Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:52:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AcacioSB_DISSERT.pdf: 4840054 bytes, checksum: bc921747563dac2c749bfd585dd94c32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-28 / This work aims to present the diagnosis and the evaluation of areas of final destination of urban solid waste in Rio Grande do Norte (RN) state. The survey was based on the experience of the State of S?o Paulo, which made its first inventory in 1997, through its Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental CETESB. The methodology for the structuring of diagnosis was the ?ndice de Qualidade de Aterros de Res?duo -- IQR, developed by the Institute for Technological Research of S?o Paulo (ITRP). The calculation is based on the completion of a matrix that contains information about the main features of the site, infrastructure and operating conditions of the area of waste disposal. This study intends to subsidize the state government of Rio Grande do Norte through its State Secretariat of Environment and Water Resources and the Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustent?vel e Meio Ambiente do RN (IDEMA), as well as federal, state and municipal authorities, in the definition of public policies for integrated management of municipal solid wastes to take account of environmental preservation and improvement of sanitary conditions of Natal-RN population. / Apresenta-se neste trabalho o diagn?stico e a avalia??o das ?reas de destinofinal dos res?duos s?lidos urbanos no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Olevantamento foi realizado a partir da experi?ncia do Estado de S?o Paulo, queno ano de 1997, atrav?s da metodologia proposta pela Companhia deTecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental CETESB. O m?todo aplicado para aestrutura??o do diagn?stico foi o ?ndice de Qualidade de Aterros de Res?duos -IQR, desenvolvido pelo Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnol?gicas de S?o Paulo(IPT). O c?lculo baseia-se no preenchimento de uma matriz que cont?minforma??es sobre as principais caracter?sticas do local, da infra-estrutura e dascondi??es de opera??o da ?rea de destina??o de res?duos. Este estudo tem oobjetivo de subsidiar o Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, atrav?s desua Secretaria Estadual do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos H?dricos (SEMARH)e o Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustent?vel e Meio Ambiente do RN (IDEMA),autoridades federais, estaduais e municipais, na defini??o de pol?ticas p?blicasvoltadas para a gest?o integral dos res?duos s?lidos urbanos que contemplema preserva??o ambiental e as melhorias das condi??es sanit?rias da popula??opotiguar.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:54:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexandreMFG_TESE.pdf: 5334818 bytes, checksum: 7c848d27061280b40eb07e9232cb9807 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The traditional processes for treatment of hazardous waste are questionable for it generates other wastes that adversely affect people s health. As an attempt to minimize these problems, it was developed a system for treatment of hazardous waste by thermal plasma, a more appropriate technology since it produces high temperatures, preventing the formation of toxic pollutants to human beings. The present work brings out a solution of automation for this plant. The system has local and remote monitoring resources to ensure the operators security as well as the process itself. A special attention was given to the control of the main reactor temperature of the plant as it is the place where the main processing occurs and because it presents a complex mathematical model. To this, it was employed cascaded controls based on Fuzzy logic. A process computer, with a particular man-machine interface (MMI), provides information and controls of the plant to the operator, including by Internet. A compact PLC module is in charge of the central element of management automation and plant control which receives information from sensors, and sends it to the MMI / Os processos tradicionais de tratamento de lixos perigosos s?o question?veis por gerar outros res?duos que afetam negativamente ? sa?de das pessoas. Como tentativa de minimiza??o desses problemas foi desenvolvido um sistema de tratamento de res?duos perigosos por plasma t?rmico, uma tecnologia adequada por produzir altas temperaturas, impedindo a forma??o de poluentes bastantes t?xicos ao homem. O trabalho aqui exposto traz uma solu??o de automa??o para essa planta. O sistema disp?e de recursos de monitoramento e prote??es locais e remotos, que garantem a seguran?a do processo e dos operadores. Para controle de temperatura do reator principal da planta foi dada uma aten??o especial por ser o recinto onde ocorre o principal processamento e por apresentar um complexo modelo matem?tico. Para esse fim, foram empregados controles em cascata baseados em l?gica Fuzzy. Um computador de processo, com uma interface homem-m?quina (IHM) espec?fica, disponibiliza ao operador informa??es e controles da planta, inclusive via Internet. O elemento central de gerenciamento da automa??o e controle da planta fica a cargo de um m?dulo CLP compacto, que recebe as informa??es dos sensores, e as envia ? IHM

