The aim of this thesis is to critique two approaches to explaining the relation between representational and phenomenal content. The first approach, representationism, holds that phenomenal content is entirely constituted by intentional or representational content. The second approach, phenomenism, holds that phenomenal content is not entirely constituted by intentional or representational content. There is something ’more’ to phenomenal content than just intentional content. Two types of consideration are considered in order to evaluate these two approaches as follows: The first, considers two ’metaphysical speculations’, inverted spectra and inverted earth: The second, considers causal and explanatory implications of adopting either of these two approaches. Inverted spectrums and inverted earth provide prima facie grounds for rejecting representationism(Block, 1990, 1996; Shoemaker; 199 1); however, it will be demonstrated that both ‘speculations’ do not demonstrate representationism to fail. This thesis will argue that existing responses to inverted earth, for example, Lalor (1999), Lycan (1996), and Tye (1994, 1995b, 1998b) are inadequate. However, it provides a new response to inverted earth on behalf of the wide representationist. Narrow content representationism, which holds that phenomenal contents are functions that map contexts onto contents, will be demonstrated to fail. Doubt is also cast upon teleological approaches to phenomenal content. Causal and explanatory constraints present a problem to both wide representationism and phenomenism. Wide representationalist theories have traditionally faced a challenge from attempting to explain how relational properties can be casually relevant (Fodor, 1987). These problems apply also to representationist theories of phenomenal content. Two current proponents of wide causation are considered, Wilson (1997) and Yablo (1997); their accounts are found to be problematic. Phenomenism either faces a troublesome ‘explanatory gap’ or a problematic commitment to type-type physicalist identity theories. Finally a proposed future direction for these two theories is suggested.

Orientador: Maria Eunice Quilici Gonzalez / Banca: Mariana Carmem Broens / Banca: Alfredo Pereira Júnior / Banca: Ítala M. L. D'Ottaviano / Banca: Elias Humberto Alves / Resumo: Dois são os objetivos desta tese: o primeiro é discutir os pressupostos epistemológicos subjacentes à concepção internalista da mente que enfatiza a mediação representacional entre o sujeito do conhecimento e o mundo. O segundo consiste em propor e debater a hipótese epistemológica (H), de acordo com a qual há percepção direta das invariâncias no comportamento sócio-cultural. Inicialmente, discute-se o método de análise e síntese cartesiano, questionando sua adequação para o estudo da percepção-ação. Especial ênfase é dada às críticas de Ryle ao método cartesiano de análise que possibilita a geração de erros categoriais em sua aplicação no estudo do conhecimento perceptual. Uma alternativa à perspectiva representacionista da percepção é apresentada por meio da Teoria da Percepção Direta (TPD), proposta por Gibson, aplicando-a também à análise do comportamento sócio-cultural. Algumas dificuldades são encontradas na execução de tal intento; entre elas está a questão da autonomia dos indivíduos. Uma possível solução a este problema é elaborada, ressaltando os aspectos das variâncias relacionais dos indivíduos com o meio ambiente, encontradas juntamente com as invariantes estruturais e transformacionais. As invariantes como as variantes constituem as especificidades da interação entre indivíduo e meio ambiente delineando a personalidade individual. / Abstract: This thesis has two aims: the first is to discuss epistemological presuppositions underlying the internalist conception of mind that emphasizes the representational mediation between a knowing subject and the world. The second consists in proposing and debating the Epistemological Hypothesis (H), according to which there is a Direct Perception of Invariances in Social-Cultural Behavior. At first the methodology of Cartesian analysis and synthesis is discussed, questioning its adequacy to the study of action-perception. Special attention is giving to Ryle’s criticism of the Cartesian method of analysis that allows the generation of categorical mistakes, applied to the study of perceptual knowledge. An alternative to representational perception is shown to be the Theory of Direct Perception (TPD), proposed by Gibson, which will be applied to the analysis of socialcultural behavior. Some difficulties are discovered during this project; among them is the problem of personal autonomy. A possible solution for that problem is to emphasize the relational variances between individuals and their environment, these variances occur together with the structural and transformational invariances. The invariants as well as variants form the specifics of the interaction between individual and environment, and thereby shape the personal autonomy. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:03:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 morais_sr_dr_mar.pdf: 1039071 bytes, checksum: ffdf99fb1c29e213a06ddde5c95dbbe7 (MD5) / Dois são os objetivos desta tese: o primeiro é discutir os pressupostos epistemológicos subjacentes à concepção internalista da mente que enfatiza a mediação representacional entre o sujeito do conhecimento e o mundo. O segundo consiste em propor e debater a hipótese epistemológica (H), de acordo com a qual há percepção direta das invariâncias no comportamento sócio-cultural. Inicialmente, discute-se o método de análise e síntese cartesiano, questionando sua adequação para o estudo da percepção-ação. Especial ênfase é dada às críticas de Ryle ao método cartesiano de análise que possibilita a geração de erros categoriais em sua aplicação no estudo do conhecimento perceptual. Uma alternativa à perspectiva representacionista da percepção é apresentada por meio da Teoria da Percepção Direta (TPD), proposta por Gibson, aplicando-a também à análise do comportamento sócio-cultural. Algumas dificuldades são encontradas na execução de tal intento; entre elas está a questão da autonomia dos indivíduos. Uma possível solução a este problema é elaborada, ressaltando os aspectos das variâncias relacionais dos indivíduos com o meio ambiente, encontradas juntamente com as invariantes estruturais e transformacionais. As invariantes como as variantes constituem as especificidades da interação entre indivíduo e meio ambiente delineando a personalidade individual. / This thesis has two aims: the first is to discuss epistemological presuppositions underlying the internalist conception of mind that emphasizes the representational mediation between a knowing subject and the world. The second consists in proposing and debating the Epistemological Hypothesis (H), according to which there is a Direct Perception of Invariances in Social-Cultural Behavior. At first the methodology of Cartesian analysis and synthesis is discussed, questioning its adequacy to the study of action-perception. Special attention is giving to Ryle s criticism of the Cartesian method of analysis that allows the generation of categorical mistakes, applied to the study of perceptual knowledge. An alternative to representational perception is shown to be the Theory of Direct Perception (TPD), proposed by Gibson, which will be applied to the analysis of socialcultural behavior. Some difficulties are discovered during this project; among them is the problem of personal autonomy. A possible solution for that problem is to emphasize the relational variances between individuals and their environment, these variances occur together with the structural and transformational invariances. The invariants as well as variants form the specifics of the interaction between individual and environment, and thereby shape the personal autonomy.

