Níveis não aceitáveis de resíduos de ivermectina (IVM), uma droga anti-parasitária amplamente utilizada no Brasil para controle de endectoparasitas, pode estar presente no leite para consumo humano se administrada incorretamente. O nível máximo de resíduos no leite para este composto é de 10 ng mL-1 e sua presença tem sido comprovada em pesquisas realizadas por orgãos reguladores. Com o conhecimento deste problema, um método para a detecção de ivermectina em amostras de leite foi desenvolvido utilizando a extração líquido-líquido com base em acetonitrila e hexano, seguida por derivatização com 1-metilimidazol (MI), trietilamina (TEA), ácido anidro trifluoroacético (TFAA) e ácido trifluoroacético (TFA) e cromatografia líquida com detecção fluorescente (LC-FL) para a análise. Além disso, o método proposto foi testado de acordo com parâmetros de validação estabelecidos pela ANVISA. Parâmetros, tais como seletividade, linearidade (R² 0,98), precisão (coeficiente de variação entre 0,6-19%), recuperação (90-95%) e robustez foram avaliados durante o processo de validação. Subsequentemente, foi testado em amostras de leite de vacas tratadas com uma formulação comercial de ivermectina a 1%. O método aplicado em amostras de campo, provou possuir um perfil de quantificação e de confirmação para o método concebido no presente estudo. / Non-acceptable residue levels of ivermectin (IVM), an anti-parasitic drug widely employed in Brazil for control of endectoparasites, could be present in milk for human consumption if improperly administered. The maximum residue level in milk for this compound is 10 ng mL-1 and its presence has been proved from previous government surveys. With this rising subject, a method for the detection of ivermectin in milk samples was developed using liquid-liquid extraction based in acetonitrile and hexane, followed by derivatization with 1-methylimidazole (MI), triethylamine (TEA), anhydrous trifluoacetic acid (TFAA) and trifluoracetic acid (TFA) and liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescent detection (LC-FL) for the analysis. Moreover, the proposed method was tested according to validation parameters estabilished by ANVISA. Parameters, such as selectivity, linearity (R² 0.98), precision (RSD values between 0.6 19%), recovery (90-95%) and robustness were evaluated during the validation process. Subsequently it was tested in milk samples from cows treated with a commercial ivermectin formulation at 1%. The method applied to field samples, proved a quantifiable and confirmatory profile for the method designed in this study.

A utilização da lama residual de marmoraria em cerâmica vermelha foi colocada em prática visando à diminuição do impacto ambiental, causado tanto pelo descarte da lama como também pela quantidade de argila extraída no setor cerâmico. Foram coletadas amostras em 12 marmorarias localizadas na Grande São Paulo. No entanto, apenas as amostras de quatro foram selecionadas para serem incorporadas, levando em consideração suas características distintas. O argilito foi a matéria-prima escolhida para confecção da massa padrão de cerâmica vermelha, devido à sua grande utilização no setor. Tanto as amostras a serem incorporadas, quanto o argilito, foram caracterizados por meio de análise granulométrica, análise química por fluorescência de raios X e análise mineralógica por difração de raios X; além de análises segundo à norma NBR 10004 nas lamas. Após a caracterização das matérias-primas, foi aplicado às misturas o ensaio de plasticidade; em seguida, confeccionados corpos-de-prova com diversos teores de lama incorporada, os quais foram queimados e submetidos a ensaios tecnológicos, como resistência mecânica, absorção de água, porosidade, massa específica aparente e retração, dilatação do material seco e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade de aproveitamento destas lamas, apontando vantagens de sua utilização, porém levando em consideração algumas condições adotadas. / In order to decrease environmental impact, caused by mud discarding and clay extraction in the ceramic industry, it was used residual mud from marble and granite companies for structural ceramic. Samples were collected in twelve different marble companies located at the metropolitan region of São Paulo. However, only four samples were selected, based on its different characteristics. Claystone was the raw material chosen to prepare the structural ceramic, considering its high use in this segment. Samples and claystone were both analysed by the following procedures: granulometric analysis, x-rays fluorescent chemical analysis and x-rays diffraction mineralogical analysis, besides, tests in the samples were conducted following NBR 10004 standards. Once raw materials were characterized, the plasticity test was conducted. Test specimen were molded with different levels of mud, then burned and submitted to technological tests, such as: mechanical resistance, water absorption, porosity, specific gravity and retraction, material dilation before burning process and scanning electron microscopy. The final results have shown the viability of using this kind of mud, and pointed some advantages on its usage, but taking in consideration some previous conditions to be adopted.

