Orientador: José Antonio Rocha Gontijo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estaual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T13:09:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_MarceloCardosode_D.pdf: 7673135 bytes, checksum: e538dba1f2c8583b18739df7c2e1a919 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O presente estudo avaliou a repercussão da restrição protéica gestacional sobre os receptores da Angiotensina II (AT1R e AT2R) no sistema nervoso central e seu impacto na programação da hipertensão arterial na vida adulta. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que o ambiente intrauterino inadequado, desencadeou nos animais do grupo hipoprotéico (LP), um baixo peso ao nascimento, uma expressão significativamente menor de receptores AT1R no extrato de tecido hipotalâmico aos 12 dias de idade e não significativa na 16a semana de vida quando comparados com os animais do grupo normoprotéico (NP). Inversamente, foi observado uma maior e significativa expressão de receptores AT2R no estrato total de hipotálamo de animais do grupo LP com 12 dias de vida, permanecendo nos animais com 16 semanas de vida, quando comparados ao grupo NP. Adicionalmente, observou-se a redução na resposta dipsogênica frente à administração Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) de Angiotensina II (AngII) nos animais LP em comparação com os animais do grupo NP. Estes resultados podem estar relacionados à expressão diminuída de vasopressina (AVP) hipotalâmico, demostrada aqui pela imunohistoquímica, na prole submetida à restrição protéica gestacional. A presente investigação também demonstrou uma menor expressão de receptores mineralocorticóide (MR) e glicocorticóide (GR) associada a uma elevação de propiomelanocortina (POMC) e hormônio adrenocorticotrófico (ACTH), assim sugerindo uma participação de mineralocorticoides e glicocorticóides como resposta compensatória ao longo da vida para atenuar as alterações na fisiologia renal comprovadas pela queda acentuada na excreção fracional de sódio urinário (FENa+) nos animais do grupo LP sem ocorrer alteração na filtração glomerular estimada pelo clearance de creatinina (CCr). O Clearance de lítio demonstrou que esta excreção urinária aumentada foi devida à perda da capacidade reabsortiva do néfron proximal a despeito do aumento na reabsorção pós-proximal. Estes efeitos foram associados com um significativo aumento na pressão arterial no grupo LP, mas, o mecanismo exato destes fenómenos permanecem desconhecidos / Abstract: Recent studies have shown that the central nervous system, during development, can be influenced by alterations in the intrauterine environment. This organizational phenomenon is termed 'early-life programming'. Here, in maternal protein-deprived offspring model, we focus on adult hypertension development, hypothalamic changes and renal function disorders as an outcome and confirm the hypothalamus as a structure in which there are early and permanent changes that underlie the developing hypertension. The present study shows that LP male pup body weight was significantly reduced when compared to that of NP pups. However, the body masses at 12-days-old and 16-wk-old were similar to observed in NP age-matched group. Furthermore, the immunoblotting analysis in the current study demonstrated a significantly decreased expression of type 1 AngII receptors in the entire hypothalamic tissue extract of LP rats at 12 days of age and unaltered expression in16-wk-old rats, compared to that observed in NP offspring. The unchanged AT1R expression by blotting in the whole hypothalamic extract of 16- wk LP rats may results of uneven expression of protein, revealed by immunohistochemistry, of different analyzed hypothalamic structures. Conversely, the expression of the type 2 AngII receptors in 12-days and 16-wk-old LP hypothalamus was significantly increased, when compared with the NP agematched group. The current data shows the influence of central AngII administration on spontaneous water consumption in a concentration-dependent fashion, but also demonstrated that the water intake response to graded AngII concentrations was strikingly attenuated in 16-wk-old LP, compared with agematched NP controls. These results may be related with decreased brain AVP expression showed in maternal protein-restricted offspring. The present investigation also shows an early and pronounced decrease in fractional urinary sodium excretion in maternal protein-restricted offspring. It also shows a decreased central expression of MR and GR associated, reciprocally, with enhanced immunoreactivity to POMC e ACTH. The decreased FENa was accompanied by a fall in FEPNa and occurred despite unchanged CCr and an enhanced FEPPNa. All these effects was associated with a significant enhance in arterial blood pressure in the LP group but, the precise mechanism of these phenomena remains unknown / Doutorado / Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento / Doutor em Ciências

