Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:45:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael_Nachtigall_Lima_Dissertacao.pdf: 1991806 bytes, checksum: 7969c75174588b581717edf63dda15a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-27 / The work's purpose city counselors who ran for Congress (federal or state) of Rio Grande do Sul, in the elections of 2002, 2006 and 2010. Aims to identify: the size of the municipality in which exercise the office, parties to which they are linked, career characteristics that present (number of mandates exercised and positioning in the list for which competed in municipal elections), as well as results. It also intends to analyze how these variables operate individually or together and predispose Councilman to manifest this progressive ambition and get a certain result. As the proportion of councilors who achieve this goal is small, the study also turns to identify and analyze the continuity of the career of these characters, ie, the decisions taken and the results achieved in the next municipal elections in which he ran for Congress (in this case, 2004, 2008 and 2012) / O trabalho tem por objeto os vereadores que concorreram a deputado (federal ou estadual) do Rio Grande do Sul, nas eleições de 2002, 2006 e 2010. Tem por objetivo identificar: tamanho do município no qual exercem o cargo, partidos aos quais estão vinculados, características de carreira que apresentam (número de mandatos exercidos e posicionamento na lista pela qual concorreram no pleito municipal), bem como resultados obtidos. Pretende, também, analisar como essas variáveis operam isolada ou conjuntamente e predispõem o vereador a manifestar essa ambição progressiva e a obter um determinado resultado. Como a parcela dos vereadores que alcançam esse objetivo é pequena, o estudo também se volta a identificar e a analisar a continuidade da carreira dessas personagens, ou seja, as decisões tomadas e os resultados obtidos no pleito municipal seguinte a aquele em que concorreu a deputado (no caso, 2004, 2008 e 2012)

According to representative bureaucracy theory, a bureaucracy that mirrors the population it serves—in terms of demographic composition—is more responsive to the interests of all groups in the population. Most research in this area has examined the link between passive representation (i.e., occurrences in which minority bureaucrats mirror the population) and active representation (i.e., occurrences in which minority bureaucrats actively pursue the interests of those they represent). Less attention has been directed toward the notion that different mechanisms can make representative bureaucracy have an effect. Focusing on the German public school sector, the aim of this study is to understand through which mechanisms teachers with migration backgrounds can have an impact on their students and how they become representatives. The German government has recently begun to support intensified recruitment of people with migration background into the teacher workforce. Assessing the mechanisms of representation is, thus, not only crucial for a better theoretical understanding of representative bureaucracy, but it can also provide policy guidance for future government efforts. The mechanisms include demand inducement, coproduction inducement, advocacy, shared values and empathic understanding, and peer influence. Substantive effects are operationalized as students’ grades, career expectations, and perceived classroom climate. Applying a sequential mixed-methods approach, OLS regressions based on data from 194 surveys collected at six German high schools measure the mediating effect of the mechanisms on the relationship between the representation of students and the three substantive effects. Furthermore, a comprehensive qualitative analysis of 26 in-depth interviews provides insight into teachers’ perceptions on their role as representatives. Overall, the findings indicate that for the occurrence of most mechanisms, a teacher’s personality is at least as crucial as a common migration background. A mediating effect of demand and coproduction inducement on the relationship between passive representation and substantive effects was found in the quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis reveals the importance of empathic understanding and advocacy as mechanisms of representation and points to the potential of peer influence as influential mechanism of representation. Furthermore, the findings highlight the importance of matching backgrounds and a critical mass of teachers with migration background in the workforce to overcome racism.