A complex tone composed of only higher-order harmonics typically elicits a pitch percept equivalent to the tone's missing fundamental frequency (f0). When judging the direction of residue pitch change between two such tones, however, listeners may have completely opposite perceptual experiences depending on whether they are biased to perceive changes based on the overall spectrum or the missing f0 (harmonic spacing). Individual differences in residue pitch change judgments are reliable and have been associated with musical experience and functional neuroanatomy. Tone languages put greater pitch processing demands on their speakers than non-tone languages, and we investigated whether these lifelong differences in linguistic pitch processing affect listeners' bias for residue pitch. We asked native tone language speakers and native English speakers to perform a pitch judgment task for two tones with missing fundamental frequencies. Given tone pairs with ambiguous pitch changes, listeners were asked to judge the direction of pitch change, where the direction of their response indicated whether they attended to the overall spectrum (exhibiting a spectral bias) or the missing f0 (exhibiting a fundamental bias). We found that tone language speakers are significantly more likely to perceive pitch changes based on the missing f0 than English speakers. These results suggest that tone-language speakers' privileged experience with linguistic pitch fundamentally tunes their basic auditory processing.

A utilização da lama residual de marmoraria em cerâmica vermelha foi colocada em prática visando à diminuição do impacto ambiental, causado tanto pelo descarte da lama como também pela quantidade de argila extraída no setor cerâmico. Foram coletadas amostras em 12 marmorarias localizadas na Grande São Paulo. No entanto, apenas as amostras de quatro foram selecionadas para serem incorporadas, levando em consideração suas características distintas. O argilito foi a matéria-prima escolhida para confecção da massa padrão de cerâmica vermelha, devido à sua grande utilização no setor. Tanto as amostras a serem incorporadas, quanto o argilito, foram caracterizados por meio de análise granulométrica, análise química por fluorescência de raios X e análise mineralógica por difração de raios X; além de análises segundo à norma NBR 10004 nas lamas. Após a caracterização das matérias-primas, foi aplicado às misturas o ensaio de plasticidade; em seguida, confeccionados corpos-de-prova com diversos teores de lama incorporada, os quais foram queimados e submetidos a ensaios tecnológicos, como resistência mecânica, absorção de água, porosidade, massa específica aparente e retração, dilatação do material seco e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade de aproveitamento destas lamas, apontando vantagens de sua utilização, porém levando em consideração algumas condições adotadas. / In order to decrease environmental impact, caused by mud discarding and clay extraction in the ceramic industry, it was used residual mud from marble and granite companies for structural ceramic. Samples were collected in twelve different marble companies located at the metropolitan region of São Paulo. However, only four samples were selected, based on its different characteristics. Claystone was the raw material chosen to prepare the structural ceramic, considering its high use in this segment. Samples and claystone were both analysed by the following procedures: granulometric analysis, x-rays fluorescent chemical analysis and x-rays diffraction mineralogical analysis, besides, tests in the samples were conducted following NBR 10004 standards. Once raw materials were characterized, the plasticity test was conducted. Test specimen were molded with different levels of mud, then burned and submitted to technological tests, such as: mechanical resistance, water absorption, porosity, specific gravity and retraction, material dilation before burning process and scanning electron microscopy. The final results have shown the viability of using this kind of mud, and pointed some advantages on its usage, but taking in consideration some previous conditions to be adopted.