Evidências sobre a presença do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) na medula óssea e a possível participação da enzima conversora de angiotensina-I (ECA) na regulação hematopoética tem despertado o interesse da comunidade científica. Como a ECA também é um componente chave do sistema calicreína-cininas (SCC), é possível que elementos deste sistema, possam estar envolvidos no controle hematopoético. Assim, avaliamos a participação da ECA na regulação hematopoética de animais não modificados (WT) e nocautes dos receptores B1 de cininas (KOB1). Para isso, utilizamos técnicas de cultura de células de medula óssea, a saber: os ensaios clonogênicos em soft-ágar para granulócitos e macrófagos (CFU-GM) e o sistema de cultura líquida de longa duração (CLLD). Os resultados mostraram a presença da ECA em células das CLLD e indicaram a participação da enzima na proliferação de progenitores hematopoéticos possivelmente através do controle dos níveis de AcSDKP, pois o tratamento com o tetrapeptídeo e com captopril, reduziu significativamente o número CFU-GM in vitro e in vivo. Quando adicionado às CLLD, o AcSDKP foi capaz de aumentar significativamente a expressão do mRNA da ECA, sugerindo que seus níveis possam controlar a expressão gênica desta enzima. Em relação aos animais KOB1, os resultados mostraram maior atividade da ECA, acompanhado de aumento não significativo da expressão gênica e protéica da enzima. O tratamento das CLLD de animais WT com agonistas de receptores de cininas, não alterou a expressão gênica e a atividade da ECA. Assim, nossos dados sugerem que a ECA participa da regulação hematopoética neste modelo. No entanto, novos estudos serão necessários para a elucidação dos mecanismos envolvidos na expressão e/ou controle da atividade da ECA pelos receptores de cininas. / Evidences on the presence of the renin angiotensin system in the bone marrow and the possible participation of the angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) in the hematopoietic regulation have aroused interest of the scientific community. As the ACE also is a common element of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS), it is possible that elements of KKS, can be involved in the hematopoietic control. Thus, we evaluated the participation of the ACE on the hematopoietic regulation of wild-type (WT) and kinin receptor B1 knockout mice (KOB1). For this, we use techniques of bone marrow cell culture, to know the clonogenic assays for granulocyte-macrophage (GM-CFU) and the long term bone marrow cultures (LTBMC). The results shown the presence of the ACE in cells from LTBMC and its possible participation on hematopoietic proliferation through the control of AcSDKP levels, therefore the treatment with AcSDKP and captopril, decreased significantly the GM-CFU number in vitro and in vivo. When added to the LTBMC, the AcSDKP increase significantly the expression of ACE mRNA, suggesting that its levels could control the gene expression of this enzyme. In relation to KOB1 mice, the results shown increase of the ACE activity and not significant increase of the gene and protein expression of the enzyme. The treatment of the LTBMC of WT mice with kinins receptors agonists, did not modify the gene expression and the ACE activity. Thus, our data suggesting that ACE participate of the hematopoietic regulation in this model. However, new studies will be necessary to understand the involved mechanisms in the expression and/or control of ACE activity by kinins receptors.

Estudamos a amostra das ouropretanas com prevalência de hipertensão arterial de (52,7%). O objetivo foi descrever os fenótipos sistólico, diastólico e pressão de pulso e correlacionar as variantes genética da ECA e AGT. Os dados sugerem que a prevalência de hipertensão entre elas estão associadas a idade, classe social, escolaridade, hiperglicemia, circunferência da cintura abdominal, e perfil lipídico. O alelo T foi significante com glicemia {p < 0,02 (OR = 2,2)} e cor preta {p < 0,002 (OR = 2,7)} o alelo D com idade {p < 0,01 (OR = 2,2)} e HDL {p < 0,0007 (OR= 1,5)}. O genótipo DD com a idade {p < 0,03 (OR = 0,7)} e HDL {p < 0,008 (OR = 2,0)}. A influência das variantes genéticas da ECA e do AGT tiveram pouco efeito sobre os fenótipos de pressão arterial, mas influenciaram os níveis de colesterol HDL e a glicemia, respectivamente. / We studied the sample of women from Ouro Preto with a prevalence of arterial hypertension of (52,7%). The objective was to describe systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure phenotypes and correlate the ECA and AGT genetic variants. The data suggests that the prevalence of hypertension among them is related to age, social class, schooling, hyperglycemia, abdominal and lipidic profile. The T allele showed significance with glycemia {p < 0.02 (OR = 2.2) and color black {p < 0.002 (OR = 2.7)}. The D allele with age {p < 0.01 (OR = 2.2)} and HDL {p < 0.0007 (OR=1.5)}. The DD genotype with age {p < 0.03 (OR = 0.7)} and HDL {p<O.008 (OR = 2.0)}. Influence of the ECA and AGT genetic variants had little effect on arterial pressure phenotypes, but influenced the levels of HDL cholesterol and the hyperglycemia respectively.

