Residual state of stress in structural materials affect positively or negatively behaviour of component parts. The goal of this scope is not to deal with possible process of creating residual stresses neither about elimination of residual stress, but is focused how to determine magnitude of residual stress by hole-drilling method. We need to know magnitude and direction (angular orientation) of principal stresses to determine how residual state of stress affects behaviour of specimen. The most widely used modern technique for measuring residual stresses is hole-drilling strain-gage method. Hole-drilling method is in scope of this paper and is restricted only for measuring uniform residual stresses of steel specimens with finite dimensions. Structural, linear, elastic and isotropic material model is used with material properties =0,3 and E=2,1[10]^5 MPa. For correct application of this method we need to determine calibration coefficients “a“ and “b“ first. These coefficients are used to determine magnitude and direction of residual stresses in specific depth and diameter of drilled hole for materials with finite dimensions. Geometry and shape of model is simply represented by block with planar faces. Note that numerical determination of calibration coefficients is useful only for one type of strain gauge rosette RY 61 S. Main goals of this thesis are motivation and request to clearly report effectiveness, accuracy and applicability of calibration coefficients in relation to thickness of specimen, dimensions of drilled hole, condition of “through” or “blind” hole and number of drilled increments. High quality and accuracy of created numerical model is necessary too. Numerical simulation of residual stresses by MKP needs to be done to obtain requested results. All results are presented by 3D, 2D graphs and tables and compared with analytical results or results from other authors. Although is this publication focused on numerical modeling using FEM, hole-drilling method has many significant restrictions. The most substantial of them is influence of eccentricity of drilled hole, creation of stress concentration near drilled area and subsequent plastification, influence of geometrical inaccuracy of hole, etc. All these aspects have significant influence of determining calibration coefficients and can not be included into numerical simulation. These problems are closely discussed in background research. All obtained results should be helpful for practical use of calculated calibration coefficients to determine uniform residual stresses of specimens with various thickness and drilled hole. All these results are also applicable only for one type of strain gauge rosette, which is RY 61 S.

Current requirements in mechanical engineering require more accurate operations and more efficient technologies. The aim of this thesis is the analysis of the leveling of square rods. The main problem is the setting of the leveling machine for the specified material and geometric data so that the initially curved material, which passes through alternatively positioned offset rollers, is leveled as much as possible. The main factor in the leveling process is the plastification of the material used for the redistribution of the residual stress. Based on existing theo-retical knowledge in this field, programs are set up to simulate the passing of the rod through the leveling machine. Further, modifications leading to the improvement of the whole process are presented. Finally, there is a verification of the results which is made independently of the submitted solution and processed by the finite element method.

A new methodology of polymer pipe lifetime estimation taking into account residual stresses is described in this thesis. Engineering equations derived based on numerical simulations of a hydrostatic pressure test are proposed. Residual lifetime calculations were performed for different loading conditions using experimental data of a creep crack propagation in studied material and stress distribution in the pipe wall. The effects which significantly influence lifetime estimation were quantified with special focus on residual stresses.

Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der ramanspektroskopischen Charakterisierung von Galliumnitrid (GaN). Der Zusammenhang zwischen Waferkrümmung und mechanischer Restspannungen wird diskutiert. Mit Hilfe konfokaler Mikro-Ramanmessungen wurden Dotierprofile nachgewiesen sowie die Ladungsträgerkonzentration und -beweglichkeit ermittelt. Sämtliche Ramantensorelemente von wz-GaN wurden erstmals durch die Anwendung verschiedener Streugeometrien bestimmt. Eine neu entwickelte Vorwärtsstreuanordnung ermöglichte die Beobachtung von Phonon-Polaritonen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass von der theoretischen und experimentellen Betrachtung der Ramanstreuintensitäten dieser Elementaranregungen eindeutig das Vorzeichen der Faust-Henry-Koeffizienten von wz-GaN abgeleitet werden kann. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden alle Faust-Henry-Koeffizienten für GaN experimentell bestimmt. / This thesis focuses on special aspects of the Raman spectroscopical characterization of wurtzite gallium nitride (wz-GaN). The correlation between wafer curvature and residual stress is discussed. By means of confocal micro-Raman measurements doping profiles were detected as well as the density and mobility of free charge carriers were deduced. All Raman scattering cross sections of wz-GaN were determined the first time using different scattering configurations. A novel method for near-forward scattering was developed in order to observe phonon polaritons with pure symmetry. It is shown that the theoretical and experimental consideration of the Raman scattering efficiency of these elementary excitations allow for determining the sign of the Faust-Henry coefficients of wz-GaN unambiguously. The Faust-Henry coefficients of GaN were deduced from Raman scattering efficiencies of corresponding TO and LO phonons.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted a significant attention in a wide variety of applications due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. Specifically, CNTs reinforced polymer nanocomposites have considerable potential for the realization of highly sensitive, flexible, stable and durable strain sensors. However, the performance of polymer/CNTs strain sensors is influenced by many factors. Especially, the homogeneity of the CNTs distribution within the polymer matrix and the adhesion of nanocomposite film to the polymer substrate play a decisive role. Additionally, the electrical and piezoresistive responses of polymer/CNTs nanocomposites, as well as their response under variable environmental conditions need to be considered. The main aim of this thesis is to develop polymer/CNTs nanocomposites for strain sensing applications. Thereby, the focus is on the development of suitable, cost-effective and simple preparation methods of polymer/CNTs-based strain sensitive nanocomposites and on the selection of suitable flexible substrate. However, during deposition, residual stress can be formed at the interface between the film and the substrate, which leads to thin film failures. Therefore, an analytical model is developed to predict the stress distribution in the film aiming to define the suitable processing conditions for low residual stress formations. Furthermore, specific surface treatments are proposed in order to enhance the adhesion between the substrate and the thin film, which are investigated by contact angle measurement (CAM), X-rays spectroscopy (XPS)and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Nanocomposites with up to 1 wt.% multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared using a simple direct mixing method. The process parameters, such as sonication time and curing time, have been determined based on several characterization techniques. Dispersions qualities were examined using morphological and topography characterizations including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and AFM. Additionally, DC measurements were performed on the polymer/CNTs nanocomposites in order to optimize the process parameters depending on the electrical conductivity and piezoresistivity of the nanocomposite. The impact of surface treatment on the strain sensing behavior was evaluated. Furthermore, electrical and piezoresistive responses under humidity and temperature effects were investigated. Analytical investigations show that the residual stresses can be minimized by using low deposition temperatures and by increasing the film thickness. Comparison of surface treatment techniques demonstrates that oxygen plasma cleaning improves adhesion at the interface by enlarging the surface area and enhancing the surface wettability and the surface polarity due to the introduction of functional groups. Morphological characterizations show the good homogeneity of MWCNTs and depict the importance of optimization of sonication time for the uniform filler distribution. Furthermore, AFM analysis show that the surface roughness is reduced as sonication time is increased due to the debundling of CNTs agglomeration. However, excessive sonication time can lead to higher roughness caused by breaking of CNTs, which get thereby the tendency to re-agglomerate. A low percolation threshold was achieved at a CNTs concentration of 0.3 wt.