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區辨性增強低頻反應作業 (differential reinforcement of low-rate responding task, DRL task) 為一與時間相關聯之操作式制約行為作業，該作業常用於計時行為、行為抑制功能、或抗焦慮與抗憂鬱症等藥物之行為藥理研究的探討。雖然DRL作業是一種實驗室常用的動物行為模式，但是對於上述行為或藥理機制的探討往往缺乏一致性的解釋，其中可能的原因為DRL作業的行為同時包含了計時與行為抑制的成份。針對上述問題，本研究將以DRL行為作業為研究主題，探討作業習得歷程之神經機制。首先根據DRL作業之行為內涵，將作業的習得分為行為抑制與計時先後表現的兩個階段；並依據過去的研究文獻整理出的八個與行為抑制和計時表現相關之大腦區塊，以c-Fos免疫組織化學染色法探討行為抑制和計時的神經機制。實驗結果發現受試於行為抑制的表現階段，其眶眼皮質、內側前額葉皮質、與海馬CA1區域的c-Fos表現量較高；而在計時行為的表現階段，除了和行為抑制有關的三個大腦區塊外，尚有前扣帶迴、紋狀體、與齒狀迴呈現c-Fos表現量增加的現象。綜合以上結果，DRL-10秒作業於學習初期所進行的行為抑制可能和前額葉皮質與海馬體的神經互動有關；而學習較末階段的計時表現，則可能需要前額葉皮質、紋狀體、與海馬等三處較多的次級區域的組織加入，形成神經網路的方式支援之。 / Differential reinforcement of low-rate responding (DRL) task was an operant conditioned behavior based on temporal contingency. This task has been widely used to investigate the behavioral components of timing and behavioral inhibition, which is frequently used for pharmacological screening of anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs. Despite of being widely used as an animal behavioral model in the laboratory, but the performance of the DRL task was varied and inconsistent when the drug test conducted. One way to encounter this problematic issue is to differentiate the distinct behavioral components of DRL task and correlate the involved neural substrates, which was the theme investigated in the present study. This study first characterized the acquisition process of the DRL-10 sec task into behavioral inhibition and the timing stages, and then assessed the c-Fos levels by immunohistochemistry in the eight brain areas that potentially involved in behavioral inhibition and the timing processes. Regarding the stage of behavioral inhibition, significant increases in c-Fos-positive neurons were observed in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the hippocampal CA1 area. At the stage of the timing being acquired, c-Fos immunohistochemical activity was highly expressed in the anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), OFC, mPFC, the dorsolateral striatum (dlS), the dentate gyrus (DG), and the hippocampal CA1 area. Together, these results showed that the functioning dual paths between the hippocampus CA1 and the prefrontal cortex (OFC and mPFC) are critically essential for developing the appropriate performance via behavioral inhibition in the early-stage of the DRL task and with three other areas (ACC, dlS, and DG) being recruited, an anatomical circuitry connecting prefrontal/striatal/hippocampal structures were involved in the acquisition of interval timing toward the later establishment of the DRL behavior.