La néphropathie diabétique (DN) est l’une des premières causes de maladie rénale en phase terminale (ESKD). L’ESKD est un important facteur de risque d'insuffisance cardiaque et d'accidents vasculaires cérébraux. La dysfonction du système rénine-angiotensine intrarénal (iRAS) est considérée comme étant l'une des principales causes du développement de la DN. Tous les composants du iRAS sont identifiés dans les cellules épithéliales des tubules rénaux proximaux (RPTCs), y compris l'angiotensinogène (Agt), le seul précurseur de toutes les angiotensines. Notre laboratoire a rapporté précédemment que la surexpression spécifique de l’Agt dans les RPTCs provoque l’hypertension, la protéinurie, la fibrose rénale, l’apoptose et des lésions rénales. Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) est un facteur de transcription qui est exprimé de façon abondante dans les RPTCs et a été considéré comme étant un régulateur central de l'équilibre redox dans les réponses cytoprotectrices cellulaires. Le rôle de l’activation du Nrf2 dans la DN, toutefois, est controversé. L’objectif général de cette thèse est de comprendre le rôle physiologique du Nrf2 dans la DN et d’étudier le(s) mécanisme(s) moléculaire(s) de l’action de Nrf2. Premièrement, nous avons démontré que la délétion génétique de Nrf2 ou l’inhibition pharmacologique de Nrf2 avec de la trigonelline chez les souris Akita diabétiques de type 1 régule à la hausse la voie Ace2/MasR et supprime l’expression de Agt/ACE dans les RPTCs, ce qui a pour effet d'atténuer l’hypertension systémique et les lésions rénales. Conformément, dans les cellules immoratalisées de tubule proximal de rat (IRPTC) en culture, la transfection de ARNsi ou le traitement à la trigonelline empêche la régulation positive de Agt/ACE induite par le HG, avec une baisse subséquente de l’expression des gènes Ace2/MasR. Ces données identifient un nouveau mécanisme dans lequel l’activation de Nrf2 stimule l’expression et l’activation des gènes du iRAS, menant au développement de l’hypertension et de la néphropathie dans le diabète. Deuxièmement, nous avons généré des souris Nrf2 transgéniques qui surexprime spécifiquement Nrf2 dans les RPTCs (souris Nrf2RPTC Tg), sous le contôle du promoteur KAP (kidney specific androgen-regulated protein). Nous avons ensuite croisé les souris Nrf2RPTC Tg avec les 6 souris Akita Nrf2-/- pour générer des souris Akita Nrf2-/- /Nrf2RPTC Tg. Nous avons trouvé que la surexpression de Nrf2 dans les RPTCs des souris Akita Nrf2-/- augmentait significativement l’expression du gène SGLT2, entraînant une élévation du glucose sanguin, du taux de filtration glomérulaire, du rapport albumine/créatinine urinaire et de la fibrose tubulo-interstitielle. Dans les cellules tubulaires proximales humaines immortalisées (HK2), le traitement à l’oltipraz ou la transfection de l’ADNc du NRF2 stimule l’expression de l’ARNm du SGLT2 et l’activité de son promoteur. De plus, des tests de retard sur gel et d’immunoprécipitation de chromatine ont montrés que NRF2 se lie au NRF2-RE du promoteur du SGLT2. En outre, une expression plus élevée de NRF2 et SGLT2 est observée dans les RPTCs de reins de patients diabétiques que dans les reins de patients non diabétiques. Ces données ont établi un nouveau mécanisme de la régulation du NRF2 sur l’expression et l’activation du gène SGLT2, menant à une exacerbation du glucose sanguin, de l’hyperfiltration et des lésions rénales dans le diabète. En somme, cette thèse a démontré