% which is significantly lower than the CNT concentrations reported in literature and demonstrating the quality of dispersion process adopted. Higher sensitivity is achieved at this CNTs concentration with approximately linear piezoresistive behavior of around R 2 = 0.9904. The novel strain sensitive nanocomposites show good stability at ambient conditions and good durability under mechanical cyclic test. In addition, it is found that the sensing behavior depends greatly on the surface roughness. A high stability and linearity with good sensitivity were observed for the sensor having low surface roughness. The temperature and humidity dependency of the composite is affected by the environmental changes. Therefore, an encapsulation of the film is required to minimize moisture absorption in addition to get better sensor recovery under mechanical load comparing to non-encapsulated film. / Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen (CNTs) genießen aufgrund ihrer hervorragenden physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften in einer Vielzahl von Anwendungen eine große Aufmerksamkeit. Insbesondere CNT-verstärkte polymere Nanokomposite haben ein erhebliches Potenzial für die Realisierung hochempfindlicher, flexibler, stabiler und langlebiger Dehnungssensoren. Die Eigenschaften von Polymer/CNT-Dehnungssensoren werden von vielen Faktoren beeinflusst. Insbesondere die Homogenität der CNT-Verteilung innerhalb der Polymermatrix und die Haftung des Nanokompositfilms auf dem Polymersubstrat spielen eine entscheidende Rolle. Darüber hinaus müssen die elektrischen und piezoresistiven Eigenschaften von Polymer/CNTs-Nanokompositen sowie deren Reaktion auf variable Umgebungsbedingungen berücksichtigt werden. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung von Polymer/CNT-Nanokompositen für die Anwendung als Dehnungsmessstreifen. Der Fokus liegt auf der Entwicklung geeigneter, kostengünstiger und einfacher Präparationsmethoden von Polymer/CNT-basierten dehnungsempfindlichen Nanokompositen und deren Realisierung auf geeigneten flexiblen Substraten. Während der Abscheidung kann an der Grenzfläche zwischen Film und Substrat Eigenspannung entstehen, die zu Dünnschichtfehlern führt. Daher wird ein analytisches Modell zur Vorhersage der Spannungsverteilung im Film entwickelt, um die geeigneten Verarbeitungsbedingungen für geringe Eigenspannungsformationen zu definieren. Darüber hinaus werden spezifische Oberflächenbehandlungen vorgeschlagen, um die Haftung zwischen dem Substrat und dem Dünnfilm zu verbessern, die durch Kontaktwinkelmessung (CAM), Röntgenspektroskopie und Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM) untersucht werden. Nanokompositen mit bis zu 1 wt.% mehrwandigen Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren (MWCNTs) wurden mit einem einfachen Direktmischverfahren hergestellt. Die Prozessparameter, wie Ultraschallzeit und Aushärtezeit, wurden auf der Grundlage verschiedener Charakterisierungstechniken bestimmt. Die Dispersionsqualitäten wurden mittels morphologischer und topographischer Charakterisierungen einschließlich Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (REM) und AFM untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden DC-Messungen an den Polymer/CNT-Nanokompositen durchgeführt, um die Prozessparameter in Abhängigkeit von der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit und der Piezoresistivität des Nanokomposits zu optimieren. Der Einfluss der Oberflächenbehandlung auf das Verhalten des Dehnungssensors wurde bewertet. Darüber hinaus wurden elektrische und piezoresistive Reaktionen unter Feuchtigkeits- und Temperatureinflüssen untersucht. Analytische Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Eigenspannungen durch niedrige Depositionstemperaturen und eine Erhöhung der Schichtdicke minimiert werden können. Der Vergleich von Oberflächenbehandlungstechniken zeigt, dass die Sauerstoff-Plasma-Reinigung die Haftung an der Grenzfläche verbessert, in dem sie die Oberfläche vergrößert und die Benetzbarkeit der Oberfläche sowie die Oberflächenpolarität durch die Einführung von Funktionsgruppen verbessert. Morphologische Charakterisierungen zeigen die gute Homogenität vom Epoxid /MWCNTs Nanokompositen und die Bedeutung der Optimierung der Ultraschallzeit für die gleichmäßige Füllstoffverteilung. Darüber hinaus zeigt die AFM Analyse, dass die Oberflächenrauhigkeit durch die Entbündelung der CNT-Agglomerate für eine längere Ultraschallzeit reduziert wird. Eine übermäßige Ultraschallzeit kann jedoch zu einer höheren Rauigkeit durch Brüche von CNTs führen, die dadurch zu einer erhöhten Reagglomerationsneigung führen. Ein niedriger Perkolationsschwellenwert wurde bei einer CNT-Konzentration von 0.3 wt.% erreicht, welches deutlich niedriger als die in der Literatur berichteten CNT-Konzentrationen ist. Dies belegt die hohe Qualität des vorgeschlagenen Dispersionsprozesses. Eine höhere Empfindlichkeit wird bei dieser CNT-Konzentration mit einem annähernd linearen piezoresistiven Verhalten von etwa R 2 = 0.9904 erreicht. Die neuartigen spannungsempfindlichen Nanokompositen weisen eine gute Stabilität der Umgebungsbedingungen und eine gute Haltbarkeit im mechanischen Zyklustest auf. Darüber hinaus wird festgestellt, dass das Abtastverhalten stark von der Oberflächenrauheit abhängt. Eine hohe Stabilität und Linearität bei guter Empfindlichkeit wurde für den Sensor mit geringer Oberflächenrauigkeit beobachtet. Das Verhalten des Sensors wird durch Umweltveränderungen aufgrund von Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit beeinflusst. Daher ist eine Verkapselung des Films erforderlich, um die Feuchtigkeitsaufnahme zu minimieren. Die realisierte Verkapselung hat zusätzliche Vorteile in Bezug auf die Sensor Rückgewinnung unter mechanischer Belastung im Vergleich zu nicht gekapseltem Film gezeigt.

