The aim of this research was to investigate the genesis and the features of the thermic and hygrometric field of the air in the city of Caldas Novas. From a geographical point of view, it was searched to understand the relation between the urban space with the climatic elements, starting from a topoclimatic and microclimatic characterization in the area of study. It is involving thus a diagnosis supported for the whole of information, essential for the elaboration of possible prognostics. It was searched a theoretical backup in the jobs developed by several researchers of the subject, specially in Monteiro (1975) and Mendonça (1994; 2003). The data collection in field enclosed the installation of fixed stands and mobile taking and it was done in two stages: the first one in the winter, was extended between July 21st and 30th of 2.008 (mobile transect) and September 6th and 7th in the same year (fixed stands). The second stage was realized in the summer of 2.009, between March 9th and 18th (mobile transect) and between March 21st and 22nd (fixed stands). The meteorological station of INMET located in Morrinhos (GO) was used as local controller of the climatic elements. The obtained data were analyzed in a comparative way, in chronological sequence, considering the meteorological of the day, associated to the kind of weather and the space features. The results permitted to detect that the urban area of Caldas Novas not always shows higher temperatures in regard to its rural environment or the peripheric areas to the city. In the internal space occurred modifications in the variations of the climatic elements between districts and streets, sometimes associated to urban features (buildings size, density of soil occupation, presence or not of vegetation, etc.), sometimes to natural factors (topography, orientation of declivity, atmospheric systems, kinds of weather etc.). So, it was verified that the structure and the special arrangement of the consonant districts in the local features and the air circulation influenced in the environmental quality and of thermic well-being of the city. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a gênese e as características do campo térmico e higrométrico do ar na cidade de Caldas Novas. A partir de um ponto de vista geográfico, buscou-se compreender a relação do espaço urbano com os elementos climáticos, a partir de uma caracterização topoclimática e microclimática na área em estudo. Envolvendo, portanto, um diagnóstico apoiado no conjunto de informações, essencial na elaboração de possíveis prognósticos. Buscou-se respaldo teórico nos trabalhos desenvolvidos por diversos pesquisadores da área, notadamente em Monteiro (1975) e Mendonça (1994; 2003). A coleta de dados em campo incluiu a instalação de postos fixos e tomadas móveis e foi realizada em duas etapas: a primeira, no inverno, se estendeu entre os dias 21 e 30 de julho de 2008 (transecto móvel) e dias 6 e 7 de setembro do mesmo ano (postos fixos). A segunda etapa foi realizada no verão de 2009, entre 9 e 18 de março (transecto móvel) e entre 21 e 22 de março (postos fixos). A estação meteorológica do INMET, sediada em Morrinhos (GO), foi utilizada como controle local dos elementos climáticos. Os dados produzidos foram analisados de forma comparativa, em seqüência cronológica, considerando as condições meteorológicas do dia, associados ao tipo de tempo e às características do espaço. Os resultados permitiram detectar que a área urbana de Caldas Novas nem sempre apresenta temperaturas mais elevadas em relação ao seu entorno rural ou às áreas periféricas à cidade. No espaço interno ocorreram modificações nas variações dos elementos climáticos entre bairros e ruas, ora associadas a fatores urbanos (porte dos edifícios, densidade de ocupação do solo, presença ou não de vegetação etc.), ora a fatores naturais (topografia, orientação das vertentes, sistemas atmosféricos, tipos de tempo etc.). Assim, constatou-se que a estrutura e o arranjo espacial dos bairros consoantes às características locais e de circulação do ar, influenciaram na qualidade ambiental e de conforto térmico da cidade. / Mestre em Geografia