que le stress oxidatif (hyperglycémie) induisait l’activation du Nrf2 qui stimulait le iRAS et l’expression de SGLT2, contribuant ainsi à la progression de la DN. Ces études suggèrent que le Nrf2 pourrait être une cible thérapeutique potentielle dans le traitement de la DN et pourront fournir de valabless données pré-cliniques pour les essais cliniques en cours avec le bardoxolone méthyle (un activateur de Nrf2). / Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the leading causes of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). ESKD is a major risk factor for heart failure and stroke. Dysfunction of intrarenal renin angiotensin system (iRAS) is considered as one of the main reasons that caused the DN. All components of the iRAS are identified in the renal proximal tubule cells (RPTCs), including angiotensinogen (Agt), the sole precursor of all angiotensins. Our lab has previously reported that specific overexpression of Agt in RPTCs induces hypertension, proteinuria, kidney fibrosis, apoptosis and kidney injury. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that abundantly expresses in RPTCs and has been considered as a master regulator of redox balance in cellular cytoprotective responses. The role of Nrf2 activation in DN, however, is not clear. The overall aim of this study is to understand the physiological role of Nrf2 in DN and investigate the molecular mechanism(s) of Nrf2 action. First, we have demonstrated that genetic deletion of Nrf2 or pharmacological blockade of Nrf2 with trigonelline in type 1 diabetic Akita mice effectively upregulates Ace2/MasR and suppresses Agt/ACE expression in isolated RPTCs, resulting in attenuation of systemic hypertension and kidney injury. Consistently, in cultured IRPTCs, Nrf2 siRNA transfection or trigonelline treatment prevents high glucose-induced upregulation of Agt/ACE with downregulation of Ace2/MasR gene expression. These data identified a novel mechanism in which Nrf2 activation stimulates iRAS gene expression and activation, leading to the development of hypertension and nephropathy in diabetes. Second, we have generated Nrf2 transgenic mice under the kidney specific androgen regulated protein (KAP) promoter which specifically overexpress Nrf2 in RPTCs (Nrf2RPTC Tg mice). We further crossbred the Nrf2RPTC Tg mice with Akita Nrf2-/- mice to generate Akita Nrf2-/- /Nrf2RPTC Tg mice. We have found that overexpression of Nrf2 in RPTCs of Akita Nrf2-/- mice significantly unregulated sodium-glucose transporter-2 (SGLT2) expression, resulting in elevation of blood glucose, glomerular filtration rate, albumin-creatinine ratio and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. In 8 immortalized human proximal tubular cells (HK2), oltipraz treatment or NRF2 cDNA transfection stimulated SGLT2 mRNA expression and its promoter activity. Furthermore, NRF2 bound to NRF2- RE of SGLT2 promoter were identified by gel mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Moreover, human diabetic kidneys exhibited higher expression of NRF2 and SGLT2 in RPTCs than non-diabetic kidneys. These data established a novel mechanism of NRF2’s regulation on SGLT2, leading to exacerbation of blood glucose, hyperfiltration and kidney injury in diabetes. In summary, this study documented that activation of Nrf2 in hyperglycemia contributed to the progression of DN via regulation of iRAS and SGLT2, suggesting that Nrf2 might be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of DN.

