År 2020 kom ett nytt influensavirus kallat coronaviruset (Covid-19) som spreds och utvecklades till en pandemi. Detta skapade ett behov av beredskap hos verksamheter i form av alternativa lösningar till kontorslokaler för att kunna skydda sina anställda och samtidigt upprätthålla verksamheten. En strategi för detta är remote work (i.e. distansarbete) som innebär att de anställda jobbar hemifrån eller på annan plats än det fasta kontoret. Mycket av tidigare forskning gällande en framgångsrik användning av remote work, utgår från situationer där endast delar av verksamheten arbetar remote med ändamålet att generera positiva effekter för företag och individ. För att få en bättre förståelse för en fullständig användning av remote work med ändamålet att upprätthålla verksamheten, har en fallstudie genomförts på ett Uppsalabaserat företag som gick från kontorslokaler till remote work i hela organisationen med bara någon dags varsel. Studien syftade till att bidra med kunskap kring framgångsfaktorer för användning av remote work, där hela organisationen går remote för att upprätthålla verksamheten. För att undersöka studiens frågeställningar genomfördes en litteraturgenomgång som genererade ett teoretiskt ramverk, bestående av sju grupper av tidigare funna framgångsfaktorer för remote work. Ramverket användes som grund för en kvalitativ intervjustudie följt av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet av studien visade att fyra tidigare funna framgångsfaktorer hade stöd i empirin, två hade delvis stöd medan en inte hade något stöd. Vidare framkom det två nya framgångsfaktorer i fallet. Framtida forskning bör pröva faktorerna som en modell, samt i andra typer av organisationer för att validera faktorerna vidare.

Titel: Kulturstyrning i kölvattnet av distansarbete   Författare: Axel Kagevik och Oliwer Sanderup   Handledare: Janet Johansson   Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Sedan lång tid tillbaka har ledare förlitat sig på kontoret i utövandet av ekonomistyrning. När distansarbete föreligger identifieras en avsaknad på synlighet och fysisk närvaro som innebär ett problem för styrning av medarbetare. Organisationskulturen har vidare konstaterats förändrats till följd av distansarbetets implementation vilket talar för ett ökat behov av kulturstyrning. Därför är det intressant att undersöka kulturstyrningens tillämpning i tider av distansarbete.   Syfte: Studien syftar till att skapa ökad förståelse för tillämpningen av kulturstyrning i tider av distansarbete utifrån ett ledarperspektiv.   Metod: Studien är utformad i linje med en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv. Arbetet med denna studie har skett genom en abduktiv ansats. Syfte och frågeställningarna besvaras genom insamlandet av datamaterial i form av en kvalitativ intervjustudie bestående av tio ledare från fem olika organisationer.   Slutsatser: Distansarbetets har tvingat ledare att förändra sina tillvägagångssätt i hur de förhåller sig till medarbetare och hur de arbetar för att skapa målkongruent organisationskultur. Tillämpningen av kulturstyrning genom inkludering och skapande av deltagande inom organisationen samt genom användning av sin ledarroll för att förmedla och kommunicera viktiga budskap. Nyckeln för att ledarna fortsatt haft möjlighet att tillämpa kulstyrning, har grundat sig i nya initiativ och tillvägagångssätt som motverkar distansarbetets övervägande negativa effekter på förutsättningarna att tillämpa kulturstyrning utifrån ett ledarperspektiv. / Title: Cultural control in the wake of remote work   Authors: Axel Kagevik and Oliwer Sanderup   Supervisor: Janet Johansson   Background and problem discussion: Since a long time ago, leaders have depended on the office as a means of controlling employees. When distance work is imminent a lack of visibility and presence is identified which is a problem for controlling employees. Change in the organizational culture has been identified because of the implementation of remote work, which indicates a further need for cultural control. For that reason, it is interesting to study the application of cultural control in the context of remote work.   Purpose: The aim of the study is to enhance the understanding of the application of cultural control in the context of remote from a leader’s perspective.   Methodology: The study was designed as a qualitative study with a hermeneutical perspective. The work followed an abductive approach. Purpose and questions are answered through a qualitative interview study consisting of ten leaders from five different organizations.   Conclusion: Remote work has forced leaders to change their strategies in which ways they interact with employees and how they work in creating goal congruent organizational culture. The application of cultural control has been done through inclusion and creating participation within the organization and leaders have also used their leader role in mediating and communicating important messages. They key behind the continuous ability to apply cultural control is based on new initiatives and strategies to mitigate the predominant negative effects that remote work has on the prerequisites of applying cultural control from a leader’s perspective.