Submitted by RISELY FERRAZ ALMEIDA (rizely@gmail.com) on 2017-03-22T01:11:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Risely_Ferraz_Almeida.pdf: 1907638 bytes, checksum: 54826ce5c26a680dbbfdb607f7d4cad5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-22T20:23:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_rf_dr_jabo.pdf: 1907638 bytes, checksum: 54826ce5c26a680dbbfdb607f7d4cad5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T20:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_rf_dr_jabo.pdf: 1907638 bytes, checksum: 54826ce5c26a680dbbfdb607f7d4cad5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O oxigênio (O2) e o dióxido de carbono (CO2) no solo são os dois principais gases relacionados com a atividade dos microorganismos no solo. Assim, esta tese foi desenvolvida para observar a concentração e a relação entre a concentração do CO2 e O2 sob diferentes sistemas de resíduos. Para isso, realizamos dois experimentos de solo no Brasil e nos EUA, respectivamente. O primeiro experimento foi desenvolvido para examinar a relação entre fluxo de CO2 (FCO2) e o fluxo de O2 (FO2) usando a umidade do solo e o O2 como um predictor da respiração do solo em uma área de cana-de-açúcar sob diferentes manejos de resíduos (colheita mecânica - GH versus colheita queimada – BH). Portanto, os resultados do primeiro experimento estão descritos no Capítulo 2 e sendo intitulado de "Uso da captura de O2 como índice de respiração de CO2 em áreas de cana-de-açúcar sob diferentes manejos". O segundo experimento do solo observou o impacto do biochar na emissão ou sorção de CO2 e O2 nos solos. Assim, foram estudados três tipos de solos (Rosemount - RM, Potting Sol Sunshine - PS e UM), cinco biochars diferentes (biochar de chip de pinho - ICM, biochar de Carvalho Oak Royal - RO, biochar Acurel ativado - AAC, biochar de Bambu - B; biochar de Macadâmia - MC) e o tratamento controle (solo sem biochar). Consequentemente, os resultados foram descritos no Capítulo 3 e intitulado "Como a captura de O2 pode nos ajudar a entender os processos de sorção de CO2 via biochar?". Assim, nós podemos concluir com os nossos resultados que a concentração e relação entre FCO2 e FO2 dependem dos diferentes sistemas e condições dos solos estudados, tais como: manejo de resíduos de culturas do solo, umidade do solo e uso de biochar. O FO2 está positivamente correlacionado com o FCO2 via atividade biológica e com valores de coeficientes respiratório (RQ) próximos de 1,0. Além disso, podemos observar que valores de RQ maiores que 1 são resultados dos fluxos de troca solo-gás após precipitação ou maior disponibilidade de O2 no meio. Assim, o FO2 pode ser utilizado como um índice para categorizar uma fonte de respiração de CO2. Para concluir, o biochar pode ser utilizado para sequestrar CO2 da atmosfera em curto período de tempo. No entanto, acreditamos que mais estudos devem ser desenvolvidos para elucidar a sorção de CO2 e O2 pelo biochar e suas reações (biológicas e/ou químicas) quando adicionado biochar no solo. / The soil O2 and CO2 concentration are the two most important gases related to soil microorganisms. Thus, this thesis was developed to observe the concentration and relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) under different residue systems. For that, we run two soil experiments in Brazil and the USA, respectively. The first experiment was developed to examine the relationship between CO2 and O2 using soil moisture and O2 as a soil respiration predictor in a sugarcane area under different managements of residues (mechanical harvesting - GH versus straw burning - BH). Therefore, the first experimental results are described in the Chapter 2 and entitled “Use of O2 uptake as an index of CO2 respiration in sugarcane areas under different managements”. We run the second soil experiment measuring biochar’s impact on CO2 production or sorption and O2 uptake in amended soils. Thus, we studied three soil types (Rosemount - RM; Potting soil Sunshine - PS; and UM) and five different biochars (Pine chip biochar - ICM; Royal Oak hardwood lump charcoal - RO; Accurel activated charcoal - AAC; Bamboo - B; and Macadamia nut - MC) and control treatment (Soil without biochar). Consequently, the results are described in the Chapter 3 and entitled “How O2 uptake can help us understand the CO2 sorption processes by biochar?”. Thus, we can conclude with our results that the concentration and relationship between FCO2 and FO2 depend on different systems and soil conditions, for example: soil crop residue managements, soil moisture and use of biochar. The FO2 is positively correlated with FCO2 at biological condition with respiratory quotient (RQ) values close to 1.0. Moreover, we can observe that RQ values higher than 1 are results of soil–gas exchange fluxes after precipitation or higher available on O2. Thus, the FO2 can be used as an index for categorizing the source of FCO2 respiration. To finish, we can observe that the biochar can be used to sequester CO2 from the atmosphere by the absence of biological activities in a short period of time. However, we believe that more study should be developed to elucidate the CO2 and O2 sorption by biochars and their reactions (biological and/or chemical) when added biochar in soil.

