This thesis presents a study combined of a quantitative content analysis and a discourse analysis and aims to investigate women’s representation in news articles about the 2018 wildfires. The representation is examined in two ways, to what extent and how women were represented. To structure the examination the theory symbolic annihilation is used. Symbolic annihilation includes three different aspects of women’s representation in media; absence, condemnation and trivialization. Each one of these aspects is scrutinized on whether they occur in the news articles about the 2018 wildfires. The results show that all except one of these aspects is materialized in the news articles. Women are represented to a lesser extent than men and often in gender-based roles, but contrary to the theory they are also represented in traditionally male roles without being condemned for it. Furthermore, this thesis also aims to explain the results of the representation of women in the news articles. To achieve this the theory poststructuralistic feminism is used. More specifically to analyze the results using the theoretical ideas about discourse, subjectivity and gendered power structures. The analyze show that the gendered power structures that exist in our society affects the crisis discourse and therefore also the representation of women in it. Why women were represented in traditionally male roles was explained by subjectivity and the individual’s power to change discourses.

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This thesis examines how contemporary femme fatales operate under patriarchal notions and expectations of gender and femininity to get away with their crimes. Whereas classic femme fatales were relegated to a tragic fate—either through death, incarceration or other forms of subjugation—contemporary femme fatales now have the narrative possibility of using their sexuality, intellect and agency to get away with their crimes at the expense of the male hero. Breaking with the traditional analysis centering around the femme fatale in her relation to men and male anxieties regarding feminine sexual difference, I propose a queer reading of the contemporary femme fatale that accredits the femme fatale for her active cunning and independence through an examination of her enhanced characteristics which make it possible for her to succeed under the continuous constraints of the patriarchy. The films examined are: The Last Seduction (1994), Gone Girl (2014), Body Heat (1981), Nightmare Alley (2021), Bound (1996) and Basic Instinct (1992). While the popularity of the femme fatale continues, there are still relatively few examples of femme fatales who get away with their crimes as well as a continued lack of scholarship that discusses the intricacies of the femme fatale absent from her theorization as a beacon of male anxieties. However, this project remains hopeful and advocates for a more diverse representation and an in increase scholastic conversation surrounding femme fatales in contemporary cinema.

The portrayal of women in Setswana literary works and in the electronic media tends to perpetuate stereotypes of women. This may result in a society that continues to degrade women. Ntsimane, the author of Motlhabane, has written a drama series that depicts women in a negative way through the creation of weak female characters who are often exploited by males, are gossips, adulterous and generally manipulative and of low morals. Feminist literature has, among other things, challenged, especially male authors who promote and perpetuate negative stereotypes of women. The view that women are weak, adulterous, possessive and have low morals emerges from traditional cultural perceptions, and thus writers who do not give a balanced view of women continue to portray this view. Women have been discriminated against in many spheres of life, such as in the work place, at home, in politics, in the economy and in society in general. This study explores the portrayal of women in the radio series Motlhabane and reveals clearly that the series fails to portray women as having an important role to play in life and in a family structure and thus need • to be afforded respect. The conclusions of this study are a warning to men about women who do not fit the traditional mould of submissive wives and are therefore looked upon as being morally corrupt and promiscuous. The author does not treat his female characters with respect. The study highlights challenges facing emerging authors who write about women, and directs them to focus on representing women in a balanced manner in their works. The challenge for the emerging generation of authors is to learn to write in a sensitive balanced manner about women. / M.A., African Languages, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003

The portrayal of women in Setswana literary works and in the electronic media tends to perpetuate stereotypes of women. This may result in a society that continues to degrade women. Ntsimane, the author of Motlhabane, has written a drama series that depicts women in a negative way through the creation of weak female characters who are often exploited by males, are gossips, adulterous and generally manipulative and of low morals. Feminist literature has, among other things, challenged, especially male authors who promote and perpetuate negative stereotypes of women. The view that women are weak, adulterous, possessive and have low morals emerges from traditional cultural perceptions, and thus writers who do not give a balanced view of women continue to portray this view. Women have been discriminated against in many spheres of life, such as in the work place, at home, in politics, in the economy and in society in general. This study explores the portrayal of women in the radio series Motlhabane and reveals clearly that the series fails to portray women as having an important role to play in life and in a family structure and thus need • to be afforded respect. The conclusions of this study are a warning to men about women who do not fit the traditional mould of submissive wives and are therefore looked upon as being morally corrupt and promiscuous. The author does not treat his female characters with respect. The study highlights challenges facing emerging authors who write about women, and directs them to focus on representing women in a balanced manner in their works. The challenge for the emerging generation of authors is to learn to write in a sensitive balanced manner about women. / M.A., African Languages, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003

This work deals with the issue of gender in textbooks regarding the image of woman and man, with the main question being: What is the image of woman and man in history textbooks give us? History as a subject reflects the conception of woman and man as based mainly on the historical context in which the textbooks reflect the actual events of the past. The introductory part of the work starts treating gender on a general level and then preceeds to a specifical gender analysis of textbooks. The following part of the work presents content analysis of selected history textbooks.

