Estudamos se a sobrecarga salina leva ao aumento de neoíntima em vasos submetidos à lesão e avaliamos a participação do sistema renina-angiotensina neste processo. Usamos camundongos C57Bl6 machos tratados por 2 ou 12 semanas com NaCl 1% para beber ou água (grupos cont, sal2 e sal12), submetidos à lesão vascular. O grupo sal12 aumentou a lesão vascular e alterou a relação de fibras colágenas, com exacerbação de deposição colágena na lesão vascular, e a relação entre as angiotensinas II e (1-7) vasculares, com aumento de Ang (1-7) e sem redução de ang II após a lesão. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a sobrecarga salina aumenta a neoíntima nas artérias com lesão e altera a relação entre angiotensinas II e (1-7) de forma possivelmente propiciar o aumento de relação íntima/média observado. / We studied if salt overload leads to an increase in neointima in injured arteries, and evaluate the involvement of the renin-angiotensin in this process. Were used C57Bl6 male mice treated for 2 or 12 weeks with 1% NaCl to drink or water (cont, sal2 sal12 groups) submitted to vascular injury. The group sal12 increased vascular injury and altered the relationship of collagen fibers, with exacerbation of collagen deposition in the vascular injury, and the relationship between vascular angiotensin II and (1-7), with an increase of Ang (1-7) and no reduction of Ang II after injury. The results indicate that salt overload increases neointima in injured arteries, and modifies the relationship between angiotensin II and (1-7), possibly providing the increase in intima/media ratio observed.

As doenças cardiovasculares são a maior causa de morte no mundo e entre essas doenças, a hipertrofia cardíaca (HC) tem se destacado especialmente por ser um fator de risco de insuficiência cardíaca. A HC é um fenômeno que acompanha a hipertensão arterial e no qual se observa aumento de proteínas estruturais e contráteis dos cardiomiócitos, havendo muitas vezes concomitantemente aumento do colágeno intersticial. Fatores independentes da pressão arterial também podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia cardíaca. Dentre estes fatores, a sobrecarga de sal na dieta tem se destacado. Diversos estudos comprovam o efeito hipertrófico do sal. Em modelos animais onde se estudou sobrecarga de sal, não foi detectado aumento da atividade de renina plasmática, sugerindo que o sistema renina-angiotensina aldosterona (SRA) circulante pode não estar envolvido no desenvolvimento da hipertrofia cardíaca. Apesar de alguns estudos tentarem elucidar o papel do sal no desenvolvimento da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, os mecanismos pelo qual o sal atua ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo é observar os fenômenos que ocorrem no ventrículo esquerdo em resposta a sobrecarga de sal na dieta na tentativa de elucidar sua fisiopatologia. Para tanto, ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em cinco grupos de acordo com a dieta (normossódica 1,26% e hipersódica 8% de NaCl) e com o tratamento (losartan, cloridrato de hidralazina ou N-acetilcisteína). Foi avaliada a evolução ponderal, pressão arterial caudal, medida do diâmetro transverso do cardiomiócito, fibrose intersticial, expressão gênica e proteica dos componentes do SRA, dosagem de aldosterona sérica e cardíaca, dosagem de TBARS cardíaco, concentração de angiotensina II e estado conformacional dos receptores AT1 e AT2. Os principais resultados observados foram: o aumento do consumo de ração (com elevada concentração de NaCl) do grupo HS+NAC e consequente aumento na pressão arterial e peso corpóreo; o desenvolvimento de HC independente do incremento da pressão arterial no grupo HS+HZ e a prevenção total ou parcial dessa hipertrofia através dos tratamentos com losartan e N-acetilcisteína, respectivamente e prevenção da fibrose intersticial nos grupos tratados com hidralazina, losartan e N-acetilcisteína / Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and among these diseases, the cardiac hypertrophy (CH) has been highlighted, especially as an important risk factor for developing heart failure. The CH is a phenomenon that accompanies hypertension and in which there is increased structural and contractile proteins in cardiomyocytes, with often concomitant increase of interstitial collagen. Blood pressure independent risk factors can also contribute to the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Among these factors, the high salt intake has been outstanding. Several studies confirm the hypertrophic effect of salt. In animal models submitted to salt overload, no increase in plasma renin activity was observed, suggesting that the renin-angiotensin (RAS) circulating system may not be involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Although some studies attempting to elucidate the role of salt in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy, the mechanisms by which salt acts are not yet fully understood. In this context, the objective of this study is to observe the phenomena occurring in the left ventricle in response to dietary salt overload in an attempt to elucidate its pathophysiology.Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups according to their diet (1.26% and 8% NaCl) and treatment (losartan, hydralazine or N-acetylcysteine). We evaluated the body weight, tail-cuff blood pressure, the transverse diameter of the cardiomyocyte, interstitial fibrosis, gene and protein expression of RAAS components, serum and cardiac aldosterone dosage, cardiac TBARS, angiotensin II concentration and binding of conformation-specific anti-AT1 and anti-AT2 antibodies. The main results were: increased food intake (with high NaCl content) in the HS + NAC group and consequent increase in blood pressure and body weight; developing blood pressure-independent CH in the HS + HZ group partial or total prevention of such hypertrophy by treatment with losartan and N-acetylcysteine, respectively, and prevention of interstitial fibrosis in groups treated with hydralazine, losartan and N-acetylcysteine