ABSTRACT One of the most important tasks in the chemical industry is the separation of multicomponent liquid mixtures into one or more high-purity products. Several technologies are feasible for this task, either alone or in combination, such as distillation, extraction, crystallization, ect. Among these, distillation is by far the most widely spread and has a long history in chemical technology. However, until recently, there has been no systematic approach for understanding the separation of complex mixtures where azeotropes and multiple liquid phases may occur. There has been a growing interest in the use of residue curve and column profiles for the preliminary design of distillation columns. Residue curves and column profile are not only used to predict the composition changes in the distillation column but also to determine the feasibility of the proposed separation. Recently, theory underlying column profile maps has been developed by Tapp, Holland and co-workers. However there has been no direct experimental validation of the predictions of the column profile map theory. The main aim of this thesis is to experimentally verify some of the predictions of column profile map theory. A simple experimental batch apparatus has been developed to measure residue curve maps (RCMs) by Tapp and co-workers, the apparatus was modified so that it could be used to measure column profile maps (CPMs) in this thesis. CPM theory has shown that CPMs are linear transforms of the residues curve maps (RCMs). A stable node which was the apex of a mass balance triangle (MBT) was introduced inside the MBT, this was done by transforming the RCMs to CPMs using the appropriate distillate composition xd and reflux ratio R. It was also shown that the saddle point which was on the boundary of the triangle of the RCM can be shifted inside the MBT by transforming the RCM to CPM. This is again in accordance with theoretical predictions of CPM theory. iv Residue curves (RCs) and pinch point curves (PPCs) are used to determine the operation leaves and hence the feasible region for distillation columns operating at a specific distillate and bottoms composition for all fixed reflux ratio. The operating leaves were expanded beyond the pinch point curve by varying the reflux ratio from a higher reflux to a lower reflux ratio. This showed that one can effectively cross the pinch point curve hence expanding the operating leave. Finally the importance of experimentally measuring CPMs is demonstrated. Two thermodynamic models were used to predict the profiles of a complex system. The binary vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) diagrams and the residue curves produced from using these two thermodynamic models did not predict the same topology. The composition of the profiles were not the same because there were multiple liquid phases involved in this system, which made it difficult for the researchers to measure the correct profiles. Column profile maps were simulated using the different thermodynamic models, they also showed that there is some discrepancy between the predictions of the two models.

In this paper, a parametric study of the airbrush deposition technique was investigated for the deposition biomolecular thin films. The airbrush parameters under investigation were intake valve opening, carrier gas pressure, distance between the airbrush and substrate, concentration of solution, vapor pressure of solvent, and hydrophobic/hydrophilic substrate surface. This study was assessed through the characterization of dried droplet residues of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and of complete films of BSA by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was determined that droplet size was mainly affected by carrier gas pressure and vapor pressure. The parameters intake valve opening, distance between the airbrush and substrate, and concentration of solution control the rate of spray, or solution flux, onto the substrate. Solution flux was determined to have the greatest impact on film roughness. This allowed for flexibility in the airbrush deposition technique to produce films with various substrate wetting rates. Low flux films were produced when the droplets dried on the substrate surface before the next droplet arrived. High flux films were generated when droplets on the surface arrive before subsequent droplets are given time to dry. Finally, as an extension of the results of these experiments, a practical application of the airbrush deposition technique was conducted using appropriate deposition parameters. An E. coli wave guide biosensor was produced on a glass substrate. A sandwich immunoassay was used to confirm E. coli capture.

DDT (2,2 bis (p-chlorophenyl) 1,1,1,-trichloroethane) was first synthesized in 1874 by Seidler in Switzerland, however, its effectiveness as an insecticide was not known until about 1942. The active principle was first known as G.H.B. (Gesarol-Neccid Base): but in 1943 DDT was suggested as an abbreviation for Dichlore Diphenyl Trichloroethane (Kaaegie, 1946). In fact DDT, as a powerful insecticide is one of the developments made during World War II. The importance of DDT in the control of the common insect enemies of mankind, such as mosquitoes, flies, moths, and many agricultural insect pests is realized more day by day. Many studies have been conducted to determine the uses, toxisity and residual effectiveness of DDT. However, the nutritive value of DDT dusted feedstuffs has not been investigated heretofore. During recent years, in the west, alfalfa seed and hay production has declined as a result of injuries caused by certain species of insects such as lygus bage and alfalfa weevil. DDT has been used successfully to control these insect pests. Because of this fact there is a need for more information on the chemical composition, digestibility and metabolisable energy content of DDT treated alfalfa hay.