The Internet of Things is a growing area with growing security concerns, new threat emerge almost everyday. Keeping up to date, monitor the network and devices and responding to compromised devices and networks are a hard and complex matters.  This bachelor’s thesis aims to discover how a IT-company can work with security management within the Internet of Things, this is done by looking into how a IT-company can work with updating, monitoring and responding within the Internet of Things, as well what challenges there are with working with this.  A qualitative research approach was used for this case study along with an interpretative perspective, as well as abductive reasoning. Interviews were performed with employees of a large IT-company based in Sweden, along with extensive document analysis.  Our bachelor’s thesis results in challenges with Security Management within the areas updating, monitoring and responding along with how our Case Company works with these security challenges. Largely these challenges can be summarized that everything is harder with the number of devices there are within the Internet of Things / Internet of Things eller Sakernas internet är ett växande område med en växande hotbild och nya hot uppkommer dagligen. Att hålla sig uppdaterad, övervaka nätverk och enheter samt att reagera på att enheter och nätverk blir hackade är en svår och komplicerad uppgift. Den här uppsatsen ämnar undersöka hur ett IT-företag kan arbeta med säkerhetshantering inom Internet of Things. Detta har gjorts genom att kolla utmaningar och säkerhetslösningar inom de tre områdena uppdatera, övervaka och reagera.  En kvalitativ forskningsmetod har använts i denna fallstudie tillsammans med ett tolkande synsätt och en abduktiv ansats. Vi har utfört intervjuer på ett stort IT-företag baserat i Sverige tillsammans med en utförlig dokumentanalys.  Resultatet av denna uppsats påvisar ett antal utmaningar inom säkerhetshanteringen inom områdena uppdatera, övervaka och reagera tillsammans med hur vårt fallföretag jobbar med att motarbeta dessa utmaningar. I stort sett kan utmaningarna sammanfattas till att allting är svårare när mängden enheten är så hög som den är inom Internet of Things.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Andre Barbosa Panetta.pdf: 927797 bytes, checksum: 1ff8351aa10bad0896b16ccf3e937863 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-01 / The production of delay of reinforcement with abstains of responses in the delay was studied with four rats. Four experiments were conducted, with one rat in each experiment, and a unique procedure for each study. It was planned an increase in one second upon the duration of the delay in Experiment I, after every three consecutive sessions without responding during the delays. In Experiment II, the delay of reinforcement was kept constant at eight seconds. Experiment III was identical to the previous one, except that the delay periods were signaled. The delay was also signaled in Experiment IV, with an increase of one second on it s duration after every three consecutive sessions without responding during the delay periods. It was only in the last experiment that the occurrence of three consecutive sessions without emissions on the delay periods was observed. This happed on Phases I and II, but not in Phase III. In some few sessions of Experiment I, there was no responding during reinforcement delay, but not for three consecutive sessions. In Experiments II and III, there was not a session without responding upon the delays periods. But it was recorded a reduction in the frequency of emissions during the sessions of both of the experiments, especially in Experiment II. The results indicate that, unless there is an explicit training, emissions will be recorded in the delay periods. The results were discussed from the procedures outlined for each experiment, focusing on the signal functions, the length of delay and the different effects between reinforcement delay resetting and non resetting / Quatro ratos participaram do estudo, que tinha como objetivo geral produzir períodos de atraso fixo de reforço non resetting, através de um treino com resetting, aumento gradual na duração do período de atraso e sinalização apresentada durante o período de atraso. O estudo foi dividido em quatro experimentos, com a participação exclusiva de um sujeito em cada. Foi delineado um procedimento distinto em cada experimento. No Experimento I, foi planejado um aumento de um segundo na duração do atraso de reforço a cada três sessões consecutivas sem emissões nos períodos de atraso. No Experimento II, a duração do atraso de reforço foi mantida constante em oito segundos, sem aumento gradual. O Experimento III foi idêntico ao anterior, com a diferença que os períodos de atraso eram sinalizados pela apresentação de som. No Experimento IV, foi planejado um aumento de um segundo na duração do atraso de reforço, sinalizado pela apresentação do som, a cada três sessões consecutivas sem emissões nos períodos de atraso de reforço. Nos resultados, foi observado apenas no ultimo experimento a ocorrência de três sessões consecutivas sem emissões nos períodos de atraso, durante as Fases Experimentais I e II. Porém, não na Fase Experimental III. Em algumas sessões do Experimento I, não ocorreram emissões durante o atraso de reforço, mas não por três sessões consecutivas. Nos Experimentos II e III, não houve o registro de uma sessão sem emissões nos períodos de atraso, mas foi registrado um redução na frequência de emissões ao longo das sessões dos experimentos, principalmente no Experimento II. Os resultados apontam que, caso não ocorra um treino explicito, emissões serão registradas nos períodos de atraso. Os resultados foram discutidos a partir dos procedimentos delineados para cada experimento, enfocando as funções da sinalização, a duração dos períodos de atraso e os efeitos distintos entre atraso de reforço non resetting e resetting