The presented paper deals with a theoretical analysis of the ultimate limit state. The results of experimental research carried out at the Institute of Metal and Timber Structures headed by Assoc. Prof. Karmazinová and Professor Melcher were applied. The geometrically and materially nonlinear solution based on the Timošenko’s solution is verified by the FEM model in the computer programme system ANSYS. The random influence of initial imperfections is taken into consideration. The FEM model also includes the influence of residual stress. In the parametric study, the influence of residual stress on the cross-section plastification is researched into, its influence on the load carrying capacity limit is, together with the influence of other imperfections, the subject of the stochastic analysis, applying the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS). Further on, the study proves a direct effect of the concrete part of the cross-section (combination of materials steel-concrete) on the decrease of load carrying capacity limit of the beam caused by influence of the residual stress of steel. With regard to the importance of time dependent phenomena of the concrete creep for the load carrying capacity, the studies given in the Ph.D. thesis are oriented in this respect. The parametric studies of the influence of the concrete creep having applied the Standard Eurocode 2 provide both a comparison of load carrying capacity limits when using common and high-strength concrete types, and also the variability of load carrying capacities. It follows from the comparison of the statistical analysis outputs according to the design reliability conditions of the Standard EN1990 and of the approach of Eurocode 4 that the Eurocode 4 can be recommended for dimensioning of this member type. According to the studies which we carried out, the design in compliance with Eurocode 4 can be evaluated as the reliable one. A larger set of experimental data is necessary to determine the economy.

No description available.

Durch erstmalige Anwendung des η-Umlaufverfahrens auf mechanisch ermüdete Ni-Polykristalle konnten – aufgrund konstanter Meßbedingungen und konstanter Eindringtiefe der Röntgenstrahlung – genauere Eigenspannungsmessungen durchgeführt werden als bisher. Ein speziell entwickeltes Auswertungsverfahren, das auf die Eigenspannungsanalyse von η-Umlaufmessungen abgestimmt ist, wird als „sin2η-Methode“ detailliert vorgestellt. Die experimentellen Resultate unterstreichen die Vorteile, die sich – besonders im Falle sehr geringer Eigenspannungen und wenn auch der dehnungsfreie Ausgangszustand (d0 -Wert) gemessen werden konnte – aus der Nutzung dieser Methode ergeben. Mit Hilfe des magnetischen Barkhausen-Rauschens durchgeführte Vergleichsuntersuchungen stehen im Einklang mit den röntgenographischen Messungen. / When applying the η-rotation-method to mechanically fatigued Ni polycrystals the first time, stress measurements with higher accuracy could be realized due to the constant penetration depth of the X-rays and because of constant measuring conditions. A specifically developed procedure, tuned to analyze residual stresses from η-rotation measurements, will be presented in detail as „sin2η-method“. The experimental results emphasize the benefits of using this method – especially in the case of very low residual stresses and if the initial strain-free state (d0 -value) was obtained from reference measurements. Comparative investigations by means of the magnetic Barkhausen noise agree with the X-ray measurements.