Time series model have been used in many areas of knowledge and have become a current necessity for companies to survive in a globalized and competitive market, as well as climatic factors that have always been a concern because of the different ways they interfere in human life. In this context, this work aims to present a comparison among the performances by the following models of time series: ARIMA, ARMAX and Exponential Smoothing, adjusted to air relative humidity (UR) and also to verify the volatility present in the series through non-linear models ARCH/GARCH, adjusted to residues of the ARIMA and ARMAX models. The data were collected from INMET from October, 1st to January, 22nd, 2014. In the comparison of the results and the selection of the best model, the criteria MAPE, EQM, MAD and SSE were used. The results showed that the model ARMAX(3,0), with the inclusion of exogenous variables produced better forecast results, compared to the other models SARMA(3,0)(1,1)12 and the Holt-Winters multiplicative. In the volatility study of the series via non-linear ARCH(1), adjusted to the quadrants of SARMA(3,0)(1,1)12 and ARMAX(3,0) residues, it was observed that the volatility does not tend to influence the future long-term observations. It was then concluded that the classes of models used and compared in this study, for data of a climatologic variable, showed a good performance and adjustment. We highlight the broad usage possibility in the techniques of temporal series when it is necessary to make forecasts and also to describe a temporal process, being able to be used as an efficient support tool in decision making. / Modelos de séries temporais vêm sendo empregados em diversas áreas do conhecimento e têm surgido como necessidade atual para empresas sobreviverem em um mercado globalizado e competitivo, bem como fatores climáticos sempre foram motivo de preocupação pelas diferentes formas que interferem na vida humana. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma comparação do desempenho das classes de modelos de séries temporais ARIMA, ARMAX e Alisamento Exponencial, ajustados a dados de umidade relativa do ar (UR) e verificar a volatilidade presente na série por meio de modelos não-lineares ARCH/GARCH ajustados aos resíduos dos modelos ARIMA e ARMAX. Os dados foram coletados junto ao INMET no período de 01 de outubro de 2001 a 22 de janeiro de 2014. Na comparação dos resultados e na seleção do melhor modelo foram utilizados os critérios MAPE, EQM, MAD e SSE. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo ARMAX(3,0) com a inclusão de variáveis exógenas produziu melhores resultados de previsão em relação aos seus concorrentes SARMA(3,0)(1,1)12 e o Holt-Winters multiplicativo. No estudo da volatilidade da série via modelo não-linear ARCH(1), ajustado aos quadrados dos resíduos dos modelos SARMA(3,0)(1,1)12 e ARMAX(3,0), observou-se que a volatilidade não tende a influenciar as observações futuras em longo prazo. Conclui-se que as classes de modelos utilizadas e comparadas neste estudo, para dados de uma variável climatológica, demonstraram bom desempenho e ajuste. Destaca-se a ampla possibilidade de utilização das técnicas de séries temporais quando se deseja fazer previsões e descrever um processo temporal, podendo ser utilizadas como ferramenta eficiente de apoio nas tomadas de decisão.

För att skapa ett bra inomhusklimat i flerbostadshus ställs höga krav på ventilationssystemet för att ta hand om den fukt som skapas. Det finns således anledning att undersöka om Boverkets byggreglers krav för minsta luftflöde är tillräckligt ur fuktsynpunkt. Syftet är att uppmärksamma problem med ökande fukttillskott i nyproducerade flerbostadshus vilket skulle kunna förändra projekteringen av ventilation i framtiden. För att kunna undersöka om Boverkets byggreglers krav är tillräckligt ur fuktsynpunkt analyseras relativ fuktighet och fukttillskott i fyra flerbostadshus i Jönköping. Det framgår att flera lägenheter erhöll höga värden för fukttillskott och relativ fuktighet vilket kan skada byggnaden och påverka människors hälsa. Boverkets byggreglers krav för minsta luftflöde var otillräckligt ur fuktsynpunkt i flera av de undersökta flerbostadshusen. / To create a good indoor climate in apartment buildings, high demands are made on the ventilation system to take care of the moisture that is created. There is therefore reason to investigate if Boverket, the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning, requirements for minimum airflow are sufficient from a moisture point of view. The purpose is to rise awareness about increasing additional moisture in newly built apartment buildings, which could change the project planning of ventilation systems in the future. In order to investigate whether requirements of the Boverket building regulations are sufficient from a moisture point of view, relative humidity and additional moisture were analyzed in four apartment buildings in Jönköping. Several apartments received high values of additional moisture and relative humidity which could damage the building and affect human health. The requirements of Boverket building regulations for minimum airflow should therefore be reviewed.