This study aims to understand the Kenyan cross-party parliamentary women’s caucus success at representing women substantively despite ethnic division. The Kenyan case highlights a paradox: the cross-party parliamentary women’s caucus is successful in a country where politics is shaped by ethnic division, which contradicts existing theories suggesting that the many layers of identity politics would make it difficult for the members to cooperate on a common women’s agenda. The material was collected during ten weeks in Nairobi through interviews with women MPs within the caucus and through observation of meetings, events, and the daily work of the caucus. The findings suggest that women’s issues are perceived as non-political, and non-controversial, which makes it possible for the members to cooperate on a common women’s agenda. Kenya seems to be in an initial stage of gender mainstreaming where the caucus’s members cooperate on women’s fundamental rights, on which they can all agree. It is reasonable to believe that the political parties will develop ideological differences concerning women’s issues as Kenya achieves a certain level of gender equality. The cross-party parliamentary women’s caucus will, according to the findings, be essential to improve the substantive representation of women in the Parliament.

Este texto estuda as narrativas breves El celoso extremeño e Las dos doncellas, integrantes do conjunto intitulado Novelas Ejemplares, publicadas por Miguel de Cervantes, em 1613. Tendo em vista que os textos nos permitem experimentar distintas dimensões de leitura, temos, no plano explícito, a expressão desse autor conformista e ortodoxo, nas palavras de Williamson (1990) e, no plano sugestivo, um olhar irônico e crítico, sobretudo da condição e do papel da mulher, nas relações de gênero e ainda na vida em sociedade. Em outras palavras, os dois níveis sobre os quais traçamos os nossos estudos podem ser vistos, simultaneamente, isto é, no discurso explícito, estão revelados fragmentos da realidade a partir de um discurso conservador das regras prescritas, mas, por outro lado, no plano implícito, está o caráter reflexivo, crítico, às vezes, até transgressor dos costumes predominantes. Nessas narrativas estudadas, se por um lado as mulheres atuam como perfectas corderas, cumprindo as regras para uma nobre donzela ou para uma mulher casada, por outro lado, essas mesmas mulheres vencem as suas fragilidades e inseguranças no ato de tomar decisões, demonstrando certa autoridade ou deixando ver poderes ocultos femininos. Em vista do comportamento masculino, nos deparamos com homens que, por trás de toda a superioridade e privilégio ditado pela cultura vigente, revelam-se sujeitos aos desejos e domínios femininos, o que nos faz entender todo aquele controle outrora evidenciado como uma forma simbólica de poder. Tendo em conta a sutileza com que o autor trabalha artisticamente a questão, essas dimensões de leitura só são perceptíveis pela interpretação do leitor cuidadoso, tomando de empréstimo o termo cervantino, em que é capaz de identificar a dupla face de um escritor escurridizo e irónico ao invés de solemne y ejemplar. Enfim, essas controvérsias de leitura nos fazem concluir que o autor exibe, pelas páginas da ficção, uma representação da dinâmica da vida em sociedade, na qual a formação de novas personagens demonstra que a força e a vontade do ser humano predominam sobre as regras e as convenções sociais. Sendo assim, a proposta é analisar como, ao deixar entrevisto um discurso crítico e irônico, novas representações de personagens masculinas e femininas flexibilizam os mecanismos culturais que sustentam a suposta hierarquia entre os gêneros. Nessa perspectiva, entendemos que essa leitura pode revelar alguns dos mistérios escondidos como as rupturas, subversões e transgressões às convenções revelando uma sociedade secreta em que as mulheres exibem alguma autoridade num contexto de ordem, ainda, predominantemente, masculino. / This paper studies the brief narratives El celoso extremeño and Las dos doncellas, part of the collection called Novelas Ejemplares, published by Miguel de Cervantes in 1613. Considering that the texts allow us to experience different aspects of reading, we have in the explicit plan the expression of this conformist and orthodox author in the words of Williamson (1990) and in the suggestive plan we have an ironic and critical look, particularly on the womens condition and position in the gender roles and also in society life. In other words, these two levels studied can be viewed simultaneously, that is, on the explicit discourse, \'fragments of reality\' are disclosed from a conservative discourse of the prescribed rules, but on the other hand, in the implicit plan there is the reflexive, critical character which sometimes can even transgress the prevalent customs. In these studied narratives, on the one hand, women act as \'perfectas corderas\', fulfilling the rules for a noble maiden or a married woman. On the other hand, these women overcome their weaknesses and insecurities in the act of making decisions, showing certain authority or revealing female \'occult powers\'. In view of male behavior, we find men who behind the superiority and privilege dictated by the prevailing culture, reveal themselves subject to female wishes and domains making us understand all that formerly evidenced control as a \'symbolic \'form of power. Given the subtlety the author works the question with art, these reading dimensions are only perceived by the interpretation of the \'careful\' reader, borrowing the term Cervantine which is able to identify the two faces of a \'escurridizo and ironic writer instead of\' solemne y ejemplar. Anyway, these reading controversies make us conclude that the author displays a representation of the social life dynamics through the fiction pages in which the formation of new characters demonstrates that the strength and will of the human being predominate over the rules and social conventions. Therefore, the proposal is to analyze through a critical and ironic discourse how new representations of male and female characters make flexible cultural mechanisms that underpin the supposed hierarchy between genders. In this perspective, we understand that this reading can reveal some of the \'hidden mysteries\' such as disruptions, subversions and transgressions to conventions revealing a \'secret\' society in which women exhibit some authority in the context of order still predominantly male.