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Artur Luis Duarte Diniz Nogueira.pdf: 1679075 bytes, checksum: 7aa30f806b3dd856005a944f7f9e63b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aimed to evaluate the effects of an ordering of participants responding procedure upon the selection and maintenance of interlocking behavioral contingencies and the aggregate outcome by the cultural consequencies. Thus, two experiments were performed with 19 and 14 participants, mostly university students from PUC-SP, from several courses. The experimental task, which was presented and performed using a computer software (Meta 3), was performed in group, three participants each time, featuring a generation. By the end of each generation the oldest participant was substituted by a new naive one. The experimental task consisted in inserting numbers in empty espaces on the computer s screen. The relation between the numbers inserted by the participants and the numbers presented by the computer generated points, the individual consequence; and the relation between the sum of the numbers inserted by a participant and the sum of the numbers inserted by the others genrated bonuses, the cultural consequence. By the end of the participation, each participant was given R$0,01 for each 10 points or bonuses produced, by way of cost assistance. The Experiment 1 began with the forced ordering of participant responding in force, and later, the ordering was withdrawn. The results points out that ocurred operant selection and selecton and selection of the interlocking behavioral contingêncies and aggregate outcome with the ordering of participants responding and maintenance of it, and that when the ordering of responding was suspended, it were not observed any effects on the maintenance of the interlocking behavioral contingencies and aggregate outcome. Experiment 2 started without the ordering of participants responding, which was put in force after production of bonuses stability for five genarations was reached. The interlocking behavioral contingencies and the aggregate outcome weres selected and mantained throughout the experiment, without suffering any ruptures after the insertion of the ordering of participants responding. Thus, it was concluded that the ordering of participants responding didn t produce any observable effects upon the selection and maintenance of the interlocking behavioral contingencies and aggregate outcome / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de um procedimento de ordenação do responder dos participantes sobre a seleção e a manutenção de contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas e do produto agregado pelas consequências culturais. Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos com, 19 e 14 participantes, em sua maioria universitários da PUC-SP, de diversos cursos. A tarefa experimental, a qual foi apresentada e realizada utilizando-se um software de computador (Meta 3), foi realizada em grupo, três participantes de cada vez caracterizando uma geração. Ao final de cada geração o participante mais antigo era substituído por um novo participante, ingênuo em relação à atividade experimental, a qual consistiu em inserir números em espaços vazios na tela do computador. A relação entre os números inseridos pelos participantes e números apresentados pelo computador gerava pontos, a consequência individual; e a relação entre as somas dos números inseridos pelo participante e as somas dos números inseridos pelos outros participantes gerava bônus, a consequência cultural. Ao final da participação, cada participante recebeu R$0,01 por cada 10 pontos ou bônus produzidos, a título de ajuda de custos. O Experimento 1 começou com a ordenação forçada do responder dos participantes em vigor, e, posteriormente, foi retirada a ordenação. Os resultados indicam que houve seleção operante e das contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas e produto agregado com a ordenação do responder dos participantes e manutenção dos mesmos, e que quando a ordenação do responder foi removida, não se observou qualquer efeito na manutenção das contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas e do produto agregado. O Experimento 2 teve início sem a ordenação forçada do responder dos participantes, a qual foi colocada em vigor após a estabilidade da produção de bônus por cinco gerações. As contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas e o produto agregado foram selecionados e se mantiveram durante todo o experimento, não sofrendo qualquer ruptura após a inserção da ordenação do responder dos participantes. Concluiu-se, assim, que a ordenação do responder não produziu efeito observável sobre a seleção e a manutenção de contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas e produto agregado

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Dopamine agonist therapy and deep brain stimulation (DBS) are both linked to increased impulsivity in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We trained intact and PD-like rats on a rat gambling task (rGT) measuring impulsive choice and premature responding. Animals were then retested with/without treatment, pramipexole (PPX) or DBS, administered chronically prior to rGT testing. Early PD-like rats did not exhibit major differences in rGT performance or treatment response. Our work suggests that DBS and PPX are not intrinsically linked with increases in impulsivity. Neither DBS nor PPX disrupted gambling-like behaviour in our paradigm, while differential effects on premature and perseverant responding in the task were observed with treatment. Based on our findings, the previously reported ability of PPX to increase impulsive choice might not be mediated by the dopamine D3 receptor. Interestingly, our work suggests that the effects of STN-DBS on impulse control might be amplitude-dependent.

Dopamine agonist therapy and deep brain stimulation (DBS) are both linked to increased impulsivity in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We trained intact and PD-like rats on a rat gambling task (rGT) measuring impulsive choice and premature responding. Animals were then retested with/without treatment, pramipexole (PPX) or DBS, administered chronically prior to rGT testing. Early PD-like rats did not exhibit major differences in rGT performance or treatment response. Our work suggests that DBS and PPX are not intrinsically linked with increases in impulsivity. Neither DBS nor PPX disrupted gambling-like behaviour in our paradigm, while differential effects on premature and perseverant responding in the task were observed with treatment. Based on our findings, the previously reported ability of PPX to increase impulsive choice might not be mediated by the dopamine D3 receptor. Interestingly, our work suggests that the effects of STN-DBS on impulse control might be amplitude-dependent.

People are not always rational, rely on heuristics and are influenced by situational factors being conducive to biased decisions. Hence, the decision outcome cannot be explained by consumers’ preferences exclusively. This offers opportunities to service managers to steer the decision outcome into a desirable direction by a beneficial design of situational factors. In contrast to the discussed opportunities, situational factors can also become a pitfall for researchers and managers. I show that situational factors may compromise the validity of research results based on self reports in a service context, because the reported scores of research participants may be biased. Three perspectives related to service management are distinguished in this thesis: First, the customer independently of the service provider; second, the interaction of customer and service provider; third, the service provider independently of the customer. From the perspective of the customer, I investigate the impact of different defaults in a customization process on the decision outcome of different types of customers. From the perspective of the customer and service provider interaction, I point out a new solution to overcome a dilemma related to service productivity. Finally, from the perspective of the service provider, the possible contamination of service related constructs by socially desirable responding is examined.