In Sonap Petroleum (formerly known as Sonarep) (SA) (Pty) Ltd v Pappadog1an1s 1992 (3) SA 234 (A) the Appellate Division apparently approved the direct application of the reliance theory, without reference to prejudice or fault, to determine contractual liability in the absence of consensus. The various approaches to contractual liability in South African law are examined, and a comparative study of English law and the law of the Netherlands is conducted. It is submitted that the element of fault is not crucial to the enquiry, but rather, the elements of conduct , inducement and a reasonable reliance upon consensus. It is concluded that the test for contractual liability in the absence of actual consensus, as formula ted by the court in Sonap's case, without reference to prejudice or fault, has established sound precedent in South African law. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M.

L’œuvre chengienne est traversée de bout en bout par des interrogations existentielles qui découlent des trois formes élémentaires du désir que François Cheng distingue en l’homme : « désir de réalisation, désir de dépassement, désir de transcendance. » (Cinq méditations sur la mort, p. 56). Ces interrogations, qui se retrouvent sans surprise dans son oeuvre romanesque, conduisent ses personnages à entreprendre une véritable quête spirituelle, terme que nous entendons à la fois comme quête de l’esprit et comme élancement de l’âme vers la surnature. Nous tâchons dans notre étude d’en dégager les tenants et les aboutissants, en montrant comment l’auteur parvient à relier de manière cohérente des spiritualités a priori différentes et sans oublier que les héros chengiens sont tous ancrés dans la culture chinoise qui n’a pas établi de distinction radicale entre transcendance et immanence, horizontalité et verticalité. Parce qu’il est fondamentalement en quête de sens, le héros est irrésistiblement poussé à entreprendre un cheminement (à la fois physique et intérieur), qui lui permet de se réconcilier à la fois avec lui-même et avec le monde, tout en faisant l’expérience d’une certaine Transcendance. Cette quête a pour corollaire une quête du féminin qui lui est indissociable, car la Femme, telle que la conçoit Cheng, est par excellence celle qui mène l’homme vers la spiritualité. C’est pourquoi l’éros chengien est un éros mystique, naturellement porté à se muer en Agapè. En somme, ce sont les trois ordres pascaliens qui se trouvent unifiés au terme de cette aventure, le troisième ordre ne supprimant pas les deux autres, mais leur permettant au contraire de se réaliser pleinement. C’est-à-dire que l’œuvre romanesque de François Cheng, de même que son œuvre poétique, n’est au fond qu’une célébration de la reliance / Questions of existence are running throughout Cheng’s works, from beginning to end. These questions derive from the three elementary forms of desire which François Cheng tells apart in human : desire to accomplish, desire to exceed and desire to transcend (Five Meditations on Death, p.56). These questions, which can be found unsurprisingly in his novel works, lead his characters to a true spiritual quest, a term we understand as a quest of spirit, and at the same time, as a march from soul to supernature. In our study, we try to analyse all the relevant factors, to show how the author had succeeded in relating the a priori different spiritualities in a coherent way, without neglecting the fact that Cheng’s heros are all rooted in a Chinese culture background, where the basic distinctions between transcendance and immanence, between horizontality and verticality have not been established yet. Because of his fundamental quest on meanings, the hero is irresistibly pushed to go through a progress (both physical and interior), which allows him to reconciliate with himself and with the world, while experiencing a certain kind of transcendance. This quest has resulted in the quest of the female, which is inseparable from him. Because according to Cheng, the women are the ones who excellently lead the men to spirituality. That’s why Cheng’s Eros is a mystical Eros, and is naturally turned into Agape. In summary, the three Pascal rules are unitied in the end of the adventure, the third one does not supress the two others, in contrary, it helps them to full fulfillment. This means that Cheng’s novel works as long as his poetry works, are in fact nothing but a celebration of connection

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第22793号 / エネ博第407号 / 新制||エネ||78(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 宇根﨑 博信, 教授 石原 慶一, 教授 黒崎 健 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The present study was designed to examine the relationship between the success of self-reinforcement (as defined by its effectiveness in increasing a given response) and a specific aspect of positive self-esteem that would seem most clearly related to the effectiveness of self-reinforcement, valuing one’s own opinions and judgements highly. Self-esteem implies a positive feeling or attitude about oneself. One factor involved in the acquisition of this positive attitude is the level of the individual’s confidence in the legitimacy of his own opinions. The more confident a person is that his opinions are of value, the more likely it is he will have a high self-esteem.