Le diabète de type 2 est une pathologie chronique complexe associant une altération de sécrétion de l'insuline par le pancréas et une résistance à l'insuline au niveau des tissus périphériques, notamment au niveau du foie et du muscle squelettique. Son origine est multifactorielle, alliant des anomalies génétiques et environnementales, en particulier nutritionnelles. Un des mécanismes par lesquels les facteurs nutritionnels (comme les glucides et les lipides en excès) contribuent au développement du diabète et à son aggravation est la glucolipotoxicité. En effet, l'élévation de la glycémie et des lipides plasmatiques, ainsi que l'accumulation ectopique de lipides dans les tissus, participent au développement de l'insulinorésistance hépatique et musculaire et aux dysfonctions des cellules bêta, en partie via l'induction d'un stress métabolique, impliquant notamment le stress oxydant, le stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) et la perturbation de l'homéostasie calcique. Nous avons étudié les effets de la glucotoxicité et de la lipotoxicité dans les cellules bêta pancréatiques et les mécanismes impliqués. Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés à des traitements potentiellement protecteurs de la fonction bêta-pancréatique. Nous avons fait l'hypothèse que les effets bénéfiques de l'inhibition du système rénine-angiotensine sur l'incidence du diabète de type 2 chez l'homme étaient médiés par une action directe sur les cellules bêta. Nos résultats montrent que le glucose chronique à une dose élevée entraine une réduction de la sécrétion d'insuline des cellules bêta des îlots de Langerhans humains par une action conjointe sur le stress du RE, le stress oxydant et l'homéostasie calcique. L'inhibition du SRA a permis de restaurer cette fonction grâce notamment à une action inhibitrice sur la voie Phospholipase C-IP3-Calcium / This study addressed the hypothesis that inhibiting the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH)-mediated degradation of epoxy-fatty acids, notably epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, has an additional impact against cardiovascular damage in type 2 diabetes, beyond its previously demonstrated beneficial effect on glucose homeostasis. The cardiovascular and metabolic effects of the sEH inhibitor t- AUCB (10 mg/l in drinking water) were compared to those of the sulfonylurea glibenclamide (80 mg/l), both administered for 8 weeks in FVB mice subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% fat) for 16 weeks. Mice on control chow diet (10% fat) and non-treated HFD mice served as controls. Glibenclamide and t-AUCB similarly prevented the increased fasting glycemia in HFD mice but only t-AUCB improved glucose tolerance and decreased gluconeogenesis, without modifying weight gain. Moreover, t-AUCB reduced adipose tissue inflammation, plasma free fatty acids and LDL cholesterol, and prevented hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, only the sEH inhibitor improved endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine, assessed by myography in isolated coronary arteries. This improvement was related to a restoration of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid and nitric oxide pathways, as shown by the increased inhibitory effects of the NO-synthase and cytochrome P450 epoxygenase inhibitors, L-NA and MSPPOH, on these relaxations. Moreover, t-AUCB decreased cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and inflammation, and improved diastolic function, as demonstrated by the increased E/A ratio (echocardiography) and decreased slope of the enddiastolic pressure-volume relation (invasive hemodynamics). These results demonstrate that she inhibition improves coronary endothelial function and prevents cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction in obese type 2 diabetic mice

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Álvaro Paulo Silva Souza - 2014.pdf: 2481064 bytes, checksum: 21b6308dc6b1eefeb3619cad7c3ab0a7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / According to the World Health Organization (2013),cardiovascular diseases(CVD) are the major causes of death world wide. High blood pressure is the main risk factors for these diseases. The Renin-angiotensin System (RAS) is a important regulator of the cardiovascular functions. Among the components of the RAS, we can highlight the Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang (1-7)]. It is known that the vasodilator effect of Ang-(1-7) is endothelium-dependent. Hypertension cause changes in the vascular structure and function, especially in the endothelium cells, leading to endothelial dysfunction and, consequently, impairment in the vasodilator effect of Ang (1-7). However, it has been shown that some classes of antihypertensive drugs (Angiotensin II receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and Calcium channel blocker) improve the endothelial function. However, it is unknown if these drugs are able to improve the vasorelaxant effect of Ang-(1-7) in pressure-overload condition. Since several studies have pointed to Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis as a therapeutic potential for cardiovascular disease, is very important to understand the influence of the anti hypertensive drugs on the vascular effects of Ang-(1-7). Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of anti hypertensive drugs on the vascular effects of Angiotensin-(1-7) in pressure-overload rats. Wistar rats were submitted to abdominal aorta coarctation (ACo). Sham surgery was performed in the controls group. After 21 days of coarctation, blood pressure (BP) was recorded by carotid artery catheterization. Subsequently,the vasorelaxant effect of Ang-(1-7) were evaluated in aortic rings with or without acute pre-treatment (in vitro) of losartan 1µmol/L, captopril 1µmol/L or amlodipine 1µmol/L. To evaluate the effect of chronic treatment (in vivo), the ACo animals received the following treatments after surgery procedure: losartan 1 or 5 mg/kg/day, captopril 1 or 5 mg/kg/day, amlodipine 1 or 5 mg/kg/day, or DIZE 1 or 5 mg/kg/day. At the end of treatment, the aortic rings were isolated and the vasorrelaxant effect of Ang-(1-7) was evaluated. The increase of the BP was confirmed in the ACo rats. None of the treatment was able to reduce the blood pressure in ACo rats. Pressure overload decreased the relaxation induced by Ang (1-7) in isolated aortic rings. The in vitro pre treatment with losartan, captopril or amlodipine restored the vasorelaxant effect promoted by Ang-(1-7).A-779 or L-NAME blunted the vasorelaxant effect of Ang-(1-7) in aortic rings from CoA rats in presence of losartan.The in vivo treatment with losartan 1 mg/kg/day, captopril 1 mg/kg/day, amlodipine 1 mg/kg/day or DIZE 1 and 5 mg/kg/day was not effective in improving the vasorelaxant effect of Ang (1-7) in CoA aortic rings. However, losartan 5 mg/kg/day, captopril 5 mg/kg/day or amlodipine 5 mg/kg/Day improved the vasorelaxant effect of Ang-(1-7) in aortic rings from CoA rats. These results demonstrate that treatment in vitro or in vivo with some antihypertensive drugs (losartan, captopril and amlodipine) was able to improve the vasorelaxation effect of Ang (1-7) in the aorta from pressure-overloaded animals through mechanisms independent of blood pressure reduction. Therefore, the use of Ang-(1-7) associated with sub-pressor doses of antihypertensive agents may be a new therapeutic tool for the hypertension treatment. / Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde (2013), as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) são as maiores causas de morte no mundo, sendo a Hipertensão Arterial um dos principais fatores de risco. O Sistema Renina-Angiotensina (SRA) é um sistema fundamental para a regulação das funções cardiovasculares. Dentre os componentes do SRA, podemos destacar a Angiotensina-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]. Sabe-se que o efeito vasodilatador da Ang-(1-7) é dependente do endotélio. A hipertensão arterial acarreta conseqüências sobre a estrutura vascular, de forma especial no endotélio, acarretando a disfunção endotelial, nesta condição o efeito vasodilatador da Ang-(1-7) fica prejudicado. No entanto, tem sido demonstrado que algumas classes de anti- hipertensivos (BRA, iECA e BCC) são importantes na melhora da função endotelial. Porém, ainda não se sabe se estes fármacos podem melhorar o efeito vasorrelaxante da Ang-(1-7) em condições de sobrecarga pressórica. Como diversos trabalhos tem apontado a Ang-(1-7)/ Receptor Mas como um potencial terapêutico para as doenças cardiovasculares, é de grande importância um melhor conhecimento sobre a influência de fármacos anti-hipertensivos nos efeitos vasculares da Ang-(1-7). Desta forma, a proposta do trabalho foi avaliar a influência de fármacos anti-hipertensivos nos efeitos vasculares da Angiotensina-(1-7) em ratos submetidos à sobrecarga pressórica. Para isto, ratos Wistar foram submetidos à coarctação da aorta abdominal (CoA). Como controles, foram utilizados animais onde foi realizado o procedimento cirúrgico fictício (Sham). Decorridos 21 dias da coarctação, a pressão arterial (PA) foi registrada pela canulação da artéria carótida. Posteriormente, o efeito vasorrelaxante da Ang-(1-7) foi avaliado em anéis de ratos CoA com ou sem o pré-tratamento agudo (in vitro) de losartan 1 µmol/L, captopril 1 µmol/L ou anlodipino 1 µmol/L. Para avaliar o efeito do tratamento crônico (in vivo), os animais receberam os seguintes tratamentos:losartan 1 ou 5 mg/kg/dia, captopril 1 ou 5 mg/kg/dia, anlodipino 1 ou 5 mg/kg/dia ou DIZE 1 ou 5 mg/kg/dia.Ao final do tratamento, os anéis de aorta de ratos foram isolados para a realização da curva de Ang-(1-7). Os animais CoA apresentaram aumento da PA e nenhum dos tratamentos foi capaz de reduzir a pressão arterial. A sobrecarga pressórica diminuiu o relaxamento induzido por Ang-(1-7) nos anéis de aorta isolados. O pré-tratamento in vitro com losartan, captopril ou anlodipino restaurou o efeito vasorrelaxante promovido por Ang-(1-7). Entretanto, em anéis de aorta de ratos CoA pré-tratados “in vitro” com losartan e A-779 ou losartan e L-NAME, tiveram o vasorrelaxamento promovido por Ang-(1-7) abolido. Já o tratamento in vivo nos animais CoA com losartan 1 mg/kg/dia, captopril 1 mg/kg/dia, anlodipino 1 mg/kg/dia ou DIZE 1 e 5 mg/kg/dia não foram efetivos em melhorar o efeito vasorrelaxante da Ang-(1-7). No entanto, o tratamento com losartan 5 mg/kg/dia, captopril 5 mg/kg/dia ou anlodipino 5 mg/kg/dia melhorou a resposta vasorrelaxante da Ang-(1-7) em animais CoA. Estes resultados demonstram que o tratamento in vitro ou in vivo com alguns anti-hipertensivos (losartan, captopril ou anlodipino) foi capaz de melhorar o vasorrelaxamento promovido por Ang-(1-7) em aorta de animais submetidos à sobrecarga pressórica por mecanismos independentes da pressão arterial. Portanto, a utilização de Ang-(1-7) associada a doses sub-pressóricas de fármacos anti- hipertensivos pode ser uma nova ferramenta terapêutica para o tratamento da hipertensão arterial.

O sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) é de fundamental importância para a manutenção da homeostasia cardiovascular. A enzima conversora de angiotensina I (ECA) é um elemento crítico na cascata de ativação das diversas substâncias ativas do SRA. Evidências obtidas em nosso laboratório por análise de genômica comparativa e confirmadas através de clonagem de segmentos de cDNA sugerem que esta família de proteínas está incompleta. Nossos dados apontam para existência de duas novas isoformas da ECA, que aqui denominaremos Variante-3 (Var-3) e Variante-4 (Var-4), localizadas no mesmo locus da ECA. Neste trabalho, analisamos simultaneamente o padrão de expressão das 4 Variantes da ECA e ECA2 em 30 tecidos do rato utilizando a técnica de qRT-PCR. A Variante 4, cuja ação ainda é desconhecida e está sendo investigada em nosso laboratório, apresenta predominantemente expressão no testículo e em quantidade relativamente baixa no ventrículo esquerdo. Utilizando a técnica de hibridização in situ no testículo, verificamos que a marcação positiva da Var- 4 pode ou não ser co-localizada com a Var-2 dependendo do estágio celular em que se encontra no túbulo seminífero. Verificou-se que as espermátides redondas são as células que expressam a Var-4 nos túbulos seminíferos. Em conjunto, estes dados mostram que as Variantes 1, 2, 3 e 4 da ECA apresentam expressão tecido-específica. O padrão de expressão da Var-4, principal objeto deste trabalho, é consistente com a idéia de que esta variante gênica pode estar envolvida com o controle da espermatogênese e em processos cardíacos, até então não caracterizados / The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is essential to maintain the cardiovascular homeostasis. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a critical point in the biochemical activation of several active substances, notably angiotensin II. Evidence obtained in our laboratory using comparative genomic analysis and confirmed by cDNA cloning suggests that this protein family is incomplete and point to the existence of two new isoforms of ACE that from now on are denominated Variant-3 (Var-3) and Variant-4 (Var-4), located within the same ACE locus. In the present work we simultaneously analyzed the expression pattern of the 4 ACE gene variants in 30 different tissues of rats. The variant 4, whose mechanism of action remains unknown and it is being presently investigated in our laboratory is mainly expressed in testis and in relatively low quantity in left ventricle. Using in situ hybridization technique in testis, we verified that positive labeling of Var-4 is distinct from Var-2, suggesting that they may play distinct functions during the spermatogenesis process. Taking together, we provide direct evidence that the ACE gene locus contain, 4 variants instead of 2 and they show a specific cell tissue pattern of expression. Mostly important, the Var-4 is primarily expressed in testis and the data suggest that it may be involved with spermatogenesis control, and in cardiac processes presently unknown

<p>Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) is a small bulbous herb which belongs to the family, Alliaceae, most commonly associated with onions and garlic. In South Africa (SA), this&nbsp / herb has been traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments, including fever, colds, asthma, paralysis, hypertension (HTN) and stomach problems. The aim of this study&nbsp / was to evaluate the effect of methanol leaf extracts (MLE) of T. violacea on the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in anaesthetized male spontaneously hypertensive rats / &nbsp / and to find out the mechanism(s) by which it acts. The MLE of T. violacea (5 - 150 mg/kg), angiotensin I (ang I, 3.1 - 100 &mu / g/kg), captopril (10 mg/kg), angiotensin II (ang II, 3.1 - 50&nbsp / g/kg), losartan (30 mg/kg), phenylephrine (0.01 &ndash / 0.16 mg/kg), prazosin (1 mg/kg), dobutamine (0.2 &ndash / 10.0 &mu / g/kg), propranolol (0.1 - 12.8 mg/kg), muscarine (0.16 -10 &mu / g/kg),&nbsp / and atropine (0.02 - 20.48 mg/kg) were administered intravenously into male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) weighing between 300 g and 350 g and aged less than 5&nbsp / months. The MLE of T. violacea and/or the standard drugs were infused alone, simultaneously, or separately into each animal. The BP and HR were measured via a pressure&nbsp / transducer connecting the femoral artery and the Powerlab. The vehicle (0.2 mls of a mixture of dimethylsulfoxide and normal saline), T. violacea (60 mg/kg) and captopril (10&nbsp / mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally into some SHR for 21 days to investigate the chronic effect of these agents on plasma levels of aldosterone. The mean change, the mean&nbsp / of the individual percentage changes and the percentage difference (in mean) observed with each intervention was calculated and statistically analyzed using the Student&rsquo / s t test&nbsp / for significant difference (p &lt / 0.05). The Microsoft Excel software was used for statistical analysis. T. violacea significantly (p &lt / 0.05) reduced the systolic, diastolic, and mean&nbsp / arterial BP / and HR dose-dependently. In a dose-dependent manner, ang I, ang II, phenylephrine significantly (p &lt / 0.05) increased the BP, while propranolol, muscarine and&nbsp / atropine reduced the BP. The increases in BP due to dobutamine were not dose-dependent. In a dose dependent manner, phenylephrine and propranolol reduced the HR, while dobutamine increased the HR. The effect of ang I, ang II, muscarine and atropine on HR were not dose-dependent / with both increases as well as decreases observed with ang&nbsp / I, and II and atropine, while decreases were seen with muscarine. Captopril produced&nbsp / significant (p &lt / 0.05) reduction in BP which were not associated with any change in HR. The co-infusion of ang I with the MLE produced significant (p &lt / 0.05) reduction in BP, which were not associated with significant changes in HR. The co-infusion of ang II with the&nbsp / MLE did not produce any significant changes in BP or HR when compared to the infusion of the standard drug alone. The co-infusion of phenylephrine with the MLE did not&nbsp / produce any significant change in BP or HR when compared to the values obtained with the infusion of the standard drug alone, in both the absence and presence of prazosin.