Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Qualquer produto, independente do material que é preparado, causa um impacto no meio ambiente: ou em função das matérias-primas que consome, ou do seu processo produtivo, ou devido ao seu uso ou disposição final. É pouco provável que a humanidade tenha consciência desse fato haja vista que quem nasce, cresce ou vive por muitos anos nas cidades, tende a perder a percepção da dependência do homem para com o meio natural. Em especial, para as empresas, em sua maioria, a preocupação com a problemática ambiental ainda não se transformou em práticas administrativas e operacionais efetivas. Entretanto, diante de políticas públicas que impõem posturas menos agressivas ao meio ambiente e uma sociedade econômica globalizada que começa a preocupar-se com a grave crise ambiental do planeta, as empresas percebem a importância de firmarem, entre suas estratégias, as questões ambientais. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor um Programa de Educação Ambiental Empresarial baseado no uso da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida dos produtos. Para tanto, foi proposto um Programa de Educação Ambiental Empresarial que, aplicado através de um estudo de caso, dentro de uma empresa multinacional do ramo eletroeletrônico, possibilitou uma melhora no nível de conscientização dos funcionários, bem como contribuiu para a redução das perdas de matérias-primas durante o processo produtivo e possibilitou, com isso, o aumento da produtividade e uma economia para o meio ambiente. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Cette étude visait à établir un protocole de cryoconservation pour des apex de vigne et à tester l'efficacité de la cryoconservation pour éliminer des virus de la vigne sélectionnés. Des cultures in vitro de génotypes sains de huit cultivars croates autochtones de vigne, Plavac mali, Maraština, Pošip, Debit, Grk, Lasina, Plavina et Vugava et de génotypes infectés de Plavac mali ont été établies. Les différences de survie, de reprise et des paramètres de croissance observés se sont avérées spécifique des génotypes. Les cultivars infectés se sont montrés moins réactifs que les cultivars sains. Un protocole de cryoconservation basé sur la vitrification avec PVS2 a été établi. Les modifications de la préculture avec le saccharose et l'utilisation de solutions alternatives de cryoconservation n'ont pas amélioré la reprise. A l'opposé, l'état physiologique du matériel végétal a joué un rôle essentiel pour la cryoconservation. Des bourgeons en croissance active prélevés sur des microboutures mononodales ont montré une reprise plus élevée que des bourgeons prélevés directement sur les vitroplants. La position des bourgeons sur la tige des plantes-mères in vitro a affecté la reprise après cryoconservation. L'addition de benzylaminopurine au milieu de culture des microboutures a eu un effet positif sur la reprise après immersion dans l'azote liquide, alors qu'aucun effet positif n'a été observé sur la reprise avec la zéatine riboside ou la proline. Le protocole de cryoconservation établi a permis d'obtenir environ 50% de reprise avec le cultivar Portan et avec trois des quatre cultivars internationaux utilisés. Par contre, aucune reprise ou une reprise très faible a été observée avec les cultivars croates testés. En se basant sur les tests ELISA réalisés, le virus GFLV a été éliminé de 82,4% des apex non cryoconservés et de 77,8% des apex cryoconservés chez le cultivar Chardonnay et le GLRaV-3 a été éliminé de 100% des apex non cryoconservés et cryoconservés chez le cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. Ces résultats sont à relier à nos études d'immunolocalisation, qui ont montré que le GFLV était présent dans le dôme apical et les tissus méristématiques chez le cultivar Pinot Noir and que le GLRaV-3 était présent dans les tubes criblés chez le cultivar Merlot. La stabilité génétique des plantes régénérées à partir des apex cryoconservés a été étudiée en utilisant les marqueurs AFLP. Avec les huit combinaisons d'amorces utilisées sur les 43 plantes testées, aucun polymorphisme n'a été observé après la préculture au saccharose, le traitement avec la solution de loading et la solution de PVS2 diluée de moitié. Par contre, des fragments polymorphes ont été observés sur des explants non cryoconservés et cryoconservés traités avec la solution PVS2, dont le nombre augmentait avec l'augmentation de la durée d'exposition à la solution PVS2. / This study aimed at establishing a cryopreservation protocol for grapevine shoot tips and at testing the efficiency of cryopreservation in eliminating selected grapevine viruses. In vitro cultures of healthy genotypes of eight Croatian autochthonous grapevine cultivars