The effect of trust on employees’ business processes and work outcomes is an important focus for managers because more businesses have combined centralized and remote work environments in mixed-design organizations (MDOs). A multiple case study was conducted to explore successful strategies that 9 business leaders and managers in 5 service sector MDOs in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest region of the United States used to improve organizational performance by successfully building organizational cultures of trust. Leader–member exchange served as the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and documents as secondary sources. Thematic analysis was used to examine participant content, evaluated in chronological and random order, as well as secondary data. Four themes emerged from data analysis: value of ongoing multidirectional communications, valuing mistakes as learning moments, observing trust responses regardless of leader/follower proximity, and relying on Internet communications technology to enable managers and leaders to create teams and build trust. Findings of this study may be used by leaders and managers in service sector MDOs to nurture and sustain trust among stakeholders regardless of location, including colocated and remote work environments. The implications of this study for positive social change include the potential of trust between leaders and stakeholders to strengthen employee engagement and productivity, improving quality of work life for personnel and sustainability for residents who might seek career opportunities and contributing to community viability.

Denna studies syfte är att bidra med kunskap om nyanställdas upplevelser av en onboarding som sker på distans. Detta görs genom forskningsfrågorna: “Vilka förväntningar har nyanställda på en onboarding på distans?”, “Hur upplever nyanställda sin möjlighet att anpassa sig till sin nya arbetsroll?” samt “Hur upplever nyanställda sin möjlighet till att skapa nya relationer till kollegor och företaget?”. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ ansats där datainsamlingsmetoden varit semistrukturerade intervjuer. För att samla in empirin har sex semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med informanter som inom de senaste sex till åtta månaderna har påbörjat ett nytt distansarbete till följd av Covid-19-pandemins restriktioner. Genom tematisk analys har empirin analyserats i relation till studiens teoretiska ramverk som tar utgångspunkt i Säljös (2014) sociokulturella perspektivet på lärande, med inriktning på Jarvis et al. (2003) sociala lärande, Bergers et al. (1979) socialisation samt Lauvås och Handals (2015) yrkessocialisation. Resultatet visar att en strukturerad och genomtänkt onboarding upplevs vara av stor vikt för att uppfylla nyanställdas förväntningar, inte minst när den sker på distans. Detta går även hand i hand med hur de nyanställda upplever sina möjligheter att anpassa sig till sin arbetsroll. En onboarding på distans resulterar vidare i svårigheter när det kommer till den nyanställdas upplevda möjligheter att skapa relationer till kollegor och att bli en del av företaget. Resultatet visar ytterligare att företagen gör aktiva försök till att skapa rum och utrymme för sociala sammanhang genom digitala forum. Samtidigt möts detta av ett visst motstånd från de nyanställda som tenderar att undvika deltagandet i dessa frivilliga digitala aktiviteter. / This study aims to contribute with knowledge about new employees’ experiences of an onboarding that takes place at a distance during digital working conditions. This is done through three research questions: “What are the expectations of new employees for an onboarding through distance?", "How do new employees experience their opportunity to adapt to their new work role?" and "How do new employees experience their opportunity to create new relationships with colleagues and the organization?". This study is based on a qualitative research strategy where the data has been collected through six semi-structured interviews conducted with informants who within the last six to eight months have started a new employment through distance, due to the consequences of Covid-19. The result has been analyzed through thematic analysis and in relation to the study’s theoretical framework. The theoretical framework is based on Säljös (2014) socio-cultural perspective on learning with a focus on Jarvis’ et al. (2003) social learning, Berger’s et al. (1979) socialization and Lauvås and Handals’ (2015) professional socialization. The result shows that a structured and organized onboarding is of great importance for meeting new employees’ expectations, when it takes place at a distance during digital working conditions. The structure of the onboarding is also essential for how the new employees adapt to their new professional role. Onboarding through distance results in difficulties when it comes to the new employees’ opportunities to create new relationships with colleagues and to become a part of the organization. The result further shows that organizations make active attempts to make space for social context through digital activities. At the same time, this is met by some resistance from the new employees who tend to avoid participating in these voluntary digital activities.