&nbsp / The co-infusion of dobutamine with T. violacea produced siginificant (p &lt / 0.05) increases in DBP which were associated with significant (p &lt / 0.05) reductions in HR, when&nbsp / compared to the values obtained with the infusion of the standard drug alone. Theco-infusion of atropine with the MLE did not produce any significant change in BP or HR when&nbsp / compared to the values obtained with the infusion of atropine alone. However, the infusion of T. violacea, 20 minutes after pre-treating animals with atropine (5.12 mg/kg) lead to&nbsp / dose dependent significant (p &lt / 0.05) increases in BP, which were associated with dose-dependent increases in HR. The chronic treatment of animals with T. violacea or&nbsp / captropril produced (a) signicant (p &lt / 0.05) reductions in the plasma levels of aldosterone when compared to the values obtained in the vehicle-treated group, (b) produced&nbsp / signifiant (p &lt / 0.05) reduction in BP in the captopril treated group when compared to the vehicle-treated, (c) did not produce any signficant change in BP in the T. violacea-treated&nbsp / group when compared to the vehicle-treated group and (d) did not produce any signifiant change in HR or body weight in any of the groups. The result obtained in this study&nbsp / suggests that T. violacea reduced BP and HR in the SHR. Secondly, the BP and HR reducing effect of the MLE may involve a) the inhibition of the ACE, b) the inhibition of the &beta / 1&nbsp / adrenoceptors, c) the stimulation of the muscarinic receptors and d) the reduction of the levels of aldosternone in plasma. The results also&nbsp / suggest that the MLE may not act&nbsp / through the angiotensin II receptors or the &alpha / 1 adrenergic receptors.&nbsp / </p>

<p>Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) is a small bulbous herb which belongs to the family, Alliaceae, most commonly associated with onions and garlic. In South Africa (SA), this&nbsp / herb has been traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments, including fever, colds, asthma, paralysis, hypertension (HTN) and stomach problems. The aim of this study&nbsp / was to evaluate the effect of methanol leaf extracts (MLE) of T. violacea on the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in anaesthetized male spontaneously hypertensive rats / &nbsp / and to find out the mechanism(s) by which it acts. The MLE of T. violacea (5 - 150 mg/kg), angiotensin I (ang I, 3.1 - 100 &mu / g/kg), captopril (10 mg/kg), angiotensin II (ang II, 3.1 - 50&nbsp / g/kg), losartan (30 mg/kg), phenylephrine (0.01 &ndash / 0.16 mg/kg), prazosin (1 mg/kg), dobutamine (0.2 &ndash / 10.0 &mu / g/kg), propranolol (0.1 - 12.8 mg/kg), muscarine (0.16 -10 &mu / g/kg),&nbsp / and atropine (0.02 - 20.48 mg/kg) were administered intravenously into male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) weighing between 300 g and 350 g and aged less than 5&nbsp / months. The MLE of T. violacea and/or the standard drugs were infused alone, simultaneously, or separately into each animal. The BP and HR were measured via a pressure&nbsp / transducer connecting the femoral artery and the Powerlab. The vehicle (0.2 mls of a mixture of dimethylsulfoxide and normal saline), T. violacea (60 mg/kg) and captopril (10&nbsp / mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally into some SHR for 21 days to investigate the chronic effect of these agents on plasma levels of aldosterone. The mean change, the mean&nbsp / of the individual percentage changes and the percentage difference (in mean) observed with each intervention was calculated and statistically analyzed using the Student&rsquo / s t test&nbsp / for significant difference (p &lt / 0.05). The Microsoft Excel software was used for statistical analysis. T. violacea significantly (p &lt / 0.05) reduced the systolic, diastolic, and mean&nbsp / arterial BP / and HR dose-dependently. In a dose-dependent manner, ang I, ang II, phenylephrine significantly (p &lt / 0.05) increased the BP, while propranolol, muscarine and&nbsp / atropine reduced the BP. The increases in BP due to dobutamine were not dose-dependent. In a dose dependent manner, phenylephrine and propranolol reduced the HR, while dobutamine increased the HR. The effect of ang I, ang II, muscarine and atropine on HR were not dose-dependent / with both increases as well as decreases observed with ang&nbsp / I, and II and atropine, while decreases were seen with muscarine. Captopril produced&nbsp / significant (p &lt / 0.05) reduction in BP which were not associated with any change in HR. The co-infusion of ang I with the MLE produced significant (p &lt / 0.05) reduction in BP, which were not associated with significant changes in HR. The co-infusion of ang II with the&nbsp / MLE did not produce any significant changes in BP or HR when compared to the infusion of the standard drug alone. The co-infusion of phenylephrine with the MLE did not&nbsp / produce any significant change in BP or HR when compared to the values obtained with the infusion of the standard drug alone, in both the absence and presence of prazosin.&nbsp / The co-infusion of dobutamine with T. violacea produced siginificant (p &lt / 0.05) increases in DBP which were associated with significant (p &lt / 0.05) reductions in HR, when&nbsp / compared to the values obtained with the infusion of the standard drug alone. Theco-infusion of atropine with the MLE did not produce any significant change in BP or HR when&nbsp / compared to the values obtained with the infusion of atropine alone. However, the infusion of T. violacea, 20 minutes after pre-treating animals with atropine (5.12 mg/kg) lead to&nbsp / dose dependent significant (p &lt / 0.05) increases in BP, which were associated with dose-dependent increases in HR. The chronic treatment of animals with T. violacea or&nbsp / captropril produced (a) signicant (p &lt / 0.05) reductions in the plasma levels of aldosterone when compared to the values obtained in the vehicle-treated group, (b) produced&nbsp / signifiant (p &lt / 0.05) reduction in BP in the captopril treated group when compared to the vehicle-treated, (c) did not produce any signficant change in BP in the T. violacea-treated&nbsp / group when compared to the vehicle-treated group and (d) did not produce any signifiant change in HR or body weight in any of the groups. The result obtained in this study&nbsp / suggests that T. violacea reduced BP and HR in the SHR. Secondly, the BP and HR reducing effect of the MLE may involve a) the inhibition of the ACE, b) the inhibition of the &beta / 1&nbsp / adrenoceptors, c) the stimulation of the muscarinic receptors and d) the reduction of the levels of aldosternone in plasma. The results also&nbsp / suggest that the MLE may not act&nbsp / through the angiotensin II receptors or the &alpha / 1 adrenergic receptors.&nbsp / </p>