Calcium sensitization represents a mechanism that enables vascular smooth muscle cells to change the sensitivity of the contractile apparatus to intracellular calcium The aim of this study was to determine to what extent is calcium sensitization modulated by the renin- angiotensin system (RAS), sympathetic nervous system (SNS), nitric oxide (NO) and prostanoids produced by cyclooxygenase (COX). For this purpose we studied the effects of acute and chronic blockade of particular systems on blood pressure changes elicited in conscious normotensive rats by administration of Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil. Adult male chronically cannulated Wistar rats were used in all experiments. Main findings of this study are as follow: 1) Decrease of blood pressure elicited by Rho-kinase inhibition was enhanced under the conditions of acute NOS inhibition. Inhibition of NOS was shown to have a bigger effect than COX inhibition (this was confirmed under the conditions of acute RAS and SNS inhibition as well). These findings are in agreement with the hypothesis that NO exerts a suppressive effect on calcium sensitization. 2) Chronic NOS inhibition caused hypertension characterized by a more pronounced blood pressure lowering after Rho-kinase inhibition in comparison with control. NO chronically suppresses the calcium...

and key words Enhanced activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and endothelin system (ES) plays the key pathophysiological role in the progression of hypertension and the chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to verify wheter the combined inhibition RAS and selective inhibition ETA receptor for endothelin 1 (ET-1) will show additive renoprotective effects in experimental model CKD. This therapeutic aproach was tested on the transgenic rats with mouse renin gen (TGR), to whome ablation nephrectomy (5/6 NX) was done in the age of 6 weeks. After next 6 weeks the relevant treatment was given in drinking-water: dual RAS blockade (trandolapril 6mg/L + losartan 100mg/L) or the combination of dual RAS blockade + inhibitor of ETA receptor (atrasentan 25mg/L). Results of the first series show 100 % mortality in untreated rats with 5/6 NX to the 30th week. Both type of treatments increased the survival rate up to 30 % in 5/6 NX TGR after the 50th week. In the second series influence of treatments on the blood pressure (BP) was monitored in 5/6 NX TGR, which had systolic BP over 210 mmHg. Both treatments decreased BP to the level normotensive rats and reduced heart hypertrophy. In the third series the results showed that treatment significantly decreased renal level of angiotensin II...

[pt] Os transtornos de ansiedade afetam milhares de pessoas em todo o mundo, sendo representados como um dos principais distúrbios mentais. A ansiedade é acompanhada por uma série de respostas comportamentais e fisiológicas, quando na presença de estímulos aversivos. Essas respostas provocam ações neuroendócrinas envolvendo o sistema nervoso simpático (SNS), o eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal (HPA) e o sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA). Pesquisas feitas em modelos animais possibilitam uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos neurofisiológicos e comportamentais associados à patologias observadas em humanos. Os animais Cariocas com Alto Congelamento (CAC) e Cariocas com Baixo Congelamento (CBC) são duas linhagens condicionadas de ratos que apresentam, respectivamente, níveis altos ou baixos de respostas semelhantes à ansiedade. O presente estudo investigou os efeitos da Losartana e Valsartana, sendo ambas da classe antagonistas do receptor de angiotensina II, na modulação da ansiedade nos ratos CAC, CBC e ratos controle. O tratamento crônico com Losartana e o tratamento agudo com Valsartana não produziram efeitos significativos nas respostas comportamentais associadas à ansiedade no condicionamento de medo contextual, campo aberto e labirinto em cruz elevado. Nossos dados sugerem que nas doses e duração dos tratamentos, a administração destes medicamentos anti-hipertensivos não é capaz de modular a ansiedade nos animais CAC e CBC. / [en] Anxiety disorders affect thousands of people all around the world, being represented as the most common of mental disorders. Anxiety is associated with a number of behavioral and physiological responses when faced with aversive stimuli. These responses provoke neuroendocrine actions involving the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Studies on animal models allow for a better understanding of the neurophysiological and behavioral mechanisms associated with pathologies observed in humans. The Carioca High Freezing (CHF) and Carioca Low Freezing (CLF) are two conditioned strains of rats that present, respectively, high or low levels of anxiety-like responses. The present study investigated the effects of Losartan and Valsartan, both angiotensin II receptor blockers, on the modulation of anxiety-like behaviors of CHF, CLF and control rats. Neither chronic treatment of Losartan nor acute treatment of Valsartan yielded significant effects on anxiety measurements in the contextual fear conditioning, open field and elevated plus maze tests. Thus, our findings suggest that at the doses and durations of treatment tested, administration of these antihypertensive drugs did not play a modulating role of anxiety-like behaviors in CHF and CLF animals.

No description available.