Cette thèse est consacrée à la simulation du comportement à la rupture de bois sous des chargements à long terme et sous des conditions d'Humidité Relatives (HR) de l'air variables. Il est connu que le bois est un matériau fortement hygroscopique, ses propriétés mécaniques et de rupture sont en effet très dépendantes de sa teneur en eau. En outre, la stabilité d'une fissure existante dans un élément structural peut être fortement influencée parles variations, en particulier brusques, d'humidité relative qui peut conduire à la rupture inattendue de l'élément.L'approche thermodynamique proposée intègre l'effet de mécanosorption dans l'expression analytique de la déformation, en découplant les déformations mécaniques et celles dues au comportement mécanosorptif du matériau. En outre, la rupture quasi-fragile du matériau boisest traduite par un modèle de zone cohésive dont les paramètres de cohésion sont fonctions de la teneur en eau afin de simuler l’effet de l'humidité sur les propriétés de rupture. Sur cette base, une formulation incrémentale permet l'intégration de l'effet des variations soudaines d’humidité relative (autrement dit, le choc hydrique) sur la zone d’élaboration(zone cohésive) en introduisant un champ de contraintes supplémentaires le long de cette zone. Fonction de la variation de HR, ce champ de contraintes supplémentaires dépend de l'état de contrainte et de l'ouverture de la fissure le long de la zone cohésive, mais également de l'humidité en pointe de fissure (matériau non endommagé). Dans l'analyse par éléments finis, un opérateur tangent algorithmique est utilisé pour résoudre le problème non linéaire en combinant le modèle de mécanosorption et le modèle de zone cohésive et en intégrant l'effet du choc hydrique.La simulation du comportement d'une éprouvette entaillée soumise à un chargement constant et à des variations cycliques de HR montre un fort couplage entre le comportement mécanosorptif et l'effet du choc hydrique HR sur la zone d’élaboration. Ce couplage entraîne une augmentation de la propagation des fissures et conduit à une fissuration plus précoce par rapport à celle obtenue à partir du modèle de mécanosorption seul ou à partir du modèle de zone cohésive en intégrant l'effet des variations soudaines de HR. En outre, le couplage entre le modèle mécanosorptif et le modèle de zone cohésive en intégrant l'effet du chochydrique montre l'intérêt d'une telle approche numérique pour décrire le comportement complexe des éléments de charpente en bois soumis à des conditions climatiques variables,comportement qui ne peut être prédit par une simple superposition des deux modélisations. / This thesis is dedicated to the simulation of the fracture behavior of wood under long-termloading and variable relative humidity conditions. Indeed, wood is well-known to be a highlyhygroscopic material in so far as its mechanical and fracture properties are very dependenton moisture. Moreover, the stability of an existent crack in a structural element can bestrongly affected by the sudden variations of relative humidity (RH) and can lead tounexpected failure of the element.The thermodynamic approach proposed in this thesis includes the mechano-sorptive effect inthe analytical expression of the deformation, by operating a decoupling of the strain in amechanical part and a mechano-sorptive part in material. Moreover, the quasi-brittle fractureof wood is here simulated from a cohesive zone model whose cohesive parameters arefunctions of the moisture in order to mimic the moisture-dependent character of the fractureproperties. On this basis, an increment formulation allows the integration of the effect ofsudden RH variations on the fracture process zone (cohesive zone) by introducing anadditional stress field along this zone. As a function of the RH variation, this additional stressfield depends on not only the stress state and the crack opening along the cohesive zone butalso the material moisture ahead of the zone (undamaged material). In the finite elementanalysis, an algorithmic tangent operator is used to solve the non-linear problem combiningmechano-sorptive model and cohesive zone model including the effect of sudden RHvariations.The simulation of a notched structural element submitted to a constant load and cyclic RHvariations exhibits a strong coupling between the mechano-sorptive behavior and the effectof the RH variations on the fracture process zone (FPZ). This coupling results in an increaseof the crack propagation kinetic and leads to a precocious failure compared to those obtainedfrom the mechano-sorptive model or from the effect of sudden RH variations on the FPZ.Moreover, the coupling between the mechano-sorptive model and the effect of sudden RHvariations on the FPZ which cannot be predicted by a simple superposition of both effects,showing the interest of such a numerical approach in order to describe the complex behaviorof wood structural elements submitted to variable climatic conditions.