More public and private organisations offer working from home as an alternative way of working for their employees. Working from home (WFH) has both benefits and drawbacks for the employees when it is compared to the office working. While some of the researchers, such as Shafizadeh et al. (2000) claim that working from home increases the productivity of the employees, other researchers, such as Monteiro et al. (2019) claim the opposite. This study analysed five research articles published in year 2000 and five research articles published in years 2019 and 2020 to discover the factors having an influence on the productivity of the employees who work from home, whether the influence of these factors have on the productivity is positive or negative and whether the factors have changed from year 2000 to the recent years (2019 and 2020). The study results indicate that working from home has an influence on productivity of the employees. While influences of some of the factors are either positive or negative, the influence of some of the factors depend on the characteristics and attitude of the employees and the circumstances.

Purpose - This study aims to identify how remote work may negatively influence the innovative climate, and how organizations can overcome the identified challenges. In doing so, we present challenges of remote work and solutions of how organizations, leaders, and employees can manage the challenges.  Method – The analysis was based on 18 interviews with industry experts and employees at the case study company, as well as secondary data regarding best practices. We combined and analyzed all data by thematic analysis. Findings - We identified 12 challenges with remote work that negatively influences the innovative climate within four areas: communication, collaboration, resources, and leadership. We have also mapped out 14 solutions to overcome those identified challenges.  Theoretical contribution - Remote work has been investigated several times but the connection to the innovative climate has not earlier been established. Thus, in this study, we bridge the gap between the challenges of remote work and the innovative climate at organizations. Additionally, independent of the COVID-19 pandemic, we contribute with findings on how remote work may negatively influence the innovative climate in organizations, how organizations can overcome these challenges, and how an innovative climate can be fostered remotely. Practical implications - We show how remote work negatively influences the innovative climate at organizations and what leaders, employees, and organizations could do to overcome these challenges and foster innovation despite working remotely. See appendix 4, 5, 7, and 8 for practical guidelines that describe what four different stakeholders (leaders, employees, organizations, and meeting moderators) can do, and appendix 6 for a suggested etiquette for remote meetings. Limitations of the study - We collected most of the data through one company in the high technology industry focused on gathering qualitative findings. Thus, our findings might be limited in terms of generalizability. Therefore, validation of our findings in other industries would be interesting for future research. / Syfte - Studiens syfte var att identifiera hur distansarbete negativt kan påverka det innovativa klimatet hos organisationer och hur dessa utmaningar kan övervinnas. För att uppnå det presenterade vi utmaningar med distansarbete samt lösningar på hur organisationer, ledare, mötesmoderatorer och anställda kan hantera utmaningarna. Metod – Analysen baserades på 18 intervjuer med branschexperter och anställda vid fallstudieföretaget, samt sekundära data om bästa praxis. All data analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys. Resultat - Vi identifierade 12 utmaningar med distansarbete som negativt påverkar det innovativa klimatet inom fyra områden: kommunikation, samarbete, resurser och ledarskap. Vidare har vi kartlagt 14 lösningar för att övervinna de identifierade utmaningarna. Teoretiskt bidrag - Distansarbete har undersökts flera gånger men kopplingen till det innovativa klimatet har inte fastställts tidigare. I denna studie överbryggar vi klyftan mellan utmaningarna med distansarbete och det innovativa klimatet i organisationer. Dessutom, oberoende av COVID-19-pandemin, bidrar vi med kunskap om hur distansarbete kan påverka det innovativa klimatet hos organisationer negativt, hur organisationer kan övervinna dessa utmaningar och hur ett innovativt klimat kan främjas på distans. Praktiska implikationer - Vi visar hur distansarbete negativt påverkar det innovativa klimatet i organisationer och vad ledare, anställda och organisationer kan göra för att övervinna dessa utmaningar och främja innovation trots att de arbetar på distans. Se bilaga 4, 5, 7 och 8 för praktiska riktlinjer som beskriver vad fyra olika roller (ledare, anställda, organisationer och mötesmoderatorer) kan göra, och bilaga 6 för ett förslag på en etikett för distansmöten. Studiens begränsningar - Majoriteten av studiens kvalitativa data samlades in från ett företag och därför kan våra resultat vara begränsade avseende generaliserbarhet. Validering av våra resultat i andra branscher skulle därför vara aktuellt för framtida studier.