Plavac mali, Maraština, Pošip, Debit, Grk, Lasina, Plavina and Vugava and of virus-infected genotypes of Plavac mali were successfully established. Differences in survival, regrowth and growth parameters were genotype-specific. Infected cultivars were less reactive compared to healthy ones. A PVS2-based cryopreservation protocol was successfully established. Modifications in sucrose preculture conditions and use of PVS2-derived alternative vitrification solutions did not improve growth recovery. By contrast, the physiological state of the plant material played a critical role in cryopreservation. Actively growing buds sampled from single-node microcuttings displayed higher regrowth compared to buds sampled directly on in vitro plantlets. The position of buds on the stem of in vitro mother-plants affected regrowth after cryopreservation. The addition benzylaminopurine in the shooting medium had a positive effect on regrowth after liquid nitrogen exposure, while no such positive effect was observed with zeatine riboside or proline. The cryopreservation protocol established led to approximately 50% recovery with cultivar Portan and three of the four international cultivars tested. By contrast, no or very low recovery was noted with the Croatian cultivars tested. Based on ELISA tests, the GFLV virus was eliminated from 82.4% of non-cryopreserved samples and from 77.78% of cryopreserved samples in cultivar Chardonnay and the GLRaV-3 virus was eliminated from 100% of both non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved samples in cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. These results may be related with our immunolocalisation studies, which showed that GFLV was found in the apical dome and meristematic tissues in cultivar Pinot Noir and GLRaV-3 in sieve elements of cultivar Merlot. Genetic stability of plants regenerated from cryopreserved shoot tips was studied using AFLP markers. With the eight AFLP primer combinations employed on the 43 plants tested, no polymorphism was observed after sucrose preculture, treatment with the loading solution and half-strengthPVS2. However, polymorphic fragments were observed in non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved samples treated with PVS2 solution, the number of which increased with increasing durations of exposure to PVS2 solution.

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This paper analyzes traditional migration processes in Perú and their influence on resource conservation. In the coast as well as in the sierra and selva, migration has been part of human coexistence with fragile ecosystems, allowing their conservation. However, these processes have not been recognized by the political administration. The State should recognize the existence of migration circuits to manage resources and include them within in the planning and development strategies. That must be reflected in the ecologic and economic zoning and inthe territorial land management. At the same time, the State should look for the means to get a dialog among the diverse actors that form the migration circuits. Here, I propose to involve the migration processes within the public policy in planning as well as in the regional development. / El artículo analiza los procesos de migración tradicional en el Perú y su influencia en la conservaciónde los recursos. Tanto en la costa, como en la sierra y la selva, la migración ha formadoparte de la convivencia humana con los ecosistemas frágiles, permitiendo su conservación. Sinembargo, estos procesos no han sido reconocidos por la gestión política. El Estado debe reconocerla existencia de circuitos de migración para la gestión de recursos e incluirlos dentro de la planificacióny desarrollo regional. Ello debe reflejarse en la zonificación ecológica económica y en elordenamiento territorial. Al mismo tiempo al Estado le corresponde establecer el diálogo entrelos diversos actores que integran los circuitos de migración. Se plantea involucrar dentro de lapolítica pública los procesos de migración tanto en la planificación, como en el desarrollo regional.

Es wird ein Grundkonzept einer Besteuerung des Ressourcenverbrauchs entworfen, das eine konsequente Umlagerung des Ressourcenverbrauchs auf den Endverbraucher von Produkten und Dienstleistungen als Vision verfolgt und auf dem Weg dahin bereits funktionstüchtige Lösungen für definierte und mit Ein- und Ausfuhrkontrolle versehene Wirtschaftsräume anbietet. In einem solchen System wird durch die Ressourcensteuer nicht bestraft, wer seine Produkte exportiert. Das System ist in der Lage, die Besteuerung von Arbeit sukzessive oder komplett zu substituieren und damit zur Entwicklung eines in mehrfacher Hinsicht nachhaltigen Wirtschaftssystems beizutragen.