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaphaelaGF.pdf: 1672960 bytes, checksum: 5b6b120f4026f9849183e5f96e363672 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-08 / ?This master dissertation presents the development of a fault detection and isolation system based in neural network. The system is composed of two parts: an identification subsystem and a classification subsystem. Both of the subsystems use neural network techniques with multilayer perceptron training algorithm. Two approaches for identifica-tion stage were analyzed. The fault classifier uses only residue signals from the identification subsystem. To validate the proposal we have done simulation and real experiments in a level system with two water reservoirs. Several faults were generated above this plant and the proposed fault detection system presented very acceptable behavior. In the end of this work we highlight the main difficulties found in real tests that do not exist when it works only with simulation environments / ?Esta disserta??o de mestrado apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema de detec??o e isolamento de falhas (DIF) baseado em redes neurais. O sistema ? dividido em duas etapas: uma de identifica??o neural do sistema e outra de detec??o e classifica??o de falhas. Ambos subsistemas usam t?cnicas de redes neurais com o algoritmoBackpropa- gation para redes Perceptronde M?ltiplas Camadas. Duas abordagens para identifica??o neural foram testadas e uma delas selecionada para fazer parte do sistema DIF. Oclassifi-cador de falhas utiliza apenas valores residuais para a classifica??o das mesmas. Todos os testes foram realizados tanto em ambiente simulado quanto em ambiente real, no intuito de comprovar dificuldades encontradas em testes reais n?o existentes quando se trabalha apenas com simula??es

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EduardoJVD_DISSERT.pdf: 2741868 bytes, checksum: 97ddceb816029ff94f808bc361679f56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-12 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Brazil is the world s leading coffee producer. In 2008, 45.99 million of 60 kg bags of benefited coffee were produced. In the process of improvement 50% is grain and 50% is husk, thus, 1.38 million tons of coffee husk are produced annually. The husk is used as combustible in the drying and improvement ovens in the coffee farms, generating ash as residue. These ashes contain a high concentration of alkaline metals and earth metals, mainly K2O and CaO. This work studies the use of this residue in the ceramic tiles industry, as fluxing agents in substitution to the feldspar. Ten mixtures with equal ratios of clay and kaolin, proceeding from Bahia and the residue (varying from 30 to 5%) were defined and produced in uniaxial tool die of 60x20mm with approximately 5 mm of thickness and 45MPa compacting pressure. The samples were fired in four different temperatures: 1100 ?C, 1150 ?C, 1185 ?C and 1200 ?C during 60 minutes and characterized by means of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, gravimetric thermal analysis and differential thermal analysis. The results of water absorption, apparent porosity, linear shrinkage, XRD, dilatometry, flexural strength and SEM were also analysed. The test specimen with addition of 10% of ash fired in 1200 ?C resulted in 0.18% water absorption and 40.77 MPa flexural strength, being classified as porcelain stoneware tiles according to ABNT, UNI and ISO norms / O Brasil ? o maior produtor mundial de caf?. Em 2008 foram produzidas 45,99 milh?es de sacas, de 60 Kg, de caf? beneficiado. No processo de beneficiamento 50% ? gr?o e 50% ? casca. Assim, 1,38 milh?es de toneladas de cascas de caf? s?o produzidas anualmente. A casca ? utilizada como combust?vel nos fornos de secagem e beneficiamento nas fazendas de caf?, gerando uma cinza como res?duo. As cinzas da casca de caf? apresentam altas concentra??es de metais alcalinos e alcalinos-terrosos, principalmente K2O e CaO. Este trabalho estuda