La néphropathie diabétique est une maladie rénale caractérisée par un syndrome néphrotique et de la glomérulosclérose. Celle-ci est reliée à l’angiopathie de capillaires suite au diabète. Il s’agit d’une importante cause d’insuffisance rénale en Amérique. Or, les anomalies tubulaires comme l’apoptose ou le détachement de tubules des glomérules sont reconnues comme étant de bons marqueurs de progression de cette maladie. Ainsi, il a été proposé au cours des travaux reliés à cette thèse d’étudier les différents mécanismes moléculaires reliés à l’apoptose des tubules proximaux, en particulier dans un thème de relation avec les dommages reliés aux espèces réactives oxygénées (ROS). Une des hypothèses développée au cours de précédents travaux faisait état que l’une des sources initiales qui entrainent le développement de dommages tubulaires soit régulée à travers la production de ROS dérivés des NADPH oxydases. Ainsi, une des premières séries d’expériences entreprises au cours de cette thèse a été effectuée sur un modèle animal de diabète de type 2, la souris db/db. Suite à la caractérisation des différentes pathologies rénales et leur réduction par la surexpression de l’enzyme antioxydante catalase dans les tubules proximaux, des expériences de micro-puces d’expression génétiques furent effectuées. À l’aide de cet outil et par des analyses bioinformatiques, il a été possible d’établir un profilage de gènes reliés à différentes voies de signalisation modulées par le diabète et la catalase. Ainsi, il a été possible d’effectuer de plus amples études sur des gènes reliés à l’apoptose surexprimé dans les tubules proximaux de souris diabétiques. Un des gènes pro-apoptotique mieux caractérisé durant cette thèse fut le gène Bmf, un membre de la famille des régulateurs de Bcl-2 impliqués dans l’apoptose via le relâchement de cytochrome c de la mitochondrie. Ainsi, il a été déterminé que ce gène est surexprimé dans les tubules proximaux de souris diabétiques, et que celui-ci était augmenté dans différents modèles in vitro de diabète. Cela a permis de conclure que Bmf joue sans doute un rôle important la régulation de l’apoptose et de l’atrophie des tubules proximaux. Une autre étude effectuée dans le cadre de cette thèse était reliée avec l’utilisation d’un modèle transgénique afin de mieux définir le rôle que jouent les dommages reliés au stress oxydatif dans la progression des pathologies rénales reliées à l’induction du système rénine-angiotensine. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de déterminer que la surexpression de l’enzyme antioxydante catalase a permis de réduire les différentes pathologies rénales observées dans les souris transgéniques, ce qui permet de conclure que les espèces réactives oxygénées jouen un rôle important dans le développement de l’hypertension et des dommages rénaux. / Diabetic nephropathy is a disease characterized by a nephrotic syndrome and glomerulosclerosis. It is related to capillaries angiopathy caused by diabetes. It is one of the main sources of end stage renal disease in America. Tubular anomalies such as apoptosis or tubular detachment from glomeruli are known to be efficient markers for the progression of this disease. Thus, it has been proposed during the work related to this thesis to study the different molecular mechanisms linked with proximal tubules apoptosis, particularly those related with reactive oxygen species (ROS). A previously stated hypothesis made by our laboratory stated that one of the initial sources of the development of tubular damages may be regulated by the production of ROS by NADPH oxidases. Thus, one of the first series of experiments carried during this thesis was done on an animal model of type 2 diabetes, the db/db mouse. Following the characterization of different renal pathologies and their reduction in the proximal tubules by the antioxidant enzyme catalase, experiment with genetics expression microarrays were carried. Using this tool and bioinformatics analysis, it was possible to profile different genes linked to pathways involved by diabetes and the catalase enzyme. Thus, it was possible to carry further studies on these genes linked to apoptosis and overexpressed in the proximal tubules of diabetic mice. One of the pro apoptotic genes characterized in this thesis was the Bmf gene, a member of the family of Bcl-2 regulator, involved in apoptosis related to the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. Thus, it was determined that this gene is overexpressed in the proximal tubules of diabetic mice, and that it was also upregulated by in vitro models of diabetes. This enabled our team to conclude that Bmf must play an important role in the regulation of apoptosis and atrophy of the proximal tubules. Another study carried during this thesis was linked with the use of a transgenic animal model to better define the role played by damages related to oxidative stress in the progression of renal pathologies related to renin-angiotensin system activation. The results obtained by this study stated that overexpression of the antioxidant enzyme catalase managed to reduce the different kidney pathologies observed in the transgenic model, which let us conclude that reactive oxygen species have an important role to play in the development of hypertension and kidney damages.