Includes bibliography.

With the loss of field burning the amount of crop residue that remains in perennial ryegrass fields has increased. As the amount of crop residue remaining in the field increases so does annual bluegrass. This has resulted in the increased use of herbicides to control annual bluegrass. However, this increased use has also resulted in herbicide-resistant annual bluegrass. Field experiments were initiated in 1997 to investigate residue management options available to growers and their impacts on annual bluegrass emergence. Two sites, Glaser and Wirth, were established with three residue management treatments replicated four times. The treatments included full-straw, bale/flail, and vacuum sweep. Perennial ryegrass seed yield and annual bluegrass seed contamination were evaluated. The vacuum sweep treatment had lower annual bluegrass emergence than the full-straw or the bale/flail treatments during the 1997-98 growing season, for both sites. The fall of 1998 was much drier than the fall of 1997. Annual bluegrass emergence in all plots was lower in 1998 than in 1997 because of the dry conditions. Fall emergence in 1998 was higher in the vacuum sweep treatment than in the other two treatments, which may have been the result of better soil-seed contact in the vacuum sweep treatment. Lower emergence in the spring at the Wirth site compared to the Glaser site may have been due to narrow crop row spacing and cultivar selection, which shaded the annual bluegrass. When growing seasons were combined, there were no treatment differences. However, more emergence was observed in the spring at the Glaser site compared to the Wirth site. Yield was highest for the vacuum sweep treatment at the Glaser site in the 1998-99 growing season. However, competition from volunteer perennial ryegrass in the full-straw and bale/flail treatments could have accounted for this increase. No other differences in yield and no difference in contamination among treatments were observed. However, contamination at the Glaser site was higher in the 1998-99 growing season than in the 1997-98 growing season. Experiments were conducted in growth chambers to determine how differing environmental conditions affect seed germination of diuron-susceptible and diuron-resistant annual bluegrass. Cumulative germination for the susceptible-biotype decreased from 96% to 88% while the resistant-biotype remained above 95% as temperature decreased from 3 0/20 C to 10/2 C. The susceptible-biotype germinated sooner than the resistant-biotype regardless of temperature. The susceptible-biotype had a higher rate of germination than the resistant-biotype at 30/20 C, but not when the temperature decreased to 10/2 C. Germination response to differing matric potentials did not vary much within a biotype for a given soil type and temperature. Therefore, parameters estimated at -1.03 MPa were chosen to contrast susceptible- and resistant biotypes, and soil types, for each temperature. Maximum cumulative germination was greater than 96% for all treatments. When germination on a given soil type was contrasted, differences were only seen for the susceptible biotype vs. resistant biotype on Dayton soil; and the resistant biotype on Dayton soil vs. resistant biotype on Woodburn soil at both temperatures. The lag in onset of germination was shorter for the susceptible biotype on Dayton soil and resistant biotype on Woodburn soil than the resistant biotype on Dayton soil at 30/20 C. At 18/5 C, the lag in onset of germination was shorter for the susceptible biotype on Dayton soil and resistant biotype on Woodburn soil than the resistant biotype on Dayton soil (P = 0.000 1 and 0.0001, respectively). But the rate of germination was faster for the resistant biotype on Dayton soil than both the susceptible biotype on Dayton soil and resistant biotype on Woodburn soil at 18/5 C (P = 0.02 and 0.0004, respectively). The rate of germination did not differ at 3 0/20 C. When just the soils were contrasted, at 18/5 C all annual bluegrass seeds on the Woodburn soil germinated sooner and the rate of germination was higher than on the Dayton soil. These results indicate that the hydraulic properties of the soils may influence germination. However, this was not observed at 30/20 C. The results suggest that the susceptible-biotype was more sensitive to temperature while the resistant-biotype was more sensitive to moisture. Changing crop management in ways that will reduce annual bluegrass emergence and establishment is needed. By altering management strategies, growers may obtain more efficient and effective use of herbicides, while reducing the selection of herbicide-resistant annual bluegrass. / Graduation date: 2000