a utiliza??o deste res?duo na ind?stria de placas cer?micas para revestimentos, como fundente, em substitui??o ao feldspato. Foram definidas 10 formula??es com iguais propor??es de argila e caulim provenientes da Bahia, e o res?duo (variando de 30 a 5%), e confeccionados corpos-de-prova em matriz uniaxial de 60x20mm com aproximadamente 5 mm de espessura, com press?o de compacta??o de 45Mpa. As amostras foram sinterizadas em quatros patamares de temperatura, 1100 ?C, 1150 ?C, 1185 ?C e 1200 ?C durante 60 minutos. Foram realizados ensaios para caracteriza??o das mat?rias-primas por fluoresc?ncia de raios-X, difra??o de raios-X, AG, ATD e ATG e analisados os resultados de absor??o de ?gua, porosidade aparente, retra??o linear, DRX, an?lise dilatom?trica, resist?ncia ? flex?o e MEV. Os corpos de prova com adi??o de 10% da cinza e sinterizados a 1200 ?C obtiveram resultados de absor??o de ?gua de 0,18% e resist?ncia ? flex?o de 40,77 MPa, o que segundo as normas ABNT, UNI e ISO podem ser classificados como gr?s porcelanato

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FlavioASL_DISSERT.pdf: 2460649 bytes, checksum: bed5dd26e82ea61d687c6641214ac014 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-27 / Space Science was built using a composite made of plaster, EPS, shredded tires, cement and water. Studies were conducted to thermal and mechanical resistance. Inside the mold EPS plates were placed in order to obtain a higher thermal resistance on the wall constructed, as well as to give it an end environmentally friendly in view of both the tire and the EPS occupy a large space in landfills and year need to be degraded when released into the environment. Compression tests were performed according to ABNT blocks to seal, measurements of the temperature variation in the external and internal walls using a laser thermometer and check the temperature of the indoor environment using a thermocouple attached to a digital thermometer. The experiments demonstrated the heat provided by the composite values from the temperature difference between the internal and external surfaces on the walls, reaching levels of 12.4 ? C and room temperature in the interior space of the Science of 33.3 ? C, remaining within the zone thermal comfort for hot climate countries. It was also demonstrated the proper mechanical strength of such a composite for sealing walls. The proposed use of the composite can contribute to reducing the extreme housing shortage in our country, producing popular homes at low cost and with little time to work / Foi constru?do o Espa?o Ci?ncia utilizando um comp?sito constitu?do de gesso, EPS, pneu triturado, cimento e ?gua. Foram realizados estudos de resist?ncias t?rmica e mec?nica. No interior do molde foram colocadas placas de EPS com o intuito de se obter uma maior resist?ncia t?rmica nas paredes constru?das, como tamb?m dar-lhe um fim ecologicamente correto, tendo em vista que tanto o pneu quanto o EPS ocupam grande espa?o em aterros sanit?rios e necessitam de anos para serem degradados quando lan?ados ao meio ambiente. Foram realizados ensaios de compress?o segundo as normas da ABNT para blocos de veda??o, medi??es da varia??o de temperatura nas paredes externas e internas utilizando um term?metro a laser e verifica??o da temperatura do ambiente interno utilizando um termopar acoplado a um term?metro digital. Os experimentos t?rmicos demonstraram os valores proporcionados pelo comp?sito a partir da diferen?a de temperatura entre as superf?cies internas e externas nas paredes, alcan?ando n?veis de 12,4?C e temperatura ambiente no interior do espa?o ci?ncia, de 33,3 ?C ficando dentro da zona de conforto t?rmico para pa?ses de clima quente. Demonstrou-se tamb?m apropriada resist?ncia mec?nica de tal comp?sito para paredes de veda??o. A utiliza??o do comp?sito proposto pode contribuir para a diminui??o do extremo d?ficit habitacional do nosso pa?s, produzindo resid?ncias populares a baixo custo e com pequeno tempo de obra