Sales is one of the oldest professions and is still a vital part of any business. It keeps evolving because of digitalization and from the impact of covid-19. The covid-19 outbreak has had tremendous influence on multiple levels in organizations and for business all over the world. Consequently, there is also an opportunity in a crisis. Furthermore, the firms have rapidly picked themselves up and continue pursuing for survival. Today, management has started restructuring their business models and including hybrid work models for their employees. In this study, the authors will investigate how this old profession is functioning in a modern and evolving business environment. Digitalization has accelerated at an alarming rate during the pandemic. It benefits and challenges many professions on a daily basis, including the B2B sales process.

Background: The unplanned entrance of the COVID-19 pandemic caused an imbalance in organizational stability, directly leading to the introduction of widespread hybrid workplaces. This caused new challenges for employee efficiency, engagement, and well-being due to the lack of adequate strategy and resources. As the distinction between home and office blurred, motivation became difficult to maintain using traditional approaches, and organizational focus on non-standard domains, such as personal life, health, and family, became essential. Purpose: The establishment of a theoretical framework that analyzes the motivation factors and their underlying pillars of tech employees during and after the unplanned transition to remote work.  Method: The study follows an epistemological interpretivist and ontological relativist grounding. By using semi-structured interviews following the Theoretical Sampling approach, qualitative data was created and a multiple case study was conducted. Conclusion: The research developed a framework including a trichotomy of motivation factors to extend employee motivation to a remote work environment. The study concluded that the quality of a work-life balance, the communication-chain, and employee health are the key drivers of tech employee motivation during and after the transition. The results highlight the need for these three factors in further hybrid work environments, as well as the importance of the employee’s choice of where to conduct their responsibilities on a daily basis.

Background: In the beginning of 2020 as the Covid-19 pandemic started to spread around the world, banking organisations were forced to move their whole working operations to a remote context. Thus, challenging the traditional management theories since these were developed to be implemented in a stable, physical context. Hence the research will make use of existing motivational management theories, putting them in a forced remote context in order to investigate how managers within the banking industry have utilised them in order to motivate their subordinates during the pandemic.  Purpose: The study aims to investigate how managers within the banking industry motivate their subordinates during a forced remote working environment, making use of existing motivational management theories, putting them in a remote context.  Method: An abductive qualitative approach was adopted, where data was gathered from theoretical conceptualizations, existing literature and through semi-structured interviews. A comparative approach including five managers within four different organisations that operates within the banking sector were implemented. The findings and analysis were conducted using a thematic approach. Which later resulted in contributions on existing motivational management theories. Conclusion: The authors were able to provide several contributions related to four existing theories derived within four themes: communication, trust in employees, delegation of responsibility and giving rewards that best answer the research question on how managers motivate their subordinates in a forced remote working environment.

Background: The pandemic Covid-19 has led to large-scale changes globally; in the workplace setting, it has entailed a distinct increase in remote work. For individuals to deal with organizational changes in the workplace has historically been considered a significant challenge. Therefore, it is essential to understand how individuals cope with these changes and drive themselves while working remotely. Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative study was to develop a deeper understanding of how respondents in different organizations in Sweden coped with the change to remote work caused by Covid19 by viewing their coping strategies from a self-leadership perspective. In addition, the main affecting factors of this change process will be identified. Method: | Ontology: Relativism | Epistemology: Social Constructionism | Research Approach: Inductive | Data Collection: 12 Semi-Structured Interviews | Sampling: Purposive / Convenience | Data Analysis: Thematic Analysis | Conclusion: This study has developed a new terminology; Self-leadership coping strategies that showcase how the respondents of this study reacted, acted, and proactively coped with the change in the workplace setting due to Covid-19. Subsequently, challenging the passive view individuals have been assigned in previous literature and provided coping strategies in a new and highly relevant context. Additionally, three paradoxical affecting factors are presented and problematized.