La thèse compare l’Assemblée nationale et le Bundestag en ce qui concerne l’évolution dans le temps des pratiques des affaires européennes qu’ont les députés, et de leurs discours sur le rôle des parlements dans l’UE. Elle met en lumière une évolution paradoxale : A mesure que les députés se saisissent de l’Europe, les pratiques parlementaires nationales imprègnent de plus en plus leurs discours sur la démocratie parlementaire dans l’UE. L’analyse se fait à travers une « description dense » (« thick description») fondée sur des documents, de la littérature secondaire et des entretiens avec des acteurs parlementaires, en activité aujourd’hui ou dans le passé. Les débats parlementaires sont analysés à l’aide d’une méthode qualitative-quantitative qui compare les clivages des discours dans le temps. La thèse soutient l’argument selon lequel les néo-institutionnalismes, qui prévalent actuellement dans les études européennes, ne suffisent pas pour comprendre les processus d'institutionnalisation, qui ont lieu dans les parlements nationaux, parallèlement à l'évolution de la législation européenne. En intégrant des éléments de la « practice theory », du social-constructivisme de Peter Berger et Thomas Luckmann et de l’« ancien » institutionnalisme de Max Weber, on peut comprendre les observations comme le fruit d’un changement des « motifs d’action » discursive des acteurs. A mesure que leur expérience de l’UE s’accroit, les députés évaluent la démocratie européenne de moins en moins sur la base de réflexions a priori sur le futur de l’intégration européenne, mais en fonction des pratiques qu’ils expérimentent tous les jours. / The thesis compares EU practice and discourse on the role of parliaments in the EU across time, in the Assemblée nationale and the Bundestag. The thesis brings to light the presence of a European Integration Paradox: Members of Parliaments’ rising experience in EU participation has led to an increasing importance of domestic roles for MPs’ ‘word and deed’ in EU affairs. EU practice is analysed through ‘thick description,’ which is based on primary and secondary interview evidence with current and historical parliamentary actors as well as the study of documents and secondary literature. Assessments of discourse on the role of parliaments are conducted through a systematic deductive-inductive analysis of debates on selected EU treaty changes. This thesis argues that neo-institutionalisms currently prevalent in EU studies are inadequate for understanding the institutionalisation processes at work in national parliaments with increasing EU legislation. Integrating elements of practice theory, of the social-constructivists Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann and the ‘old’ institutionalism of Max Weber, the observations can be interpreted as change of ‘motives’ of discursive action of the actors. With rising experience of ‘doing EU’, Members of Parliament evaluate the role of parliaments in the EU less on the basis of a priori considerations but depending of their day-to-day parliamentary practice.

in English This master's thesis is concerned with collective redress mechanisms in the area of competition law of the European Union. Taking into account the ongoing modernization of private enforcement of competition law, the European Commission had decided to create a complementary system of collective and representative actions. Implementation of such instruments was recommended by the European Commission in Commission Recommendation of 11 June 2013 on common principles for injunctive and compensatory collective redress mechanisms in the Member States concerning violations of rights granted under Union Law. The main research question of this thesis is whether the European Commission has taken a wise approach towards collective redress mechanisms by creating the complementary system of collective redress, using the opt-in mechanism. This master's thesis is divided into 5 main chapters. In the first chapter, the readers are introduced to the topic of enforcement of competition law in the European Union. Further, the main research question is laid down, followed by the sources and methodology used in this thesis. The second chapter shortly describes each way of enforcement of competition law in the European Union. It aims mainly at describing private enforcement of competition law, as it forms the...

D.Litt. et Phil. / Shûrâ (consultation) as prescribed conduct is found in the Qur'ân (3:159, 42:36-38, 2:33). The Sunnah also refers to several occasions where the Prophet (S.A.W.) sought the advice of his companions. In his own life the principle was thus put to practice. The same custom was also, in varying degrees, part of Islâmic governance during the period of the rightly guided caliphs and in the subsequent Umayyad and Abbasid eras. Seen from a political perspective, the question researched in the thesis is what guidelines tradition provides for conducting shûrâ in its institutionalised or political form, namely majlis (gathering). A scrutiny of history showed that in the Prophetic epoch the consultative setting varied considerably and the advice of both the minority and the majority was accepted. A kernel group can, however, be discerned with whom the Prophet consulted regularly. Members of this majlis also played a role in the election of three of the rightly guided caliphs. However, in their time, due to the considerable expansion of the Islâmic Empire, several structures came into being, which competed with the existing majlis. In the subsequent Umayyad and Abbasid era, bureaucratic organisations seemingly completely overshadowed the consultative assembly. Due to the hereditary succession, the majlis, for example, played very little, if any, role in the appointment of the caliphs. Endeavours to rule according to the Sharî`ah was however a constant factor at all times. Deriving principles from history is difficult, particularly the modern world where Western political institutions and procedures have become established even in Muslim states. The question is whether the Western heritage should be accepted or Islamised. An obvious choice is the last-mentioned one. For the purpose of the thesis majlis is thus related to Parliament and ijmâ` to majority rule. The role of President and Prime Minister is correlated with that of the traditional Amîr. For all the procedures, institutions and functions, however, an attempt is made towards an Islâmic adaptation. For this purpose a study is first of all made of Saudi Arabia (Sunnite) and Iran (Shi`ite). Both have, as one of their governing institutions, a Majlis al-Shûrâ. In Saudi Arabia it is appointed by the king, in Iran it is elected by popular vote but remains under constant scrutiny of the Guardian Council. Although both the said systems of government are exemplary in many aspects, an alternative version is suggested in the thesis in order to overcome some shortcomings in the two systems. In describing the alternative system, attention is paid to questions such as the relationship of the people, the majlis and the amîr (leader). It is argued that the majlis should be chosen through general elections and that they, in turn, should elect the amîr. The principle of majority rule is thus accepted, but with a strong accent upon the requirement of moral and religious values and striving towards consensus in decisions. Arbitration is suggested in the case of disagreement between the amîr and the people, or a referendum in which case the people are directly consulted. A separate majlis for men and women respectively is suggested (without denying alternatives). The study, however, accepts the fluidity of any idealised majlis or proposed governmental structure. Principles precede and supersede practice. What remains are the challenges toward Islâmic governance, to work towards furthering of Dîn (religion) and the benefit of the people through insistence upon adherence to the Sharî`ah. At the same time it should be remembered that governance is a combined effort where the amîr has the right to a final decision, but also the obligation to rule through consultation. The thesis of this study is therefore that: - Modern democratic institutions are, with the necessary Islamic orientations, legitimate expressions of shûrâ in its institutionalised form, - The parliamentary systems in modern Islâmic states may be regarded as heirs of the majlis in early Islâmic history The above contentions do not mean that political dimension of shûrâ supersedes all others. It is only one of the forms in which shûrâ is put into practice. It does not agree with the view that the principle of shûrâ was revitalised in modern times to provide an Islâmic orientation for majority or parliamentary rule. Neither does it accept the contention that shûrâ (formally Majlis al-Shûrâ) was adhered to only in the initial period and naîâh later.