The circular economy presents a promising framework for sustainable production and consumption by emphasizing resource conservation through practices such as recycling, reuse, and remanufacturing. However, a systematic analysis of these aspects remains underexplored, particularly regarding the comprehensive evaluation of displacement or substitution effects and the broader implications of circular practices on resource conservation. This study aims to fill this gap by conducting a systematic literature review, evaluating the extent to which circular activities mitigate resource extraction and their influence on the substitution or displacement between primary and secondary materials and products.  The findings reveal that the effectiveness of circular economy strategies is dependent on their capacity to successfully displace virgin raw materials and prevent rebound effects. It also highlights the variability in outcomes based upon various factors including the business models, consumer behaviour, type of materials, and circular practices employed. It highlights the need for comprehension of how circular economy practices influence demand for new products and the substitution between primary and secondary materials.   This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the conditions under which circular economy strategies can effectively reduce resource use, including suggestions for future studies aimed at enhancing the resource conservation efficiency of circular initiatives and by identifying key gaps in current research, it supports the development of more sustainable production and consumption models. / Den cirkulära ekonomin presenterar ett lovande ramverk för hållbar produktion och konsumtion genom att betona resursbevarande metoder som återvinning, återanvändning och återtillverkning. En systematisk analys av dessa aspekter är dock fortfarande underutforskad, särskilt när det gäller den omfattande utvärderingen av förskjutningseffekter och de bredare konsekvenserna av cirkulära behandlingssätt för resursbevarande. Den här studien syftar till att fylla den luckan genom att genomföra en systematisk litteraturanalys, som utvärderar i vilken utsträckning cirkulära aktiviteter minskar resursutvinning.  Resultaten avslöjar att effektiviteten hos strategier för cirkulär ekonomi är beroende av deras förmåga att framgångsrikt ersätta jungfruliga råmaterial och förhindra återverkningseffekter (rebound effect). Den belyser också variationen i resultat baserat på olika faktorer, inklusive affärsmodeller, konsumentbeteenden, typ av material och vilket cirkulärt behandlingssätt som används. Dessutom understryker resultatet behovet av en nyanserad förståelse för hur cirkulär ekonomi påverkar efterfrågan på nya produkter och substitutionen mellan primära och sekundära material.   Studien bidrar till en djupare förståelse av under vilka förutsättningar strategier för cirkulär ekonomi effektivt kan minska resursanvändningen samt förslag på framtida studier som syftar till att förbättra resursbevarandeeffektiviteten inom cirkulära initiativ.

This thesis consists of four papers summarized as follows. Do Payroll Tax Cuts Raise Youth Employment? We study whether payroll tax reductions are an effective means to raise youth employment. In 2007, the Swedish employer-paid payroll tax was cut on a large scale for young workers, substantially reducing labor costs for this group. Using the variation in payroll taxes across cohorts, we estimate a significant, but small, impact both on employment and on wages. Effects of Taxes on Youth Self-Employment and Income. I examine the link between taxes and youth self-employment. I make use of a Swedish reform that made the payroll tax and the self-employment tax vary by age. The results suggest that youth self-employment is insensitive to tax reductions, both in the short run and in the somewhat longer run. For those defined as self-employed, I find positive effects on income from self-employment, and negative effects on income from wage employment. Can Indifference Make the World Greener? We conducted a natural field experiment at a large university in Sweden to evaluate the effects of two resource conservation programs. The first intervention consisted of a campaign that actively tried to convince people to cut back on printing in general, and to use double-sided printing whenever possible. The second intervention exploited people's tendency to stick with pre-set alternatives. At random points in time we changed the printers’ default settings, from single-sided to double-sided printing. Whereas the moral appeal had no impact, the default change cut paper use by 15 percent. The Origins of Behavioral Contagion: Evidence from a Field Experiment on Facebook. We explore the micro-level foundations of behavioral contagion by running a natural field experiment on the networking site Facebook. Members of Facebook express positive support to content on the website by clicking a Like button. We show that users are more prone to support content if someone else has done so before.