The opening part of this work is focused on the literary research, especially, it defines forms of retail sales and their specifics, consumer behaviour, attitudes to consumer behaviour. also describes development of retailing in area of the Czech republic. The trends of retailing are enclosed in the literary research. The second part of this work includes results of the research of consumers' attitudes toward various forms of retail sales. The main goal of this thesis is to explore the development of shopping behaviour in the context of the development of retail sales. The recommendations for traders are designed at the end of this thesis.

Diploma thesis deals with the increase in sales of wholesale organizations in following up on its retail stores. Work structure is made from theoretical part which is taking part in definition basic ideas and characteristic of issues related to increasing sales in their own retails. The authors own contribution is dedicated to the analysis of the present state of activities involved in the wholesale organisation in relation to suppliers and customers in connection with the sale in its own retail stores.On the basis of these data are carried out practical proposals, so that led to the increase in turnover in the wholesale market, thanks to its own stores with regard to the current state of the organization.

Master´s thesis deals with the issue of segment “students” and its demand in the selected stores Maloobchodní sítě BRNĚNKA, spol. s r.o. To ensure that proposed solutions to best serve company itself, is an analysis of the current situation and customer satisfactions and needs analysis, made in the form of marketing research. It contains suggestions, to help increase demand in this segment and that serve to keep competitiveness stores.

nÃo hà / This work entitled "The Influence of ICMS Substitution in the retail shoe in Cariri by Tax Collection Schemeâ aims to analyze the effect of the tax substitution in the footwear industry retail comparing this with the clothing retail business where there was no tax replacement. The econometric methodology used was the model "Difference in Difference" by ordinary least squares applied to the footwear sector (treatment group) which actually suffered the impact of TS in comparison to the garment sector (control group) was not exposed to TS. The database used in this study consisted of 2.237 billing observations, revenue from ICMS, and CNAE regime collapsed in the period 2004 to 2010 obtained from the Finance Department of the State of Cearà (SEFAZ) for Cariri in segment retail footwear and apparel. As result, in general, it has been seen that the tax replacement induced a R$10.771,77 (average values per company) raise in the collection of the ICMS for the footwear retail segment in Cariri. Specifically, the impact of the TR has floated depending on the company size, for instance, there hasnât been a significant impact to micro single entrepreneur (MEI) neither for small size companies and for companies in the special scheme of supervision (ESP), but there has been a significant impact for micro companies (ME), valued at R$ 4.548,89 and for normal size companies (NL), valued at R$ 24.586,17. / Este trabalho intitulado âA InfluÃncia do ICMS SubstituiÃÃo no comÃrcio varejista de calÃados na RegiÃo do Cariri, mediante Regime de ArrecadaÃÃo TributÃriaâ tem como objetivo analisar o efeito da SubstituiÃÃo TributÃria (ST) no setor do comÃrcio varejista de calÃados comparando esse setor com o comÃrcio varejista de vestuÃrio onde nÃo houve a substituiÃÃo tributÃria. A metodologia economÃtrica utilizada foi o modeloâ DiferenÃas em DiferenÃaâ atravÃs dos mÃnimos quadrados ordinÃrios aplicado ao setor calÃadista (grupo de tratamento) que efetivamente sofreu impacto da ST em comparaÃÃo ao setor de vestuÃrio (grupo de controle) que nÃo foi exposto a ST. A base de dados utilizada neste trabalho foi composta de 2.237 observaÃÃes de faturamento, receita de ICMS, CNAE e Regime recolhido no perÃodo de 2004 a 2010 obtida junto a Secretaria da Fazenda do Estado do Cearà (SEFAZ) para a regiÃo do Cariri no segmento de comÃrcio varejista de calÃados e vestuÃrio. Como resultado, em geral, constatou-se que a ST induziu aumentos na arrecadaÃÃo do ICMS para o segmento de comÃrcio varejista de calÃados na RegiÃo do Cariri na ordem anual de R$10.771,77 (valores mÃdios por empresa). Especificamente, o impacto da ST variou dependendo do porte da empresa: nÃo houve impacto significativo para o Micro Empreendedor Individual (MEI), Empresas de Pequeno Porte (EPP) e Empresas no Regime Especial de FiscalizaÃÃo (ESP); houve impacto significativo para Microempresas (ME), no valor anual de R$4.548,89 e Empresas de Porte Normal (NL), no valor anual de R$24.586,17.