Betrayal trauma theory (BTT) explains the relationship between a victim and perpetrator to be an especially critical factor for predicting adverse trauma outcomes; however, to date, there is no adequate measure to assess this relationship. We aimed to create a measure of reliance, here defined as dependence on another for food, clothing, finances, emotional support, and more. We utilized a new scale, the Reliance on Perpetrator Scale, to measure this construct. 397 participants completed a battery of questionnaires to measure reliance and 4 primary outcomes of interpersonal trauma exposure: PTSD symptoms, depression, event centrality, and dissociation. A series of exploratory principal components factor analyses provided evidence for a 3 factor solution for this scale, though visual examinations of scree plots and a parallel analysis indicated 2 factors. We ultimately chose to retain 2 factors: practical reliance and emotional dependence. We expected and achieved predictive validity such that practical reliance and emotional dependence were both highly positively correlated with all outcomes. We expected and achieved convergent validity such that positive affect and secure attachment were highly positively correlated with emotional dependence as measured by an existing scale. The current study replicated previous findings that high betrayal events—as opposed to low betrayal events—are often accompanied by worse outcomes. The results of a hierarchical regression model found that both subscales of the Reliance on Perpetrator scale predicted significant unique variance in all outcomes. In conclusion, the current study provides the first empirical evidence to support BTT's idea that the victim-perpetrator relationship plays an integral role in outcomes of interpersonal trauma and provides a more comprehensive way to measure this relationship.

This study undertook to present and evaluate the ways in which the social needs of the first-grade child are being met by teachers in North Texas. Based on the data presented in the study, eleven definite conclusions have been drawn.

Using ethnographic methods, the present study explored volunteer participation in an urban farm in Austin, Texas, USA. Researchers spent three years documenting the activities of participants via participant observation and interviewing. Guided by the concept of civil leisure, researchers analyzed voluntary participation in the farm as a form of leisure practice that was oriented towards civic issues. Analysis indicated that participation was understood as a means of (1) fostering self-reliance through peer education, (2) establishing and strengthening place-based social networks, and (3) addressing civic concerns related to infrastructure and food security. These findings are interpreted within the context of Bauman's concepts of liquid modernity (2000. Liquid Modernity. Malden, MA: Polity Press) and liquid fear (2006. Liquid Fear. Malden, MA: Polity Press). On the basis of the findings and interpretations, recommendations are made to suggest ways in which municipalities might cultivate residents’ civic impulses, especially as relates to urban agriculture.

Investigating individual subjectivity, Ralph Waldo Emerson traveled to Europe following the death of his first wife, Ellen Tucker Emerson, and his resignation from the Unitarian ministry. His experience before and during the voyage contributed to the evolution of a self-intuitive philosophy, termed selbstgefühl by the German Romantics and altered his careful style of composition and delivery to promote the integrity of individual subjectivity as the highest authority in the deduction of truth. He would use this philosophy throughout the remainder of his life to encourage his audience to experience the same process he did.

No description available.

Computerized decision aids are powerful tools to assist with decision-making. Decision models are designed to incorporate and analyze available data in order to present a recommended solution to a problem. Business decision makers, including accountants, have much to gain from integrating decision support technology with their own skills and experience. Several studies have determined that there are many instances in which these decision aids perform favorably to human decision-makers. Despite this fact, studies have shown that reliance upon these aids is incomplete, even when they process data in a highly efficient manner. On the other hand, decision aids have limitations. If such a decision support system is not updated to match changing conditions, relying on the aid can lead to suboptimal decision-making. This study uses a laboratory experiment involving a managerial accounting task: prediction of manufacturing overhead costs. In the experimental scenario, a decision support system's recommended solutions become inaccurate due to a shift in environmental conditions. The first research objective is to determine whether subjects rely on the aid's advice before this change and, to their detriment, after the change. The second research objective is to examine whether the feedback environment, the timing of the decision aid's inclusion into the task, or the inherent confidence level of the task participant affect the tendency to rely on the aid in both of these environmental conditions. The results of the study provide evidence that decision-makers rely on decision aids, and are susceptible to over-reliance on them. These findings add to the results of prior studies that only examine a single trial task. Additionally, it is determined that the timing of a decision aid's recommendation can affect the degree to which it is relied upon. Next, there is evidence that feedback environment can help reliance and mitigate over-reliance. There is no evidence that task confidence affects reliance. Lastly, decision aids result in longer amounts of time used to complete the task. / Ph. D.