Le système cardiovasculaire est composé d'un cœur qui pompe régulièrement le sang à travers des artères afin d'alimenter tous les tissus corporels en oxygène et nutriments qui leur sont nécessaires. Une caractéristique particulière de ce système est son aspect fermé, où le sang fait un cycle constant commençant par le ventricule gauche, allant vers tous les tissus corporels, revenant vers le cœur et le ventricule droit, étant propulsé vers la circulation pulmonaire en retournant au ventricule gauche. L'insuffisance cardiaque est alors une incapacité du cœur à effectuer sa tâche de pomper le sang efficacement. Une série d'ajustements sont alors enclenchés pour rétablir un débit sanguin adéquat; cette réponse systémique est principalement menée par le système rénine-angiotensine-aldostérone ainsi que par le système adrénergique. À court terme, le flot sanguin est rétabli et le métabolisme corporel continue comme si rien n'était, de telle sorte que, souvent ce stade passe inaperçu et les individus qui en sont affectés sont asymptomatiques. Cependant, le cœur doit alors fournir un effort constant supérieur et si la cause n'est pas résolue, la condition cardiaque se dégradera encore plus. Si tel est le cas, pour s'ajuster à cette nouvelle réalité, le cœur, comme tout muscle, deviendra plus massif et changera de conformation afin de répondre à sa nouvelle charge de travail. Cette transformation cardiaque est communément connue sous le terme de remodelage. Par contre, le remodelage cardiaque est délétère à long terme et entrave encore plus le cœur à bien effectuer sa tâche. Au fur et à mesure que la fonction cardiaque décline, les systèmes compensatoires persistent et s'intensifient; il y a alors établissement d'un cercle vicieux destructeur qui ne peut être renversé que par une transplantation cardiaque. Entre temps, des thérapies inhibant le système rénine-angiotensine-aldostérone et le système adrénergique se sont avérés très efficaces pour prolonger la survie, diminuer la mortalité, réduire les hospitalisations ainsi que soulager la symptomatologie associée à l'insuffisance cardiaque. Par contre, ces régimes thérapeutiques ne semblent pas induire une réponse positive chez tous les patients, de sorte que certains n'en retirent pas de bénéfices tangibles, tandis que d'autres éprouvent plusieurs difficultés à les tolérer. Suite à des analyses rétrospectives, surtout en comparant la réponse thérapeutique entre des populations de diverses ethnies, les variations génétiques, particulièrement les polymorphismes ayant le potentiel de moduler le mécanisme d'action de la pharmacothérapie, furent proposés comme responsables de cette variabilité dans la réponse aux médicaments. Certains ont aussi proposé que certains polymorphismes pourraient être considérés comme des facteurs de risque prédisposant à l'insuffisance cardiaque ou coupables de moduler sa progression en tant que facteurs aggravants ou atténuants. Avec de telles hypothèses proposées, plusieurs associations génétiques furent étudiées en commençant par des gènes directement impliqués dans la pathogénèse de cette maladie. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous allons revoir les diverses données disponibles dans la littérature au sujet de l'influence que peuvent avoir les divers polymorphismes impliqués dans la prédisposition, la progression et la pharmacogénétique de l'insuffisance cardiaque. / The cardiovascular system is composed of a heart that regularly pumps blood through the arteries in order to meet the peripheral tissues' demand for oxygen and nutrients. One particularity of this system is its closed aspect where the blood constantly travels in a circular fashion: starting from the left ventricle it is thrusted towards the body tissues, returns to the right side of the heart, is propelled through the pulmonary circulation by the right ventricle and returns again to its starting point, the left ventricle. Heart failure is then the incapacity of the heart to perform its task of appropriately pumping blood. A series of adjustments are then put in place in order to restore an adequate blood flow; this systemic response is mainly lead by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and the adrenergic systems. In the short term, the proper blood flow is re-established and the body's metabolism is mainly not affected. This initial stage goes frequently unnoticed and the affected individuals are essentially asymptomatic. However, the heart now needs to deliver a constantly elevated effort and if the precipitating cause is not resolved, the cardiac condition will degrade even further. If this is the case, to adjust itself to this new state, as would any muscle, the heart will become more massive and change its conformation in order to respond to this new workload. This transformation of the heart is commonly referred to as remodelling. However, in the long run, this cardiac remodelling is detrimental and hinders even further the ability of the heart to effectively perform its task. As the cardiac function declines, the compensatory systems persist and intensify; a destructive vicious cycle is then established which will ultimately lead to a heart transplantation or death. In the meantime, therapies inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and the adrenergic systems were found to be very effective in prolonging lifespan, diminishing mortality, reducing hospitalisations and relieving some of the symptomatology associated with heart failure. However, these therapeutic strategies do not seem to induce a positive response in all, thus some patients do not derive any tangible benefits, whereas others experience many difficulties in tolerating them. Following retrospective analysis, especially when comparing the therapeutic response between different ethnic populations, the genetic variations, particularly polymorphisms having the potential to modulate the mechanism of action of pharmacotherapy, were put forward as culprits of this variability in response to medications. Furthermore, some researchers have also suggested that certain polymorphisms might be considered as risk factors predisposing towards heart failure or capable of modulating its progression, whether they act as aggravating or attenuation factors. With such hypothesis, many genetic associations were studied, many starting with genes directly implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. Within the framework of this thesis, we will review the current data available in the literature as it pertains to the influence that various polymorphisms can have on the predisposition, the progression and the pharmacogenetics of heart failure.