Orientadora: Maria Cristina Menezes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T22:21:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeixeiraJunior_Oscar_D.pdf: 2873702 bytes, checksum: 02ad0a189475b5d92a2000f384ecc221 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objeto a apropriação, no plano discursivo, que os educadores paulistas fizeram do método intuitivo, possibilitando aos mesmos a reivindicação por uma participação ativa e diretiva sobre o sistema estadual de ensino que se organizara a partir da instauração do regime republicano. Como objetivo de pesquisa impôs-se problematizar o processo pelo qual uma determinada "leitura" do método intuitivo permitiu aos professores atuantes no magistério público estadual, notadamente aqueles que se expressaram pelas páginas da Revista do Ensino, órgão da Associação Beneficente do Professorado Público do Estado de São Paulo, elaborar uma racionalidade pedagógica cuja finalidade era a valorização da educação e da categoria docente. Dentro das estratégias docentes de valorização do campo educacional, observou-se o processo no qual a pedagogia paulista, paulatinamente, foi se desvinculando de seu caráter de "arte de ensinar", na tentativa de constituir-se como ciência da educação. Nesse contexto, as transformações ocorridas na definição de educação integral permitiram vislumbrar a originalidade da apropriação docente havida em São Paulo, na medida em que se rompeu com o conceito de currículo enciclopédico, em nome de uma maior efetividade na formação intelectual, moral e física. Por fim, a análise da reforma de 1920 explicita de que modo as questões externas ao campo educacional opuseram-se ao modelo de formação que vigorou em São Paulo desde 1890, redefinindo o conceito de cidadania e trazendo como consequência direta a "mutilação" do aparelho escolar paulista, a superação do modelo de formação integral e a não utilização do referencial intuitivo como método geral de formação. / Abstract: The present work purpose is at the appropriation, on the discursive, that educators have made Sao Paulo's intuitive method and enables them to claim for an active participation and policy on the state system of education that had been organized from the initiation of the republican regime. As for research purposes was imposed problematize the process by which a certain "reading" of the intuitive method allowed the teachers working as teachers in state public, especially those who expressed themselves through the pages of Revista da Educação, an agency of the Benevolent Association of State Public Professorship Sao Paulo, develop a pedagogical rationality which aimed at enhancement of education and class teacher. Within the educational strategies for enhancement of the educational field, we observed the process in which the pedagogy of São Paulo, gradually, disengaging from its character as an "art of teaching" in an attempt to establish itself as a science education. In this context, the transformations in the definition of comprehensive education crovided valuable insights into the originality of ownership regarded teacher in São Paulo, as it broke with the concept of curriculum encyclopedic, in the name of greater effectiveness in the intellectual, moral and physical. Finally, the analysis of the reform of 1920 explains how the issues outside the educational field were opposed to the training model that prevailed in Sao Paulo since 1890, redefining the concept of citizenship and bringing as a direct consequence of the "mutilation" of the device São Paulo school, overcoming the training model and not use the full reference intuitive as general method of training. / Doutorado / Ensino, Avaliação e Formação de Professores / Doutor em Educação

This essay starts at the proposition that there is not yet a satisfying way to differentiate between different worldviews. Although many attempts have been made, they fail in ways that are difficult to pinpoint. The usual way of researching a worldview is to start from a set of questions that are deemed fundamental to our beliefs, a method the author regards as flawed. In this essay it is instead proposed that we should regard actions and behaviour to determine worldview, because they lead us to the essential part of worldview, the core. To get a worldview with this method, we would categorise different tendencies of actions of individuals, instead of trying to ask them questions and categorising the answers. From this, a model of four different worldviews is established based of four different aims that are sought in actions. These for are: the way of virtue; the way of empowerment or worldly security; the way of pleasure; and the way of spiritual liberation or salvation. The aim of this model is to increase our explanatory power in terms of what people believe, why they act as they do, and what decisions they reach.