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PriscilaVDM.pdf: 580516 bytes, checksum: f1e50327ca11b84127c5038ef75d188f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / As an auxiliary tool to combat hunger by decreasing the waste of food and contributing for improvement of life quality on the population, CEASA/RN has released from August/03 to August/05 the program MESA DA SOLIDARIEDADE. Despite of the positive results of this program, that has already distributed around 226 tons of food, there is still food being thrown in the trash as the deliver of the same food in its natural form would be a health risk to those who would consume it and only the correct processing of this food can make it edible. This work has as a goal the reuse of solid residues of vegetal origin generated by the CEASA/RN, through the Program MESA DA SOLIDARIEDADE and the characterization of the product obtained so it might be used as a mineral complement in the human diet. To the collecting of samples (from September until December /2004) it was developed a methodology having as a reference the daily needs of mineral salts for infants at the age of seven to ten. The sample was packed in plastic bags and transported in an ambient temperature to the laboratory where it was selected, weighted, disinfected, fractionated and dried to 70?C in greenhouse. The dry sample was shredded and stored in bottles previously sterilized. The sample in nature was weighted in the same proportion of the dry sample and it was obtained a uniform mass in a domestic processor. The physical-chemical analyses were carried out in triplicate in the samples in nature and in the dry product, being analyzed: pH, humidity, acidity and soluble solids according to IAL (1985), mineral salts contents (Ca, K, Na, Mg, P and Fe) determined by spectrophotometry of Atomic Absorption, caloric power through a calorimetric bomb and presence of fecal traces and E. coli through the colilert method (APHA, 1995). During this period the dry food a base of vegetables presented on average 5,06% of humidity, 4,62 of pH, acidity of 2,73 mg of citric acid /100g of sample, 51,45?Brix of soluble solids, 2.323,50mg of K/100g, 299,06mg of Ca/100g, 293mg of Na/100g, 154,66mg of Mg/100g, 269,62mg of P/100g, 6,38mg of Fe/100g, caloric power of 3,691Kcal/g (15,502KJ/g) and is free of contamination by fecal traces and E..coli. The dry food developed in this research presented satisfactory characteristics regarding to its conservation, possessing low calories, constituting itself a good source of potassium, magnesium, sodium and iron that can be utilized as a food complement of these minerals / No intuito de auxiliar no combate ? fome, diminuindo o desperd?cio de alimentos e contribuindo para melhoria da qualidade de vida da popula??o, a CEASA/RN lan?ou h? dois anos (agosto/03) o programa MESA DA SOLIDARIEDADE. Apesar dos resultados positivos deste programa, que j? distribuiu em m?dia 226 toneladas de alimentos, ainda existe o descarte de alimentos no lixo, pois entreg?-los na sua forma natural seria um risco ? sa?de de quem os consumisse, e apenas o processamento correto dos mesmos poderia viabilizar o seu consumo. Neste sentido, esse trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar alternativas de reaproveitamento dos res?duos s?lidos de origem vegetal gerados pela CEASA/RN, por meio do Programa MESA DA SOLIDARIEDADE associado ? caracteriza??o do produto obtido para que o mesmo sirva como complementa??o mineral na alimenta??o humana. Para a coleta das amostras (setembro a dezembro de 2004), desenvolveu-se uma metodologia tendo como refer?ncia a necessidade di?ria de sais minerais para crian?as de sete a dez anos. A amostra, acondicionada em sacos pl?sticos e transportada, a temperatura ambiente, para o laborat?rio, foi selecionada, pesada, higienizada, fracionada e submetidas ? secagem ? 70?C em estufa. A amostra seca foi triturada e armazenada em vidros previamente esterilizados. A amostra in natura foi pesada, na mesma propor??o da amostra inicial e foi triturada em um processador dom?stico, obtendo-se uma massa uniforme. As an?lises f?sico-qu?micas foram realizadas, em triplicata, nas amostras in natura e no produto desidratado a base de vegetais, sendo analisados os seguintes par?metros: pH, umidade, acidez e s?lidos sol?veis, conforme IAL (1985), teores de sais minerais (Ca, K, Na, Mg, P e Fe) determinados por espectrofotometria de Absor??o At?mica, poder calor?fico atrav?s de uma bomba calorim?trica e presen?a de coliformes fecais e E.coli atrav?s do m?todo colilert conforme (APHA, 1995). No per?odo estudado, o produto desidratado a base de vegetais apresentou, em m?dia, 5,06% de umidade, 4,62 de pH, acidez de 2,73 mg de ?cido c?trico/100g de amostra, 51,45?Brix de s?lidos sol?veis. Cada 100g do produto desidratado apresentou 2.323,50 mg de K, 299,06 mg de Ca, 293,00mg de Na, 154,66 mg de Mg, 269,62 mg de P e 6,38mg de Fe. O produto desidratado a base de vegetais possui poder calor?fico de 3,691Kcal/g (15,502KJ/g) e est? livre da contamina??o por coliformes fecais e E.coli. O produto farin?ceo desenvolvido nesta pesquisa apresentou caracter?sticas satisfat?rias quanto ? sua conserva??o, possuindo baixas calorias, constituindo-se de uma boa fonte de pot?ssio, magn?sio, s?dio e ferro, podendo ser utilizado como complemento alimentar desses sais minerais

