect of the availability, the quickness and the consistency for the government office. Furthermore, the quickness is the most distinguished one. 5. The communication autonomy of the people who are in charge of the government public relationship in the crisis response stage: In general, the communication autonomy for the people who are in charge of the government public relationship needs to be improved. But, there are no communication conflicts with the law staff during the crisis event. On the contrary, they become a team to work together. 6. The relationship between the characteristics of the organization and crisis communication management. a. The relationship between the characteristics of the organization and issue management: this research shows result that the characteristics of the organization may have some influences to the issue management. b. The relationship between the characteristics of the organization and the relations management: the government office that has an independent public relationship service performs the better results than the office that does not have the independent pubic relationship service towards the most respected people. c. The relationship between the characteristics of the organization and the crisis communication management: the central public sector that has more budget approved, more employees and also set up an independent public relationship department may have high percentage to set up crisis management policy; The central public sector that has more budget approved may have high percentage to have the mechanism of building up the crisis management team; The government department that sets schedule to perform public relationship and it is also a government staff unit may have high percentage to have the latest media list in hand; It obviously has the high percentage to set up crisis management communication center in the government staff unit than the national corporations; The government department that has long history may have high percentage to hold a spokesman; A government department has independent public relationship office may have high percentage to have disciplined spokesman to communicate with mass media. d. The relationship between the characteristics of the organization and the message delivering form: the scale of the organization and the public relationship discipline improve the image restoration strategies in the message delivering form.

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Abstract In the few years, because of so many incentives, such as low-paid but high-quality workers and the huge demands of the people, the Mainland China attracts a lot of international corporations to invest. Of course, the minor enterprises of Taiwan, the center people of Taiwan and the pioneers to be internationalized, won¡¦t be absent in this tide of investing. However, in the past reports those used the minor enterprises of Taiwan as the projects, they did more researches about the internationalization procession, or just made some discussions from the view of the internet about the extent of their internationalization or the performance of their operation; but less about the elements and the strategies of their operation in the strange places. Besides, it¡¦s still hard to have the whole understandings, if we only discussed the international investing of the minor enterprises of Taiwan just from the view of the internet. The reason is that the minor enterprises faced some problems of themselves internally, such as small organization and the lack of resources; so it¡¦s hard to talk about competing with someone in some place externally. Therefore, I combined the Network Relation with the Resource-base View, and refer to the Diamond Model, to discuss the internal and the external elements and the strategies in the procession of the growth and the operation of the minor enterprises of Taiwan. I hope those elements and the strategies can be the references for the following minor enterprises of Taiwan when they decide to invest in the Mainland Chain. Because the territory of the Mainland Chain is so huge that the main areas in this research will focus on the Taiwan enterprises those weren¡¦t mentioned too much in the past reports and are presently growing vigorously in the Zhejiang Province. Besides, the elements and the strategies found from the Taiwan enterprises in Zhejiang will be more valuable, because these enterprises faced more fierce competition caused the local private enterprises of Zhejiang also growing very vigorously. After deeply discussing with four enterprises, it came to the conclusion as follows: Because the minor enterprises have some disadvantages congenitally, when they are going to do the international investment, they should pay more attention to the invisible resources; especially the construction of the Core competence. In other words, they should gather the limited resourced in the niche and professional market to make their construction sound and sane step by step. Moreover, it¡¦s really necessary to establish the thick and fast network relationship rapidly in the procession of the accumulation. In addition, the business ambition of the leader is the key point for the continuous growth of the minor enterprises of Taiwan.

In the organism, genes don¡¦t work independently. The interaction of genes shows how the functional task affects. Observing the interaction can understand what the relation between genes and how the disease caused. Several methods are adopted to observe the interaction to construct gene relation network. Existing algorithms to construct gene relation network can be classified into two types. One is to use literatures to extract the relation between genes. The other is to construct the network, but the relations between genes are not described. In this thesis, we proposed a hybrid method based on these two methods. Bayesian network is applied to the microarray gene expression data to construct gene network. Text mining is used to extract the gene relations from the documents database. The proposed algorithm integrates gene network and gene relations into gene relation networks. Experimental results show that the related genes are connected in the network. Besides, the relations are also marked on the links of the related genes.