Representations of the Muslim female are value-laden synonymous with the act of veiling. Veiling has fuelled political, social and academic debates and this study contributes to the ongoing conversation alongside identity formation by examining the image of the Muslim female on-screen with due attention given to animation. The image of the Muslim female is drawn in all manner of directions from that of the belly-dancing beauty to the 'bundle in black', the latter often associated with terrorism, particularly post-9/11 and the consequent 'War on Terror'. There is another direction that proffers an idealised image of the good daughter and dutiful wife against that of the fallen woman. Such constructs I argue tend to rid the Muslim female of her agency. This thesis examines how and why various representations of the Muslim female have emerged and changed, whilst some aspects have remained stagnant over time, thus positioning on-screen representations within their historical context. This project goes beyond traditional academic methods of critical analysis in reading film. The hybridised role of the researcher-animator enables the study to offer a critique from that of the spectator, but with the added vantage point of the practitioner with a set focus on the making of meaning. The interdisciplinary approach incorporates film theory, specifically concerned with representations of race and gender. The work of Muslim women scholar-activists informs and inspires the practice in reclaiming the status of the Muslim woman. Their approach lies within three trajectories being gender-sensitive interpretations of the Qur'an, a recovery of Muslim women's history and a critique on representation. Their approaches fall in line with the aim of this project to reclaim the historical Muslim figure on screen, whereas animation provides an attractive yet versatile mode of production to carry out such a task. Key questions guiding this study are: why are current and existing portrayals of the historical Muslim female problematic? Why do these portrayals need to be addressed? Why does an alternative approach to the portrayal of the historical Muslim female need to be devised and put into practice? Finding the answers to these questions lie in the undertaking of the practice. The practice consists of the first two episodes of a five-part series titled 'Sultan Razia', and as the title suggests the animation is based upon a legendary historical Muslim female figure, who ruled the Sultanate of Delhi between 634-638 Hejira/1236-1240CE. This project is an example of how theory works in practice and vice-versa to determine an audio-visual practice that re-inserts the Muslim female into a history that breaks away from established cliches.