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoCG_DISSERT_2010.pdf: 836774 bytes, checksum: 86ff894110e71c4fda4b7950daeb0674 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / Nowadays generation ethanol second, that t is obtained from fermentation of sugars of hydrolyses of cellulose, is gaining attention worldwide as a viable alternative to petroleum mainly for being a renewable resource. The increase of first generation ethanol production i.e. that obtained from sugar-cane molasses could lead to a reduction of lands sustainable for crops and food production. However, second generation ethanol needs technologic pathway for reduce the bottlenecks as production of enzymes to hydrolysis the cellulose to glucose i.e. the cellulases as well as the development of efficient biomass pretreatment and of low-cost. In this work Trichoderma reesei ATCC 2768 was cultivated under submerged fermentation to produce cellulases using as substrates waste of lignocellulosic material such as cashew apple bagasse as well as coconut bagasse with and without pretreatment. For pretreatment the bagasses were treated with 1 M NaOH and by explosion at high pressure. Enzyme production was carried out in shaker (temperature of 27?C, 150 rpm and initial medium pH of 4.8). Results showed that T.reesei ATCC 2768 showed the higher cellulase production when the cashew apple bagasse was treated with 1M NaOH (2.160 UI/mL of CMCase and 0.215 UI/mL of FPase), in which the conversion of cellulose, in terms of total reducing sugars, was of 98.38%, when compared to pretreatment by explosion at high pressure (0.853 UI/mL of CMCase and 0.172 UI/mL of Fpase) showing a conversion of 47.39% of total reducing sugars. Cellulase production is lower for the medium containing coconut bagasse treated with 1M NaOH (0.480 UI/mL of CMcase and 0.073 UI/mL of FPase), giving a conversion of 49.5% in terms of total reducing sugars. Cashew apple bagasse without pretreatment showed cellulase activities lower (0.535 UI/mL of CMCase and 0,152 UI/mL of FPase) then pretreated bagasse while the coconut bagasse without pretreatment did not show any enzymatic activity. Maximum cell concentration was obtained using cashew nut bagasse as well as coconut shell bagasse treated with 1M NaOH, with 2.92 g/L and 1.97 g/L, respectively. These were higher than for the experiments in which the substrates were treated by explosion at high pressure, 1.93 g/L and 1.17 g/L. Cashew apple is a potential inducer for cellulolytic enzymes synthysis showing better results than coconut bagasse. Pretreatment improves the process for the cellulolytic enzyme production / Recentemente o etanol de segunda gera??o, obtido da fermenta??o dos hidrolisados de celulose, vem despertando a aten??o mundial por ser uma alternativa vi?vel e ambientalmente correta ao petr?leo, uma vez que aumentar a produ??o de etanol a partir do mela?o da cana-de-a??car, o etanol de primeira gera??o, implicaria na utiliza??o de terras destinadas a produ??o de alimentos. Entretanto, o etanol de celulose exige rotas tecnol?gicas que ainda o tornam pouco competitivo, como a produ??o de enzimas que quebrem a celulose em glicose, as celulases, e a ado??o de um processo de pr?-tratamento eficiente e de baixo custo capaz de diminuir o grau de intera??o que existe nas fibras vegetais. No presente trabalho, Trichoderma reesei ATCC 2768 foi cultivada em meio submerso para produ??o de celulases utilizando como substratos res?duos lignocelul?sicos, baga?o do ped?nculo de caju e baga?o de coco, sem tratamento e tratados com NaOH 1M e por explos?o a alta press?o. Os experimentos de produ??o das enzimas foram realizados em meio submerso e conduzidos em incubador rotat?rio (temperatura de 27?C, velocidade de agita??o de 150 rpm e pH inicial do meio de 4,8). Os resultados mostraram que T. reesei ATCC 2768 apresentou maior produ??o de celulases em meio contendo baga?o do ped?nculo de caju tratado com NaOH 1M (2,160 UI/mL de CMCase e 0,215 UI/mL de FPase), onde o consumo de celulose em forma de a??cares redutores totais foi de 98,38%, quando comparado com o mesmo tratado por explos?o a alta press?o (0,853 UI/mL de CMCase e 0,172 UI/mL de Fpase), apresentando um consumo de 47,39% de ART s. Os resultados mostraram ainda que a produ??o de celulase ? menor em meio contendo baga?o de coco tratado com NaOH 1M (0,480 UI/mL de CMcase e 0,073 UI/mL de FPase), chegando-se a 49,5% de ART s consumidos. O baga?o do ped?nculo de caju sem tratamento apresentou uma atividade bem inferior (0,535 UI/mL de CMCase e 0,152 UI/mL de FPase) quando comparado aos baga?os com tratamento e o baga?o de coco n?o-tratado n?o apresentou atividade enzim?tica. A concentra??o m?xima de c?lulas foi maior quando