Objectif : Étudier les mécanismes apoptotiques impliqués dans la néphropathie diabétique en identifiant les gènes responsables de l’apoptose et activés par les espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) dans les cellules de tubules proximaux rénaux (RPTC) de différents modèles diabétiques. Méthodes : Une hybridation par puce à AND a été réalisée sur les ARN extraits à partir de RPTC de souris heterozygotes db/m+, db/db and db/db catalase (CAT)-transgénique (Tg) de 20 semaines. Des expériences de PCR en temps réel et d’immunohistochimie réalisées sur ces modèles et sur le modèle ou le diabète avait été induit par traitement au streptozotocin (STZ) ont permis de valider les gènes apoptotiques identifiés par puce à ADN. Des RPTC immortalisées de rat ont été utilisées pour montrer l’activité de ces gènes apoptotique et la régulation de leur expression. De plus, une étude additionnelle réalisée sur des sections rénales provenant de patients diabétiques et non diabétiques a démontré également une surexpression de ces gènes apoptotiques dans les IRPTC. Résultats: L’expression de Bcl-2-modifying factor (Bmf), une protéine apoptotique, semble augmentée dans les RPTC de souris db/db comparé aux souris contrôles db/m+, ou aux souris db/db CAT-tg. La surexpression de Bmf a également été identifiée dans les RPTC du modèle diabétique STZ. La normalisation de l’hyperglycémie chez ces souris par traitement à l’insuline semble normaliser également l’expression de Bmf. In vitro, la surexpression du cDNA de Bmf dans les RPTC promouvoit l’apoptose et augmente l’activité de caspase 3. La stimulation de RPTC de Rat avec le glucose élevé (25mM de D-glucose) semble augmenter l’expression de Bmf et le traitement de ces cellules avec la roténone, les Diphénylène iodonium, la catalase et l’apocynine semble renverser cette stimulation. L’inhibition de Bmf avec un siRNA semble réduire l’apoptose induite par le glucose élevé. L’expression de Bmf a également été démontrée dans les RPTC de patients diabétiques. Conclusion: Ces résultats ont démontré une surexpression de Bmf dans les RPTC de différents modèles diabétiques et suggèrent son potentiel rôle dans la régulation de l’apoptose et de l’atrophie tubulaire chez les diabétiques. / Objective: To investigate the mechanisms underlying tubular apoptosis in diabetes by identifying pro-apoptotic genes that are differentially upregulated by reactive oxygen species in renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) in models of diabetes. Research Design and Methods: Total RNAs isolated from renal proximal tubules (RPTs) of 20 week-old heterozygous db/m+, db/db and db/db catalase (CAT)-transgenic (Tg) mice were used for DNA chip microarray analysis. Real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays, immunohistochemistry and mice rendered diabetic with streptozotocin were used to validate the pro-apoptotic gene expression in RPTs. Cultured rat RPTCs were used to confirm the apoptotic activity and regulation of pro-apoptotic gene expression. Additionally, studies in kidney tissues from patients with and without diabetes were employed to confirm enhanced pro-apoptotic gene expression in RPTs. Results: Bcl-2-modifying factor (Bmf) was differentially upregulated (p<0.01) in RPTs of db/db mice as compared to db/m+ and db/db CAT-Tg mice and in RPTs of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice in which insulin reversed this finding. In vitro, Bmf cDNA overexpression in rat RPTCs co-immunoprecipated with Bcl-2, enhanced caspase-3 activity and promoted apoptosis. High glucose (HG, 25 mM) induced Bmf mRNA expression in RPTCs, while rotenone, catalase, diphénylèneiodonium and apocynin decreased it. Knockdown of Bmf with small interference RNA reduced HG-induced apoptosis in RPTCs. Importantly, enhanced Bmf expression was detected in RPTs of kidneys from patients with diabetes. Conclusion: These data demonstrate differential up-regulation of Bmf in diabetic RPTs and suggest a potential role for Bmf in regulating RPTC apoptosis and tubular atrophy in diabetes.