La stimulation du récepteur de la rénine/prorénine [(P) RR], un membre récemment découvert du système rénine-angiotensine (SRA), augmente l'activité du SRA et des voies de signalisation angiotensine II-indépendante. Pour étudier l'impact potentiel du (P)RR dans le développement de l`obésité, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que les souris déficientes en (P)RR uniquement dans le tissus adipeux (KO) auront une diminution du poids corporel en ciblant le métabolisme du tissu adipeux, l'activité locomoteur et/ou la prise alimentaire. Ainsi, des souris KO ont été générées en utilisant la technologie Cre/Lox. Le gain de poids et la prise alimentaire ont été évalués hebdomadairement dans les mâles et femelles KO et de type sauvage (WT) pendant 4 semaines alors qu’ils étaient maintenu sur une diète normal. De plus, un groupe de femelles a été placé pour 6 semaines sur une diète riche en gras et en glucides (HF/HC). La composition corporelle et l'activité ambulatoire ont été évaluées par l’EchoMRI et à l’aide de cages Physioscan, respectivement. Les tissus adipeux ont été prélevés et pesés. De plus, les gras péri-gonadaux ont été utilisés pour le microarray. Finalement, le niveaux d'expression d'ARNm du (P)RR ont été évalués. Comme le gène du (P)RR est situé sur le chromosome X, les mâles étaient des KOs complets et les femelles étaient des KOs partielles. Les souris KO avaient un poids corporel significativement plus petit par rapport à WT, les différences étant plus prononcées chez les mâles. De plus, les femelles KOs étaient résistantes à l'obésité lorsqu'elles ont été placées sur la diète HF/HC et donc elles avaient significativement moins de masse grasse par rapport aux WTs. L’analyse histologique des gras péri-gonadaux des KOs nous ont dévoilés qu’il avait une réduction du nombre d'adipocytes mais de plus grande taille. Bien qu'il n'y ait eu aucun changement dans la consommation alimentaire, une augmentation de près de 3 fois de l'activité ambulatoire a été détectée chez les mâles. De plus, nous avons observé que leurs tibias étaient de longueur réduite ce qui suggère fortement l'affection de leur développement. Les gras péri-gonadaux des souris KO avaient une expression réduite de l`ABLIM2 (Actin binding LIM protein family, member 2) qui est associé avec le diabète de type II chez l'humain. Ainsi, les données recueillies suggèrent fortement que le (P)RR est impliquée dans la régulation du poids corporelle. / Stimulation of the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR], a recently discovered member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), increases the activity of the RAS and stimulates angiotensin II-independent signaling pathways. To investigate the possible impact of the (P)RR on obesity development, we hypothesized that mice deficient in the (P)RR specifically in their adipose tissue (KO) would have a decrease in body weight by targeting adipose tissue metabolism, locomotor activity and/or food intake. As such, KO mice were generated using the Cre/Lox technology. Weekly weight gain and food intake were assessed in both male and female KO and wild-type (WT) littermates for 4 weeks on a normal diet. A group of females were also placed for an additional 6 weeks on a high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet (HF/HC). Body composition and physical activity were evaluated using EchoMRI and Physioscan cages, respectively. Adipose tissues were collected and weighed at sacrifice. Moreover, perigonadal fat was used for Gene assay and histological analysis. (P)RR mRNA expression levels were evaluated using real-time PCR. Different circulating metabolites and proteinuria were measured by ELISA kits. As the (P)RR gene is located on the X chromosome, males were complete KOs and females were partial KOs. KO body weights were significantly lower compared to WTs, the differences being more pronounced in males. Female KOs were resistant to obesity development when placed on a HF/HC diet and as such, had significantly smaller fat mass as well as lower circulating leptin levels compared to WTs. All KO perigonadal fat had a reduced number of adipocytes but of bigger size. Although there were no changes in food intake, an almost 3-fold increase in activity was detected in males. Moreover, they presented with shorter tibial length which strongly suggests that they may have developmental issues. Gonadal fat of KO mice showed a reduced expression of ABLIM2 gene (Actin binding LIM protein family, member 2) which is associated with type II diabetes in humans. Conversely, no obvious changes in glycemia were detected while tendencies for lower proteinuria could be observed. The data collected thus strongly suggests that the (P)RR is implicated in body weight regulation.