se utilizou como substrato os baga?os do ped?nculo de caju e casca de coco tratados alcalinamente, 2,92 g/L e 1,97 g/L, respectivamente, do que aqueles tratados por explos?o a alta press?o, 1,93 g/L e 1,17 g/L. Conclui-se que o ped?nculo de caju ? um potencial indutor ? s?ntese de enzimas celulol?ticas, apresentando-se melhor que o baga?o de coco bem como o tratamento melhora bastante o processo de s?ntese das enzimas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 YTCS_DISSERT.pdf: 5384825 bytes, checksum: aa8710a0ccd842fef87d4421af582dca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Only 32% of the population of Natal is attended by sewage, while the remaining population use pits and septic tanks. The characterization of the contents of septic tanks and pits contributes to the performance of such system and may guide the decision on treatment of these contents. The main of this research is to characterize the contents of interior residential pits and septic tanks in the greater Natal, with the following specific goals: to develop and manufacture a sampler capable of collecting a representative sample of the entire column (the surface scum, the clarified liquid and sludge bottom); to compare the contents of the tanks with the pits; to compare the contents of the septage from vacuum trucks; to relate the composition content with socioeconomic characteristics of households; to compare the content in both chambers of the septic tanks in series; to assess the situation of the content before and six months after the cleanness; and ultimately propose a pilot scale plant for treatment of septage. Once the sampler was developed, samples were collected within 14 septic tanks and 10 pits in many districts of Natal. Medians of the 24 systems were obtained: temperature, pH, conductivity, oil and grease, total solids, total suspended solids and sediments of 28.0 ?C, 6.95; 882 mS/cm, 75.2 mg/L; 10,169 mg/L, 6,509 mg/L and 175 mL/L respectively; 111.0 mgN/L for ammonia, 130.5 mgN/ L for organic nitrogen, 0.2 mgN/L for nitrite, 0.4 mg/L for nitrate; 8935 mgO2/L for COD, 29.2 mgP/L for total phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms from 9.95 E +06 CFU/100mL helminth eggs and 9.2 eggs/L with a maximum concentration of 688 eggs/L and minimum of 0 eggs/L. Medians of organic nitrogen and TKN were significantly different between groups of tanks and pits. The systems with cleanness gap from 11 and 20 years presented the higher concentrations for most variables. The effluent from the toilets and bathrooms participate more effectively in contributing fractions of solids, alkalinity, nitrogen, COD, total phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms and helminth eggs. The systems used by socioeconomics class with income from R$ 3,700.00 to R$ 7,600.00, presented higher concentrations for COD, nitrogen, solids and helminth eggs. The first of the two chambers had always presented higher concentrations over the second compartment. The analysis of variance for most variables, showed that the values of septic tanks, pits and septage from vacuum trucks belong to the same group. In the samples taken after cleanness, the median of pH and temperature increased, while alkalinity, COD, organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia and helminth eggs decreased. The oils and greases and thermotolerant coliforms had slightly varied due to the continuous release of sewage into the systems that maintained their steady state concentrations. / Apenas 32% da popula??o de Natal ? coberta por rede coletora de esgotos, sendo as fossas e tanques s?pticos os mecanismos de disposi??o de esgotos comumente utilizados pelo restante da popula??o. A caracteriza??o do conte?do de fossas e tanques colabora para o conhecimento sobre o tratamento desses res?duos no pr?prio domic?lio, al?m de enriquecer as informa??es a respeito deste conte?do. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa ? caracterizar o conte?do do interior de fossas e tanques s?pticos residenciais da cidade de Natal, tendo como metas espec?ficas desenvolver e fabricar um amostrador capaz de coletar uma amostra representativa de toda a coluna dos tanques s?pticos e fossas, que contemple a escuma da superf?cie, o l?quido clarificado e o lodo presente no fundo; comparar o conte?do dos tanques com os das fossas; comparar o conte?do com os res?duos dos caminh?es limpa-fossa; avaliar a composi??o do conte?do e relacionar com as caracter?sticas s?cio-econ?micas dos domic?lios; comparar a qualidade do conte?do nas duas c?maras dos tanques s?pticos em s?rie; avaliar a situa??o do conte?do antes e decorridos seis meses ap?s o esgotamento e, por fim, propor