L’expression ‘programmation périnatale’ est employée pour décrire les effets à long terme d’un environnement gestationel néfaste observés chez la progéniture. Ce concept est aujourd’hui bien reconnu. Notre laboratoire a déjà démontré l’impact de l’hyperglycémie maternelle sur le développement rénal des embryons à l’aide des souris HoxB7-GFP transgéniques (Tg) et qui se traduit par une augmentation des espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) et une néphrogenèse perturbée. Les rejetons affectés présentent ainsi des reins plus petits et possédant un nombre inférieur de néphrons à la naissance, et développent une hypertension et des dommages rénaux à l’âge adulte (20 semaines). Dans la première étude, nous avons tenté de réduire la production excessive de ROS dans les reins en développement par la surexpression de la catalase (CAT). Pour ce faire, nous avons croisé les souris CAT-Tg qui surexpriment la CAT dans les cellules des tubules proximaux rénaux (RPTCs) aux souris HoxB7-GFP-Tg afin de générer les souris HoxB7/CAT-GFP-Tg. Nous espérons observer la normalisation du nombre de néphrons et la prévention de l’hypertension et des dommages rénaux observés chez la progéniture issue d’un environnement gestational hyperglycémique. Nous avons observé que la surexpression de CAT dans les RPTCs permet de normaliser la dysmorphogenèse rénale présente chez les embryons de mères diabétiques. À l’âge adulte, la surexpression de CAT dans les RPTCs permet également de réduire la génération des ROS et l’hypertension, tout en améliorant la morphologie et la fonction rénale. Afin de définir les mécanismes impliqués dans ce processus, nous avons étudié le rôle potentiel de Nrf2 (‘nuclear factor-erythroid 2p45 (NF-E2) related factor-2’; un facteur de transcription des gènes antioxidants) et HO-1 (hème oxygénase-1’; une enzyme antioxidante). À la fois Nrf2 et HO-1 sont de forts antioxidants et ont été rapportés comme protecteurs pour le rein. Nous avons observé une surexpression des gènes et protéines Nrf2 et HO-1, en plus d’une translocation nucléaire accrue de Nrf2, dans les RPTCs de la progéniture des mères diabétiques, indiquant que chez les souris surexprimant CAT, Nrf2 et HO-1 sont tous deux bien activés et fonctionnels. En conclusion, nos études suggèrent que la surexpression de CAT dans les RPTCs permet de prévenir la programmation de l’hypertension et les dommages rénaux observés à l’âge adulte chez la progéniture issue de mères diabétiques, en partie suite à l’activation du système de défense Nrf2-HO-1 dans leurs reins. Il a déjà été démontré que l’activation du système rénine-angiotensine (RAS) intrarénal induit l’hypertension en augmentant la constriction des artérioles et la réabsorption du sodium par les tubules rénaux. Une activation du récepteur AT1R et de ses voies de signalisation induit également les dommages rénaux observés dans plusieurs pathologies. Dans le cadre de mon second article, nous avons identifié un nouveau mécanisme par lequel l’angiotensine (Agt) intrarénale induit l’hypertension et des dommages rénaux en réduisant l’expression de l’aquaporine 1 (AQP1, le canal pour l’eau le plus important dans les RPTCs). Des souris transgéniques surexprimant l’Agt de rat (rAgt-Tg) dans leurs RPTCs et des clones stables de cellules immortalisées de tubule proximal de rein de rat (IRPTCs) surexprimant le rAgt (pRSV/rAgt-IRPTC) ont été étudiés. Lorsque comparés aux souris non-transgéniques, les souris rAgt-Tg développent de l’hypertension et des dommages rénaux. Ces changements sont atténués par le traitement avec une double inhibition du RAS (losartan et perindopril). L’expression des protéines AQP1 et HO-1 est réduite dans les RPTCs, tandis que Nrf2 et le transporteur sodique NHE3 sont augmentés, à la fois in vivo et in vitro. Ces changements sont renversés par la double inhibition du RAS chez les animaux expérimentaux. Même si les niveaux de Nrf2 sont élevés, une accumulation cytosolique causée par une augmentation de l’export nucléaire induit par GSK3β se produit et ne parvient donc pas à induire l’expression des gènes en aval comme HO-1, ni à réduire l’expression de l’AQP1. En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent qu’une déficience en Nrf2 nucléaire mène à une diminution de l’expression de HO-1 et une régulation négative de l’AQP1, jouant un role dans l’hypertension et les dommages rénaux induits par l’Agt intrarénal. L’hypertension et les dommages rénaux sont des maladies très hétérogènes et multifactorielles qui impliquent l’interaction de diverses molécules et voies de signalisations, et sont