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the scale of marine poaching in the Table Mountain National Park by analysing the amounts of South African abalone, West Coast rock lobster, and shellfish, finfish and bait species confiscated from fishers operating in the park’s marine protected area between 2000 and 2009. The research objectives were fourfold, namely to strengthen conceptual frameworks on illegal harvesting in protected areas; identify the quantities of the various species seized by park officials over the decadal period; cartographically plot the areas in which confiscations took place; and distinguish the different resource users and stakeholders operating in the park and examine the roles they play in resource exploitation. Data was collected from offence logbooks maintained by SANParks rangers and managers, and from records kept by Marine and Coastal Management and the South African Police Services. GIS outputs indicated seizure events over the spatial area of the park. Further data relating to the levels of poaching was sourced from illegal fishers operating in the park who discussed their operations candidly. The research findings indicate that poaching of both abalone and rock lobsters has increased significantly over time. Other marine species show lesser amounts of resources poached over the ten-year period. Spatial outcomes suggest that confiscations of abalone occur predominantly on the east coast of the park, while higher seizure events occur on the west coast for lobsters. Shellfish, finfish and bait species were confiscated in equal amounts from illegal fishers on both the east and west coasts. Future research recommended includes garnering further confiscations data from the police services and undertaking contemporary baseline assessments to discover the effects poaching has had on the resource base since the previous stock assessment in 2001. The challenge laid out for the custodians of the Table Mountain National Park marine protected area is to provide and protect cultural and environmental resources, without compromising biodiversity management, community associations and conservation strategies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die skaal van marienebronstroping in die Tafelberg Nasionale Park te bepaal deur middel van die ontleding van die hoeveelhede Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen, Weskus-kreef en skulpvis, vinvis en aasspesies wat vanaf oortreders (2000 tot 2009), gekonfiskeer is. Die doel van die navorsing was viervoudig naamlik, die versterking van die navorser se konseptuele-basis rondom die stroping van hulpbronne in beskermde gebiede; die bepaling van die hoeveelhede en tipe spesies wat deur parkbeamptes in beslag geneem is; die plekke waar konfiskasies plaasgevind het; en om die verskillende hulpbron gebruikers en belanghebbendes te onderskei en hulle rolle in die mariene-hulpbron benutting te ondersoek. Primêre konfiskasie-data is verkry vanaf SANparke se logboeke wat deur beamptes instandgehou is en sekondêre data is verskaf deur Mariene en Kusbestuur en die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens. Beslagleggingsgebeure is dmv GIS tegnologie op kaarte vasgelê. Verdere inligting oor die vlakke van stroping is bekom deur openhartige gesprekvoering met vissers wat onwettig in die park bedrywig is. Die navorsing het bevind dat die stropery van perlemoen en kreef met die verloop van tyd aansienlik toegeneem het. Ander mariene spesies het kleiner hoeveelhede stropery van die hulpbron oor die studietydperk aangetoon. Ruimtelike voorstellings toon dat perlemoen-stropery hoofsaaklik aan die ooskus van die park voorkom, terwyl groter beslagleggings/konfiskerings van kreef aan die weskus van die park plaasgevind het. Skulpvis, vinvis en aasspesies is gekonfiskeer by vissers wat onwettig bedrywig is in ewe groot hoeveelhede op beide die ooskus en die weskus. Toekomstige navorsing moet meer inligting oor beslagleggings van die polisie bekom en die kontemporêre basislynassesserings moet meer gereeld onderneem word om veral die effek van stropery op die hulpbron bloot te lê. Die laaste basislyn-assessering het in 2001 plaasgevind. Die uitdaging voor die bewaarders van die park se marienebeskermde gebiede is om kulturele en omgewingshulpbronne toeganklik vir alle gebruikers te maak maar dit ter selfder tyd ook te beskerm, sonder om biodiversiteit, gemeenskapassosiasies en bewaring strategieë te kompromitteer.