Presented master thesis deals with the issues of analysis of the Sales representative's effectiveness in conjunction with the effectiveness of regions severance, methods of evaluation and remuneration. The thesis will also outline company's usage of CRM software from the perspective of Sales representative and Sales Analyst. Theoretical part contains findings from CRM, profession of Sales representatives and methods of evaluation and remuneration. These finding will be exemplified on international pharmaceutical company. The aims of this thesis are suggestions and recommendations which are targeted to increase effectiveness of the Sales representatives and CRM software.

In the past decade South Africa experienced major political and economic changes. In addition to these major changes, South Africa is a highly diverse country and a country of extremes in many respects. Within this dynamic and diverse environment the agricultural sector has to survive and grow financially. In order to survive and grow, good decision-making within the agricultural sector in terms of policies and business strategies is extremely important and necessary. However, within the dynamic and extreme environment it is very difficult for decision-makers to make correct decisions since the likely impact of changes in markets and policies is difficult to quantify. The general objective of this dissertation is to identify and construct a type of farm-level model that will have the ability to quantify the likely impact of change in markets and policies on the financial viability of a representative farm. The specific objective is to construct a model of a representative grain and livestock farm in the Reitz district, Free State province, South Africa. The approach to farm-level modelling that is followed is a positivistic approach since questions of “what is the likely impact” is asked, and not “what ought to be” questions. Apart from behavioural equations, this farm-level simulation model also consists of accounting identities. The model is of a deterministic type since explanatory and descriptive types of questions need to be answered. The development of this farm-level model contributes to research in the field of farm-level modelling in South Africa due to the fact that it has the ability to simulate the impact of changes in markets and policies on a representative farm’s financial position. This is done by linking the farm-level model to a sector-level model developed by Meyer (2002) as well as outputs from several other institutions in terms of macro-economic variables and social variables. There are, however, several issues that became clear in this study. Firstly, positivistic simulation models have the disadvantage that validation and verification are difficult and time consuming due to lack of accurate and detailed data. Secondly, due to the positivistic nature of the model, the assumption is made that very little adjustment in terms of the farm structure takes place during the simulation process. One possible solution to this problem of not being able to simulate adaptation to changing conditions is to develop a model following a normative approach. The third problem with specifically the deterministic type of model is the fact that the model and simulation process assumes no risk. Lastly, in following the positivistic approach, the modeller needs theoretical as well as practical knowledge and understanding of the system modelled and simulated, in order to simulate reality as closely as possible. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Efforts to clarify aboriginal rights in Canada have centered around the demand by aboriginal people for a constitutionally entrenched right to self-government but the substance and character of that form of government are not defined. Comparative political studies have sought to identify possible features of self-government from other political systems. This study observes that in several European countries there are regions with high degrees of local autonomy then compares them to existing Canadian developments, endeavoring to see what might be learned. From Denmark, the Faroe Islands, and from the British Isles, the Isle of Man and Guernsey, are compared with the James Bay Cree (Quebec) and the Sechelt Band (British Columbia) self-governments and the proposed Territory of Nunavut in Canada. Material was gathered from the literature, from telephone interviews with administrators in the three European jurisdictions, and from personal interviews in Canada. The nascent Canadian experience with self-government includes many of the features of self-government in the European cases and leads to some optimism. Important issues in Canada such as the multitude of cases and the paucity of resources in some aboriginal communities require further study. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