uma esta??o, em escala piloto, para o tratamento dos res?duos gerados por tanques s?pticos e fossas. Com o amostrador desenvolvido foram coletadas amostras do interior de 14 tanques s?pticos e 10 fossas em bairros de Natal. O conte?do dos 24 sistemas obteve medianas para temperatura, pH, condutividade el?trica, ?leos e graxas, s?lidos totais, s?lidos suspensos totais e sediment?veis de 28,0?C; 6,95; 882 mS/cm; 75,2 mg/L; 10.169 mg/L; 6.509 mg/L e 175 mL/L respectivamente; 111,0 mgN/L para am?nia, 130,5 mgN/L para nitrog?nio org?nico, 0,2 mgN/L para nitrito, 0,4 mg/L para nitrato; 8.935 mgO2/L para DQO, 29,2 mgP/L para f?sforo total; coliformes termotolerantes de 9,95E+06 UFC/100mL e ovos de helmintos 9,2 ovos/L com concentra??o m?xima de 688 ovos/L e m?nima de 0 ovos/L. Houve diferen?a estat?stica significativa para nitrog?nio org?nico e NTK entre os grupos dos tanques e fossas. A classe com tempo de esgotamento entre 11 a 20 anos apresentou para a maioria das vari?veis concentra??es bem mais elevadas. O efluente oriundo dos banheiros e sanit?rios participou mais efetivamente na contribui??o das fra??es dos s?lidos, alcalinidade, fra??es nitrogenadas, DQO, f?sforo total, coliformes termotolerantes e ovos de helmintos. A classe com renda entre R$ 3.700,00 a R$ 7.600,00, apresentou maiores concentra??es para DQO, nitrog?nio, s?lidos e ovos de helmintos. A primeira c?mara dos tanques s?pticos de duas c?maras em s?rie apresentou conte?do mais concentrado em rela??o ao segundo compartimento. Nas an?lises de vari?ncia a maioria das vari?veis apontou que os valores de fossas, tanques s?pticos e res?duos de carros limpa-fossa pertencem ao mesmo grupo. Na amostragem ap?s o esgotamento, o pH e temperatura aumentaram suas medianas, enquanto que alcalinidade, DQO, nitrog?nio org?nico, f?sforo total, am?nia e ovos de helmintos diminu?ram. Os ?leos e graxas e coliformes termotolerantes variaram pouco devido ao lan?amento cont?nuo de esgoto dentro dos sistemas que mantinham suas concentra??es est?veis

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:34:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DyegoFLL_DISSERT.pdf: 881519 bytes, checksum: c66e9bb97573ffc2fad7a7f017fb710e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-15 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The present study was conducted to evaluate the intake and digestibility of diets containing increasing levels of byproduct of cashew in sheep. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design were evaluated in four levels (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%) by product of cashew with four replicates, making up 16 observations. The indicator used was the Purified Lignin and Enriched - LIPE ?. The scorer was orally administered directly into the mouth of the animals, in the form of capsules 250mg/animal/dia for a period of two days and five days of adaptation samples being the same supplied with the aid of a hose polyethylene and a device allowing the release of the capsule in the esophagus of sheep. With the estimate made by the indicator LIPE was observed a reduction for DM, OM, CP, NDF, EE, NFC and MM along the inclusion of byproduct of cashew. The results of nutrient digestibility were not satisfactory with the inclusion of byproduct of cashew, reducing linearly with the inclusion of the diets. The use of increasing levels of byproduct of cashew in the diets of sheep did not provide satisfactory results, it is not feasible to use the animals studied in this experiment / Leite, Dyego Felipe de Lima. Consumo e digestibilidade aparente de dietas com n?veis crescentes do subproduto do caju em ovinos. 35 f. Disserta??o (Mestrado em Produ??o Animal). Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte UFRN. Maca?ba RN, 2013. O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente de dietas contendo n?veis crescentes do subproduto do caju em ovinos. Os animais foram distribu?dos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, onde foram avaliados quatro n?veis de inclus?o (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%) do subproduto do caju com quatro repeti??es, perfazendo-se 16 observa??es. O indicador utilizado foi a Lignina Purificada e Enriquecida - LIPE?. O marcador foi administrado de forma oral diretamente na boca dos animais, no formato de c?psulas de 250mg/animal/dia por um per?odo de dois dias de adapta??o e cinco dias de coletas sendo o mesmo, fornecido com a ajuda de uma mangueira de polietileno e um dispositivo que permitisse o lan?amento da c?psula no es?fago dos ovinos. Com a estimativa feita pelo indicador LIPE foi observado uma redu??o nos consumos de MS, MO, PB, FDN, EE, CNF e MM ao longo da inclus?o do subproduto do caju. Os resultados de digestibilidade dos nutrientes n?o foram satisfat?rios com a inclus?o do subproduto do caju, reduzindo linearmente com a inclus?o deste nas dietas. O uso dos n?veis crescentes do subproduto do caju nas dietas dos ovinos n?o apresentou resultados satisfat?rios, n?o sendo vi?vel o seu uso para os animais estudados neste experimento