<p>Vid akut sjukdom eller skada är det i huvudsak akutmottagningen som handhar det akuta omhändertagandet av en skadad, orolig och ostabil patient. Det påvisades i denna studie att patienten som söker vård på akutmottagningen ofta känner sig underlägsen, ignorerad och bortglömd av sjuksköterskan. Det är därför av stor vikt att sjuksköterskan bedriver en omvårdnad som inger trygghet och säkerhet hos patienten. Syftet med studien var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av mötet med sjuksköterskan på akutmottagningen. Syftet besvarades genom en litteraturstudie där 12 kvalitativa artiklar analyserades. Ur granskningen uppenbarades fyra teman; En känsla av övergivenhet, Känslan av ovisshet, Ouppmärksammade behov och Förtroende för professionen. Resultatet i denna studie kan öka kunskapen hos sjuksköterskan, en kunskap som sedan kan tillämpas i omvårdnaden som bedrivs på akutmottagningen för att förbättra upplevelsen hos patienten i mötet med sjuksköterskan.</p> / <p>The emergency department is mainly in charge of the emergency care of troubled and unstable patients in case of acute illness or injury. This study demonstrated that patients who seek care in emergency departments often feel inferior, ignored and forgotten by the nurse. It is therefore essential that the nurse practise the kind of nursing, which brings out a feeling of security and safety for the patient. The purpose of this study was to describe patients' experiences of the encounter with the nurse at the emergency department. The aim was answered through a literature study in which 12 qualitative articles were analyzed. Four themes were revealed from the analysis; A sense of abandonment, The sense of uncertainty, Unaddressed needs and Confidence in the profession. The results of this study may increase knowledge among nurses, a knowledge that can be applied in nursing care performed at the emergency department to enhance the experience of the patient in the encounter with the nurse.</p>

<p>What is the relation between literature and philosophy and what can we learn from it? Is there something about the novel and its language, fiction and narrative that separates it from philosophical litterature? In what way is knowledge about this useful to us, and is it possible to use fiction for the understanding of philosophy?</p><p>This study makes an attempt to shed some light on the by no means obviuos distinction between philosophy and literature. The aim is to understand what, if in fact there is something that separates philosophy from literature, there is about the distinction that makes it possible for us to separate the ideas in literature from philosophical ideas, and in what way we can use the novel, or fiction in its widest meaning, to understand philosophy. When teaching philosophy you´re often required to make the abstract tangible. But if there´s a misconception about the distinction in what makes philosophical literature philosophical, then maybe there is something to learn from literature, or, at least, something about the fiction and its aesthetics, that makes it easier for us to relate to and understand, for example, the theories that are debated in moral philosophy.</p><p>There are some philosophers who have used the form of fiction to make their thoughts on philosophical questions understandable. In fact you still find literary aesthetics in essays, reports and articles written in the subject of philosophy, but also in most of the scientifical studies presented worldwide. As there still is something about the words and the language that we already know of that makes it easier for us when trying to make the abstract understandable, than it would if we were constantly required to make up new words just to explain what we mean. The metaphor is, for example, very useful when explaining the phenomenon that we call "black holes". Not to mention the "quark", which was founded by Murray Gell-Mann, but borrowed from a poem by James Joyce. There is something about the language and our understanding that just makes it easier to use what we already know of, when trying to explain our ideas. The leg of a chair isn´t in fact a leg, but in a way the four sticks, that are used to keep the board, or the flat thing we in fact sit on, from falling to the ground, resembles the things the connects our feet to the rest of our body. So, evidently there is something about literature, and the use of the language that we already understand, that makes it a great way to make our ideas intelligible. What is it, if we already know that many philosophers, Plato, Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Sartre e.t.c., used literature, or at least literary aesthaetics, as a way to make their philisophical ideas intelligible, that justifies separating philosophy from literature? Isn´t there in fact something about the distinction that is rather unclear, and wouldn´t knowledge about this be quite useful when understanding and teaching philosophy. This study attempts to find out, as one investigates the theories behind it, and put them to test using "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Dostoevsky when teaching moral philosophy to a class of philosophy students.</p>

<p>Syftet med studien var att genom en kvalitativ studie beskriva och skapa förståelse för några för­­äldrars och pedagogers syn på för­äldr­ainflytande i förskolans verksamhet. I litteratur- och forsk­nings­översikten har vi lyft fram fakta som behandlar relationen mellan hem och skola samt föräldrainflytandets utveckling i och betydelse för den pedagogiska verksamheten.</p><p> </p><p>Vi valde att genomföra en kvalitativ studie där vi intervjuade fyra pedagoger respektive fyra föräldrar, i två olika förskolor.  Det empiriska materialet visade på att föräldrarna i de båda för­skolorna, enligt dem själva inte erbjöds möjlighet till att utöva inflytande över den ped­a­gogiska verk­samheten. Pedagogerna i vår studie poängterade vikten av en nära relation mellan dem och föräldrarna för en fungerande verksamhet, samt att föräldrarnas åsikter och synpunkter har be­tydelse för det pedagogiska arbetet i förskolan. Majoriteten av våra respondenter uttryckte att ett ökat föräldrainflytande i den pedagogiska verksamheten inte var önskvärt.</p>

Att beträda Ann Jäderlunds poetiska landskap i samlingen Som en gång varit äng är en omtumlande upplevelse. Den värld man möter i dikterna är rik på symboler/metaforer och bilder insvepta i bedrägligt prunkande grönska med starkt erotiska undertoner. Dikternas utgångspunkt är ofta traditionella bilder av kvinnligt/manligt som sedan bearbetas och dekonstrueras. Denna dekonstruktion av konventionella och vedertagna begrepp analyseras i min uppsats, ur ett feministiskt/eklektiskt perspektiv, genom fördjupade närläsningar av den poetiska texten.