A few ruling individuals from party organizations overpowered Indonesia's post-authoritarian, representative democracy. The legislative process of the 2017 Election Act was the case study employed to examine this assumption. The underlying thinking was that there was a contest between “wealth power” (oligarchy) and “participation power” (democracy). The power of wealth controls the party and government institutions. Notwithstanding the presence of participation power, there was, however, no balance between wealth power and participation power, because the formal control of politics was in the hands of party oligarchs. The study purpose was to bridge the gap in knowledge by exploring how the party oligarchs maintained the policymaking, reputedly using cartelized strategies, to defend the status quo. By employing the oligarchy and cartelization theories, the central research question of this inquiry focused on how the party oligarchs, allegedly using cartel work-patterns, mastered the policy process in post-Suharto Indonesia. A qualitative case-study was used with in-depth interviews with 15 participants for data collection and the N-Vivo program for data analysis. Qualitative findings indicated that the party oligarchs engineered the legal process in parliament applying cartelized strategies to defend privileges they obtained from collusive interpenetration with the state. The implications for social change include informing members of parliament, other policymakers, and civil society groups of the cruciality of comprehending the modus operandi of oligarchic cartels. Understanding the “oligarchic cartelization” theoretical postulate is a fundamental step for party members to improve their performance in public offices. The results of this study can also be a useful reference for pro-democracy activists to defend the ontological essence of public participation in implementing representative democracy at an appropriate level.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka och få en bättre förståelse för hur barnombuden inom vuxenpsykiatrin arbetar med barnperspektivet och hur barnombuden uppfattar sina möjligheter och begränsningar i att uppmärksamma barn som anhöriga inom vuxenpsykiatrin. Studien inriktar sig på Region Skånes barnombud och studiens empiriska material bygger på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med barnombud runt om i Skåne. Vi har analyserat vårt material med hjälp av tidigare forskning inom området samt professionalisering och handlingsutrymme. Resultatet av studien visar på att barnombudens roll ser olika ut beroende på vilken kommun de verkar inom, men även hur barnombudet själv väljer att utforma sitt uppdrag med hjälp av sitt handlingsutrymme. Det framkom också av studien att det fanns en del begränsningar i arbetet med ett barnperspektiv inom vuxenpsykiatrin. Dels fanns begränsningar inom organisationen och dels ansågs barnfrågan vara ett känsligt ämne att ta upp med föräldrarna. Främst berodde det på föreställningar om hur föräldern skulle reagera, då barnombuden ofta mött positiva reaktioner och lättnad då de pratat med föräldern om barnens situation och behov. Vuxenpsykiatrin är en verksamhet som är inriktad på vuxna vilket gör det trögt att implementera ett barnperspektiv i en sådan verksamhet. Barnombuden konkurrerar även med andra starka professioner i en verksamhet som är individuellt inriktad vilket är ännu en utmaning för arbetet. Det framkom ur intervjuerna att ett mer familjeorienterat arbetssätt för alla professioner inom vuxenpsykiatrin hade gjort det enklare att uppmärksamma barnen som anhöriga. Risk och skyddsfaktorer var centrala begrepp att tala med föräldern om och att hjälpa föräldern att sätta ord på sin sjukdom. Det var även av stor vikt att informera barnen om sjukdomen och avlasta barnen från skuld och skam. / The purpose of this study is to investigate and gain a better understanding of how the child representatives in adult psychiatry work with the child perspective and how they perceive their opportunities and limitations in acknowledging children as relatives in adult psychiatry. The study focuses on Region Skåne's child representatives and the study's empirical material is based on six semi-structured interviews with child representatives around Skåne. The material is analyzed with the help of previous research in the field as well as professionalization and discretion. The results of the study show that the role of the child representative varies depending on which municipality they work for, but also how the child representative decides to form their assignment with the help of their discretion. It also emerged from the study that the work with the child perspective in adult psychiatry had some limitations. Partly because of the organizational restrictions, but also because the child matter was considered a sensitive subject to discuss with the parents. This was mainly due to a conception of how the parent would react, when in reality, the child representatives often met positive reactions and relief when they talked to the parent about the child's situation and needs. The work of implementing a child perspective in adult psychiatry is moving slow, due to the fact that the operation is so heavily focused on the adult perspective. The child representative also contends with other substantial professions in an operation that is focused on the individual, which is another challenge in their work. The interviews revealed that a more family-oriented way of working for all professions in adult psychiatry would help to acknowledge children as relatives. Risk and protection factors were key concepts to discuss with the parent, as well as helping the parent to put their mental illness into words. It was also of great importance to inform the children about mental illness and how it works, as it will relieve the children of guilt and shame.