Le matériau terre peut apporter une réponse face aux problèmes que les constructions modernes rencontrent en termes d’enjeux sociétaux, économiques et écologiques. Cependant, les difficultés à comprendre et à prédire son comportement représente un obstacle au développement de cette technique dans les pays développés. Cette thèse s’insère dans un projet de recherche appelé « Primaterre » et financé par l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche française (ANR). Il vise à apporter les connaissances scientifiques nécessaires afin de pallier ce manque et aider à établir des règlementations adaptées. Ce travail s’intéresse plus particulièrement à l’impact de l’eau sur le comportement mécanique de la matrice fine du matériau, qui a un impact essentiel sur le comportement du matériau dans son ensemble. Cette matrice est constituée de sables, de limons, et d’argiles, et ce sur trois types de terres prélevées sur d’anciennes constructions en pisé. Afin de réaliser des échantillons les plus identiques et homogènes possible, un moule a tout d’abord été conçu, ce qui a permis de travailler avec des échantillons cylindriques de 3,5cm de diamètre et 7cm de hauteur. Une cellule triaxiale a été utilisée et, la seconde étape a été de concevoir les dispositifs permettant la mesure des déformations axiales et radiales, le conditionnement à température contrôlée et l’imposition d’un flux d’air humide variable de part et d’autre de l’échantillon. Différents types d’essais ont alors pu être réalisés : des essais triaxiaux à différent taux d’humidité relative ainsi que des essais de gonflement. Les paramètres mécaniques obtenus ont pu être analysés à la lumière des caractéristiques matériaux mesurées en parallèle. Enfin, l’analyse des essais de gonflement a été menée à bien à l’aide d’un modèle numérique, et ce afin de pouvoir évaluer des paramètres caractéristiques plus complexes. Ce travail de thèse se conclut par une étude supplémentaire, visant à évaluer l’impact du changement de taille d’échantillon sur les paramètres mécaniques mesurés précédemment. Ces essais ont été effectués sur des échantillons approximativement deux fois plus grands, et grâce à un dispositif expérimental plus simple, utilisant la mesure par corrélation d’images. / Earthen buildings can provide an answer to face difficulties in modern constructions in both terms of sociology, economics as well as ecology. However, the difficulty to understand and to predict their behavior prevent the spreading of this technique in developed countries. This PhD is part of a research program called “Primaterre” and founded by the French National Agency for Research. It aims at providing the necessary scientific knowledge to overcome this lack and at helping the creation of appropriate standards. This work is more precisely focusing on the impact of water on the mechanical behavior of the fine proportion of the material, including sand, silt and clay, and on three different earths coming from existing rammed earth constructions. In order to be able to produce samples as identical and homogeneous as possible, a mold has first been designed, which enable to manufacture cylindrical samples with diameter of 3.5cm and height of 7cm. A triaxial cell was used and, the second step was to design different devices allowing the measurement of axial and radial deformations, the conditioning at constant temperature, and the command of a variable moist air flux at both sides of the sample. Different types of tests have thus been realized : triaxial tests at different relative humidity, as well as swelling tests. The mechanical parameters thus obtained have been analyzed in comparison with material characteristics measured in parallel. Finally, results of swelling tests have been analysed using numerical modelling, in order to assess more complex material characteristics. This thesis work ends with an additional study, aiming at evaluating the impact of scale change on the mechanical parameters previously measured. Tests have been conducted on sample approximatively twice larger, and thanks to a simpler experimental device using measurement through image correlation.