Submitted by Natalie Mendes (nataliermendes@gmail.com) on 2015-11-18T01:17:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DDisserta??o. Aline.pdf: 2421441 bytes, checksum: 7ce324b02472a892a8e960db19c07b9a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-18T01:17:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DDisserta??o. Aline.pdf: 2421441 bytes, checksum: 7ce324b02472a892a8e960db19c07b9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The research aimed to evaluate the sustainability of Municipal Solid Waste Management in the city of Feira de Santana, Bahia, by applying the matrix of sustainability indicators proposed by Santiago and Dias (2012). The evaluation was preceded by literature review in public databases and academic literature on the economic, social, cultural, environmental situation, policy and solid waste management in the municipality. Thus, aiming to add value to research and enhancing the systemic view, were introduced information on the understanding of 44 social representatives, residents and collectors of recyclable materials on municipal solid waste management, through a questionnaire. In addition, field observations were carried out in 22 of the 44 districts of the municipal headquarters and in eight districts. The array of indicators used is composed of six dimensions of sustainability, key questions and 42 indicators of which five are indicators of the political dimension, four technological, four in the economic / financial dimension, thirteen environmental / ecological dimension, ten dimension of knowledge (Environmental Education and Social Mobilization) and six in the dimension of social inclusion. The matrix also presents three descriptors for each indicator totaling 126, with space for setting of bookmark note that varies from 0 to 5. After application of the matrix, the level of sustainability was 4.1, corresponding to a low- sustainability, and the financial and social inclusion the most unsustainable dimensions. The results found convenes public managers for emergency decision making, such as the development of solid waste management plan, as required by National Policy on Solid Waste and draws attention to the importance of popular participation in the Municipal Solid Waste Management. Against the backdrop, recommendations for sustainable management were proposed. / A pesquisa buscou avaliar a sustentabilidade da Gest?o de Res?duos S?lidos Urbanos no munic?pio de Feira de Santana, Bahia, por meio da aplica??o da matriz de indicadores de sustentabilidade proposta por Santiago e Dias (2012). A avalia??o foi precedida de revis?o bibliogr?fica em bases p?blicas e literatura acad?mica sobre a situa??o econ?mica, social, cultural, ambiental, pol?tica e manejo dos res?duos s?lidos do munic?pio. Dessa forma, objetivando agregar valor ? pesquisa e potencializar a vis?o sist?mica, foram introduzidas informa??es sobre a compreens?o de 44 representantes sociais, moradores e catadores de materiais recicl?veis, sobre manejo de res?duos s?lidos urbanos, por meio da aplica??o de question?rio. Al?m disto, foram realizadas observa??es de campo em 22 dos 44 bairros da sede municipal e nos 8 distritos. A matriz de indicadores utilizada ? composta por seis dimens?es da sustentabilidade, perguntas-chave e 42 indicadores dos quais, cinco s?o indicadores da dimens?o pol?tica, quatro da dimens?o tecnol?gica, quatro da dimens?o econ?mica/financeira, treze da dimens?o ambiental/ecol?gica, dez da dimens?o do conhecimento (Educa??o Ambiental e Mobiliza??o Social) e seis da dimens?o da inclus?o social. A matriz apresenta tamb?m tr?s descritores para cada indicador totalizando 126, com espa?o para defini??o da nota do indicador, que varia de 0 a 5. Ap?s a aplica??o da matriz, o n?vel de sustentabilidade encontrado foi de 4,1, que corresponde a uma baixa sustentabilidade, sendo as dimens?es financeira e inclus?o social as mais insustent?veis. O resultado encontrado convoca os gestores p?blicos para tomada emergencial de decis?o, como a elabora??o do plano de gest?o de res?duos s?lidos urbanos, conforme determina a Politica Nacional de Res?duos S?lidos e chama aten??o para a import?ncia da participa??o popular na Gest?o dos Res?duos S?lidos Urbanos. Diante do cen?rio, recomenda??es para Gest?o Sustent?vel foram propostas.