Millimeterstora och svårupptäckta defekter kan uppstå internt i stora och komplexa gjutgods av Ti-6Al-4V, ibland går dessa oupptäckta tills detaljen genomgått mekanisk bearbetning och en stor kostnad redan har gått in i den. Dessa defekter och andra industriella olyckshändelser leder till ett behov av additiva reparationsmetoder där den för tillfället rådande metoden är TIG-svetsning. Denna metod reparerar defekterna men leder till oacceptabla restspänningar vilka kan åtgärdas med värmebehandling som i sin tur kan orsaka ytdefekten alpha case. Därav finns ett industriellt behov av reparationsmetoder som leder till mindre eller negligerbara restspänningsnivåer i reparerad detalj. Detta arbete utfört hos GKN Aerospace – Engine Products Sweden i Trollhättan analyserar eventuella förhållanden mellan parametrarna Effekt, Spot size, och Svetshastighet och de resulterande restspänningarna i ett lågparameterområde på materialet Ti-6Al-4V. En parameterrymd uppspänd av 17 parameteruppsättningar etablerades, svetsades och analyserades med mikrografi. Ur denna rymd simulerades de 8 yttre parametrarna med hjälpa av Finita Elementmetoden i svetssimuleringsmjukvaran MARC och ett förhållande mellan ingående parametrar och resulterande restspänningar undersöktes. En statistiskt säkerställd trend erhölls för att en minskad Svetshastighet leder till minskade tvärspänningar i mitten på en 20mm lång svetssträng. Detta är applicerbart för svetsar nyttjande start och stopplåtar. Det noterades även att en ökning i Effekt eller Spot size, eller en minskning utav svetshastigheten leder till att det av restspänningar utsatta området ökar i storlek. Detta är har implikationer för efterföljande värmebehandling i avgörandet av form och storlek på området som skall värmebehandlas. / Minute defects may occur in large complex Ti-6Al-4V castings, sometimes these are unnoticed until after machining and a high cost has been sunk into the part. These defect and other potential manufacturing mishaps render a need for additive repair methods. The state of the art method TIG welding can repair the parts but may leave unacceptable residual stresses, where the state of the art solution of Post Weld Heat Treatment might create a surface defect known as alpha case. Therefore there is a need for a repair weld method that results in lesser or negligible residual stresses. This thesis, carried out at GKN Aerospace – Engine Products Sweden, Trollhättan analyses the potential relationships between the laser welding parameters Power, Spot size, and Weld speed and the resulting residual stresses in a low energy parameter area on the material Ti-6Al-4V. A parameter box of 17 parameter sets was established, laid down and analyzed under micrograph, of this box the outer 8 parameter sets were simulated via the Finite Element Analysis welding simulation software MARC and a relationship between the input parameters and their resulting residual stresses was analyzed. A statistically significant trend was found supporting the claim that a decrease in transversal stresses in the center of a 20mm weld line is caused by an increase in Weld speed. This has implications for welds using run-on & run-of plates. It was also noted that an increase in Power or Spot size, or a decrease in Weld speed increases the area under residual stress; both as individual parameters and in synergy. This has implications for Post Weld Heat Treatment in determining the size and shape of the area in need of treatment.

Mesoscale optical phenomena occur when light interacts with a number of different types of materials, such as biological and chemical systems and fabricated nanostructures. As a framework, mesoscale optics unifies the interpretations of the interaction of light with complex media when the outcome depends significantly upon the scale of the interaction. Most importantly, it guides the process of designing an optical sensing technique by focusing on the nature and amount of information that can be extracted from a measurement. Different aspects of mesoscale optics are addressed in this dissertation which led to the solution of a number of problems in complex media. Dynamical and structural information from complex fluids—such as colloidal suspensions and biological fluids—was obtained by controlling the size of the interaction volume with low coherence interferometry. With this information, material properties such as particle sizes, optical transport coefficients, and viscoelastic characteristics of polymer solutions and blood were determined in natural, realistic conditions that are inaccessible to conventional techniques. The same framework also enabled the development of new, scale-dependent models for several important physical and biological systems. These models were then used to explain the results of some unique measurements. For example, the transport of light in disordered photonic lattices was interpreted as a scale-dependent, diffusive process to explain the anomalous behavior of photon path length distributions through these complex structures. In addition, it was demonstrated how specialized optical measurements and models at the mesoscale enable solutions to fundamental problems in cell biology. Specifically, it was found for the first time that the nature of cell motility changes markedly with the curvature of the substrate that the cells iv move on. This particular work addresses increasingly important questions concerning the nature of cellular responses to external forces and the mechanical properties of their local environment. Besides sensing of properties and modeling behaviors of complex systems, mesoscale optics encompasses the control of material systems as a result of the light-matter interaction. Specific modifications to a material’s structure can occur due to not only an exchange of energy between radiation and a material, but also due to a transfer of momentum. Based on the mechanical action of multiply scattered light on colloidal particles, an optically-controlled active medium that did not require specially tailored particles was demonstrated for the first time. The coupling between the particles and the random electromagnetic field affords new possibilities for controlling mesoscale systems and observing nonequilibrium thermodynamic phenomena