Les fluctuations hydriques influencent l'activité et la viabilité des microorganismes. L’humidité relative de l’air est ainsi un paramètre potentiellement efficace pour maîtriser le développement et la persistance de microorganismes pathogènes. Cependant, l’efficacité de ce paramètre reste peu connue par rapport à d’autres facteurs environnementaux comme le pH ou la température. Le séchage est l'étape finale des procédures de nettoyage et de désinfection en industrie agroalimentaire. Cependant, il est aujourd'hui utilisé de façon empirique alors qu'il pourrait permettre d'améliorer la décontamination des surfaces dans les ateliers et diminuer la persistance des microorganismes. Malgré les procédures de nettoyage et de désinfection, la bactérie Listeria monocytogenes est fréquemment retrouvée dans l'industrie agroalimentaire et y persiste pendant de longues périodes. Evaluer et comprendre l'impact des fluctuations hydriques sur la survie de L. monocytogenes afin d'en optimiser la destruction sur une surface, constituent ainsi les principaux objectifs de cette thèse.Dans un premier temps, 30 souches de L. monocytogenes isolées de différents environnements de transformation des aliments et présentant différents sérotypes et niveaux de virulence ont été exposées à un stress hyperosmotique et à un séchage. Cette approche a permis d'analyser les différences de résistance entre les souches et de sélectionner quatre souches présentant différents profils de résistance pour poursuivre les travaux.Afin de définir les conditions de fluctuations hydriques les plus létales pour les souches de L. monocytogenes, différents paramètres ont été étudiés tels que la vitesse de déshydratation, le niveau d’humidité relative, la vitesse de réhydratation, l’application de cycles successifs de déshydratation-réhydratation et le milieu de séchage.Enfin, les mécanismes cellulaires induisant la mort de L. monocytogenes lors des fluctuations hydriques ont été explorés par spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier, microscopie à force atomique, cytométrie en flux et par séchage en anaérobiose. Ces différentes méthodes ont permis de révéler qu'un stress mécanique et structural sont majoritairement responsables de la mort de L. monocytogenes.L’ensemble de ce travail démontre que la maîtrise du niveau et des variations de l’humidité relative de l’air est un moyen efficace pour détruire L. monocytogenes et offre de réelles perspectives d’application pour améliorer l’hygiène des ateliers de production alimentaire. / Environmental hydration fluctuations influence microorganism viability and activity. The air relative humidity (RH) is a potentially effective parameter to control the development and the persistence of pathogenic microorganisms. However, efficiency of this parameter remains not well characterized compared to others environmental factors such as pH or temperature. Drying is the final step of cleaning and disinfection processes used in the food industry. However, if this process is empirically used, it could also be used to improve the decontamination of surfaces in premises and reduce the persistence of microorganisms. Despite cleaning and disinfection, Listeria monocytogenes is commonly found in the food industry and persists during long periods. Thus, the main objective of this thesis is to evaluate and understand the impact of hydric fluctuations on L. monocytogenes survival to optimize its destruction on a surface.First, thirty L. monocytogenes strains, isolated from different food processing environment and belonging to different serotypes and levels of virulence, were exposed to hyperosmotic stress and drying process. Differences in resistances among the strains were analyzed and four strains with different resistance to hydric stress were selected to continue this study.To define the most lethal hydric fluctuation conditions for L. monocytogenes strains, various parameters, such as the dehydration kinetic, relative humidity level, the rehydration kinetic, the application of successive dehydration and rehydration cycles and drying medium, have been studied.Finally, cellular mechanisms inducing the cell death during hydric fluctuations were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and flow cytometry and anaerobic drying. These different methods revealed that mechanical and structural stresses are primarily responsible for the death of L. monocytogenes.This work demonstrates that the control of RH level and variation is an effective means for the destruction of L. monocytogenes and offers real perspectives to improve hygiene in food production premises.