influencées par plusieurs facteurs environnementaux tels la diète ou la programmation périnatale. Tous ces différents facteurs contribuent à la progression de l’hypertension et des dommages rénaux, rendant les stratégies de traitement d’autant plus complexes. Dans notre étude, nous avons évalué le développement de l’hypertension dans deux circonstances : l’hypertension de la progéniture programmée par le diabète maternel et l’hypertension induite par l’activation du RAS intrarénal. Nous avons démontré que la génération des ROS dans les reins constitue un facteur majeur commun dans nos deux modèles d’hypertension chez la souris. De plus, le gène/facteur de transcription antioxydant Nrf2, sensible aux ROS, joue un rôle important dans le processus. Grâce à une meilleure compréhension des diverses voies qui mènent à la progression de l’hypertension, nous espérons qu’il sera possible de développer de meilleurs traitements pour faire face à l’hypertension. / The term ‘perinatal programming’ is used to describe the phenomenon that maternal adverse environment during pregnancies which have profound influences to their offspring later in life. And this concept is well accepted. Previously, we successfully created an in vivo murine model and demonstrated that maternal diabetes constitutes an adverse in utero environment that may fundamentally impair nephrogenesis and subsequently program of the offspring to develop hypertension and kidney injury in adulthood. It appears that enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), intrarenal renin- angiotensin system (RAS) and p53 pathways were involved in the underlying mechanisms. In our first study, we investigated whether overexpression of catalase (CAT) in renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) could prevent the perinatal programming of hypertension and kidney injury in male offspring of diabetic dams and examined the potential underlying mechanisms both in vivo and in vitro. Our data demonstrate that CAT overexpression in RPTCs exert a direct effect on nephrogenesis in utero and ameliorate maternal diabetes- induced dysnephrogenesis. And further consequently, CAT overexpression in RPTCs preventing maternal diabetes-induced perinatal programming, mediated at least in part, via the nuclear factor-erythroid 2p45 (NF-E2) related factor-2 (Nrf2)- heme oxygenase (HO)- 1 defense system. Intrarenal RAS activation has attracted more attention in recent years due to studies have been reported that activation of the intrarenal RAS can elicit hypertension and kidney injury independently from the systemic RAS. Previously, we established a murine model (Agt-Tg) that specifically overexpress rat angiotensinogen (Agt) in their RPTCs and develops hypertension and nephropathy. Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is the major water channel within renal RPTCs, but whether it has a regulatory role in the development of hypertension and nephropathy remains elusive. Our second study aimed to examine the regulation of AQP1 expression in an intrarenal RAS-induced hypertension and kidney injury, focusing on underlying molecular mechanisms. We believe that both our in vivo and in vitro studies identified a novel mechanism(s) in which Agt overexpression in RPTCs enhances cytosolic accumulation of Nrf2 via the phosphorylation of pGSK3β Y216. Consequently, less intranuclear Nrf2 is available to trigger HO-1 expression as a defense mechanism and subsequently diminishes AQP1 expression in RPTCs. In conclusion, our data suggest that Agt mediated-downregulation of AQP1 and Nrf2 signaling may play an important role in intrarenal RAS-induced hypertension and kidney injury. Hypertension and kidney injury is a heterogeneous and multifactorial disease that involves the interaction of various molecules/pathways and the influence of environmental factors, for instance, diet and perinatal programming. Such diverse causes contribute to the progression of hypertension and kidney disease, making the strategy of treatment even more complex. In our present study, we evaluated the development of hypertension under two circumstances: maternal diabetes-programmed hypertension in offspring and intrarenal RAS activation-induced hypertension. We found that ROS generation in the kidneys is a major and common factor in both hypertensive mice model. Also, the ROS-sensitive antioxidant gene/transcription factor – Nrf2, plays an important role in the process. By understanding the pathways that lead to hypertension progression, we can hopefully develop more effective treatments to cope with the disease.