Submitted by Andrea Pereira (andrea.pereira@unipampa.edu.br) on 2019-02-25T13:09:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Diss Flávia Alves 2018 (1).pdf: 2763085 bytes, checksum: a2c3ca0748696279c19c0187a5f73725 (MD5) Prod. Edu. Flávia Alves 2018.pdf: 776809 bytes, checksum: 104a7eaca7c63eb8d2460b7dbf27c14c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Dayse Pestana (dayse.pestana@unipampa.edu.br) on 2019-02-25T15:57:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Diss Flávia Alves 2018 (1).pdf: 2763085 bytes, checksum: a2c3ca0748696279c19c0187a5f73725 (MD5) Prod. Edu. Flávia Alves 2018.pdf: 776809 bytes, checksum: 104a7eaca7c63eb8d2460b7dbf27c14c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-25T15:57:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Diss Flávia Alves 2018 (1).pdf: 2763085 bytes, checksum: a2c3ca0748696279c19c0187a5f73725 (MD5) Prod. Edu. Flávia Alves 2018.pdf: 776809 bytes, checksum: 104a7eaca7c63eb8d2460b7dbf27c14c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-12-14 / O objetivo dessa pesquisa é investigar a relação entre a explicitação de inferências e uma leitura proficiente e crítica em textos multimodais. Para isso, nos ancoramos em Vargas (2012, 2015, 2017, 2018), que entende inferências como a criação de algo inédito a partir da relação entre conhecimento prévio e informações selecionadas no texto. Também nos ancoramos em Kleiman (2001) para justificar nossa escolha pelo trabalho com inferências, já que para a autora são as inferências que fazemos durante a leitura que retemos na memória e não informação literal. Também é fundamental discutir o que entendemos por metainferência, que, para Díaz (2003), é a reflexão sobre o processo inferencial. Com relação à metodologia, realizamos uma pesquisa-ação que tem por objetivo analisar uma intervenção feita em uma turma de terceiro ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública da cidade de Bagé, por meio de uma WebQuest, uma pesquisa orientada na internet que tinha como temática a representação da mulher em textos mutimodais, em especial, músicas e videoclipes. A temática escolhida se relaciona com o objetivo de que os alunos tenham uma leitura crítica. Além disso, apesar dos avanços, é possível perceber que a mulher ainda enfrenta muita opressão em nossa sociedade e entender como ela é representada na mídia ajuda a entender essa opressão. Os resultados apontam que os alunos passaram a valorizar seu conhecimento prévio na relação com o texto, além de perceberem o papel do estabelecimento de objetivos e hipóteses para a leitura. Além disso, os alunos foram capazes de falar explicitamente sobre inferências e avaliar quando perguntas são inferenciais ou não; isso indica que o trabalho com a explicitação de inferências auxiliou para que os alunos se tornassem mais proficientes. Houve uma mudança em relação ao conceito de texto, que foi ampliado. Os alunos passaram a perceber outras possibilidades de texto, não só o verbal escrito, o que ampliou a ideia de texto mutimodal, que conjuga diferentes semioses. Por fim, os alunos mostraram maior criticidade em relação à temática trabalhada, representação da mulher, assim como o número de respostas inferenciais aumentou. Apesar dos resultados positivos encontrados, foi possível perceber que estes poderiam ser ampliados a partir de um trabalho contínuo com a metainferência em leitura. Além das mudanças em relação à leitura, foi possível perceber uma mudança em relação ao comportamento com os colegas: conseguimos construir uma comunidade, em que os alunos aprenderam a se ouvir e se respeitar. / This research investigates the relation between the exposition of inferences and the students’ levels in proficiency and critical reading of texts. Having that in mind, we anchor ourselves in Vargas (2012, 2015, 2017, 2018), which studies inferences on the creation of something previously inexistent based on the link between prior knowledge and selected information from a text. We resort to Kleiman (2001) to justify our choice on working with inferences, as for the author it’s the inferences we make while reading that we retain in memory and not literal information. It is also fundamental to discuss what we understand by meta-inference, which, for Díaz (2003), is the reflection on the inferential process. Regarding the methodology, we analyzed a conducted intervention made in a third-year high school class at a public school in the city of Bagé, through a WebQuest, an internet-oriented research on the representation of women in mutimodal texts, especially music and video clips. The choice of this thematic is related to the objective of the research, that students have a critic reading. Besides that, although the advances, it is possible perceive that woman faces oppression in our society and the understanding how she is represented in midia, helps to understand this oppression. The results show that the students began to use their previous knowledge in relation to the text, in addition to perceiving the role of establishing goals and hypotheses for reading. In addition, students were able to speak explicitly about inferences and evaluate when questions are inferential or not; this indicates that the work with the explanation of inferences helped on augmenting the students proficiency. There has been a change on their concept of text, which has been expanded. The students began to perceive other possibilities of text, not only the written or verbal, which extended the idea of mutimodal text, that conjugates different semioses. Finally, the students showed greater criticality in relation to the themed work, representation of the woman, as well as the number of inferential answers increased. Despite the positive results found, it was possible to perceive that these could be amplified by a continuous work with the meta-inference in reading. In addition to the changes in relation to reading, it was possible to perceive a change in relation to the behavior with the colleagues, we were able to build a community, in which the students learned to listen and to respect.