En muchas áreas citrícolas del mundo el piojo rojo de California (PRC), Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), está considerado una plaga clave. En el Este de España se ha extendido durante las últimas décadas hasta cubrir una amplia extensión de cítricos. El control químico es difícil y frecuentemente es seguido de infestaciones recurrentes en poco tiempo, de la aparición de resistencias a diferentes productos usados para su control y de la eliminación de enemigos naturales en el campo. La mejora del manejo integrado y las técnicas de control biológico del PRC requieren conocer la composición de los enemigos naturales en cada zona climática, la fluctuación en su abundancia estacional, los niveles de parasitismo y depredación, como se distribuyen en la planta y como son afectados por el clima y el cambio climático. Aunque mucho se ha estudiado en laboratorio sobre los parasitoides Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), los principales agentes de control del PRC, todavía no se conoce qué combinación de enemigos naturales consigue el mejor nivel de control en el campo, cómo varían los niveles de parasitismo a lo largo del año o cómo los parasitoides se distribuyen y compiten en el campo en relación con el clima. La acción de los Aphytis, ectoparasitoides, es complementada en muchas zonas citrícolas por los endoparasitoides Comperiella bifasciata y Encarsia perniciosi (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), los cuales pueden parasitar estadíos diferentes a Aphytis. Muy poco se sabe sobre el comportamiento y las respuestas biológicas bajo diferentes condiciones climáticas de estos endoparasitoides. Del mismo modo, el efecto de los depredadores sobre la población del piojo ha sido raramente estudiado. Actualmente, A. melinus, una especie introducida en el Este de España y el competidor superior, ha desplazado al parasitoide nativo A. chrysomphali de las zonas cálidas y secas ya que puede tolerar mejor las temperaturas cálidas del verano. / Sorribas Mellado, JJ. (2011). Biological control of California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae): spatial and temporal distribution of natural enemies, parasitism levels and climate effects [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/14794 / Palancia

This diploma thesis deals with a draft of wireless weather station, whose task is to measure basic values inside and outside the home. Measured variables are for example temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, wind speed and direction or concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2). These data will be transmitted to a web server for later processing. Possible technical solutions are described and the outcome is a designed printed circuit boards, which has been assembled and tested. Resulting system was tested in trial operation.

The topic of this work is the passivation of the active layer of perovskite solar cells with an inverted structure. The work is divided into theoretical and experimental part. The theoretical part describes in particular the passivation and modification of the perovskite layer as well as the characteristic properties of perovskite, including structure and stability. The experimental part deals with the preparation of photovoltaic cells with an inverted structure. For the characterization of photovoltaic cells, reference samples were prepared and their active layer was modified by plasma. The most used deposition technique for the preparation of layers was the spin coating method. From the performed experiments it can be concluded that the preparation of samples and their subsequent modification under laboratory conditions does not lead to the improvement of the final parameters of photovoltaic conversion. By transferring the sample preparation and passivation of the active layer to an inert atmosphere, it was possible to produce cells with higher efficiencies (compared to the reference sample), around 10 %. Another advantage of this plasma treatment of the active layer is that it also improves the stability of the prepared structures, which even after a few days in air show almost 80 % of the original efficiency.

This diploma thesis deals with not-aged and thermally, electric and multistress aged slotted isolations dielectric properities experimental probing. Dutiny experiment is watched influence moisture on dielectric properties insulating materiále ISONOMŽNMN. Especially both two permitivity complex components are surveyed, in dependence on the frequency and the temperature changes during thermal, electric and multistress ageing. These characteristics are viewed in light of application the isolation in practice.