近年來台灣景氣持續低迷，台灣綜合商品零售業的成長也受到不小的衝擊，在市場漸趨成熟與飽和的情況下，產業內競爭也漸趨激烈。如何在外在經濟環境欠佳，內在市場飽和下，有效提升經營效率，加強產業競爭能力，是目前台灣綜合商品零售業者最重要的課題。 　　本研究以資料包絡分析法（Data Envelopment Analysis）為基礎，並結合Metafrontier分析法，針對台灣地區2000年到2006年25家綜合商品零售業者，以客觀的投入產出資料進行廠商的經營效率分析。本研究結果顯示： 　　1.整體而言，連鎖式便利商店的經營績效平均處於相對有效率狀態，購物中心的經營績效平均處於相對無效率狀態。 　　2.廠商技術無效率的原因主要為純粹技術效率的問題。廠商的規模報酬狀態與所屬業態關聯不大，而與廠商是否屬於連鎖集團較有關聯。 　　3.比較metafrontier模型與group frontiers模型所評估的效率值，顯示各業態廠商的平均技術水準有顯著差異，連鎖式便利商店的效率水準較接近metafrontier的效率邊界。 　　4.依據Norman and Stoker（1991）的效率值強度分類方法，發現在兩模型之下，各業態廠商屬於「邊緣無效率單位」與「確實無效率單位」的比例都較大，表示經營績效有很大的改善空間。 　　5.差額分析與敏感度分析方面，百貨公司業與超級市場業在兩模型之下的結論不一致，推論應是兩者評估的廠商樣本，其衡量的技術水準不同。各廠商依循group frontiers模型所得結論改善經營績效，將可以在業態內成為相對有效率的廠商，但如果想要進一步提高效率，則必須改變廠商本身所處的業態環境所造成的技術水準限制，便可依循metafrontier模型所得結論改善經營績效，所以選用何種結論，仍須由業者依據廠商未來發展自行判斷。 / Since the recession in Taiwan economy has arrived in recent years, it has a great effect on the growth of the Taiwan retail sale of general merchandise. Because the market has been saturated, the competition has become fierce in this industry. How to improve the management efficiency and the industrial competitiveness in the present economic environment is the most important issue of the Taiwan retail sale of general merchandise. 　　This study uses inputs and outputs data of 25 DMUs of the Taiwan retail sale of general merchandise from 2000 to 2006, applying Data Envelopment Analysis with Metafrontier model to evaluate the operational efficiency of those firms. The findings of this study are as below: 　　1. On average, the chain convenience store industry shows more technically efficient than the shopping mall industry. 　　2. The main source for the firms being inefficient is pure technical inefficiency. The returns of scale of the firms are not much related to the types of business operation, but to the firms being the chain store ones or not. 　　3. Comparing meta-frontier model with group frontiers model, we find that there are significant differences in the average technical efficiency levels among the various types of business operation, and the chain convenience store industry is most close to meta-frontier. 　　4. According to the classification of the efficiency by Norman and Stoker (1991), we find a major part of the firms is marginally inefficient and distinctly inefficient. It implies there is a great room for the firms to improve their managerial performance. 　　5. The slack analysis indicates there are differences in the resource wastes between the department store industry and the supermarket industry. The differences mainly come from the technological differences between the two industries. The information generated from the group frontier model is helpful to improve the firms’ efficiency within the group. However, if the firms want to further improve their efficiency, they should rely on the information from the meta-frontier model, which sheds light on the technology gap among sub-industries.

Significant associations between self-reported “whole units” of work and self-reported mental task requirements as well as personal outcomes are well known. Also of interest is, however, whether a significant association also exists between the underlying objective assignment of tasks, i.e. the division of labour, and self-reported mental requirements. Such an association would represent a concrete starting point for job design or redesign. We analyzed this question for retail sale jobs as an example of the numerous human service jobs, which usually consist of customer- and object-centred tasks. The study (N = 558 employees) evaluated the potential association between documented assignments of customer-centred and goods-centred activities and employees’ perceived mental requirements, skill utilisation, and learning on the job, as well as mental difficulties. A significant association of moderate effect size between the objective division of labour and self-reported mental job requirements was shown. Theoretical and practical consequences of this association are also discussed.

A pesar del incremento constante del e-commerce en el mundo, en el Perú las ventas a través de este canal no reflejaban la misma tendencia, al menos hasta antes de la pandemia. A partir de 2020, muchas empresas han tenido que adecuar sus negocios a esta tendencia. Sin embargo, el deconocimiento y la celeridad con la que debieron realizar los cambios, no les ha permitido presentar propuestas interesantes a los usuarios. En este escenario, BB-Box ha encontrado una oportunidad de negocio en la creación de un e-commerce de venta de pañales por suscripción, que ofrecerá a los padres y madres de niños en edad de uso de pañal, ahorro de dinero y tiempo. La propuesta de BB-Box se sostendrá en tres pilares importantes: Acompañamiento a los padres: siguiendo el crecimiento del bebé, les avisaremos de los posibles cambios de talla y de la cantidad que requerirán por mes. Ahorro de dinero: permitiremos el cambio de pañales para que no se queden con productos de sobra cada vez que los bebés crezcan. Además, los padres recibirán un paquete de cortesía para que elijan la marca y el modelo ideal para sus niños. Ahorro de tiempo: los padres programarán la fecha de entrega según sus necesidades. En caso de cambios o pedidos de último momento, estos serán atendidos el mismo día según el plan de suscripción con el que cuenten. Para ello, realizaremos un manejo eficiente de nuestra base de datos y diseñaremos un programa de entrega sistematizado, que permitirá cumplir con ellas a tiempo, además de atender nuevos pedidos constantemente. Finalmente, el pago a través de planes de suscripción permitirá a los padres acceder a productos y servicios complementarios de manera gratuita como toallas húmedas, cambios de último momento, etc. Mientras que BB-Box podrá asegurar a sus clientes por un largo período de tiempo. / Despite the constant increase of e-commerce in the world, Peru sales through this channel did not reflect the same tendency, at least before the pandemic. Since 2020, many companies have had to adapt their business to this tendency. However, the lack of knowledge and the haste that were present in these changes, has not allowed them to introduce interesting proposals to the users. In this scenario, BB-Box has found a business opportunity in the creation of an e-commerce in diaper sales with subscription, that will offer parents that have kids with the age of diaper use, to save money and time. The BB-Box’s proposal will be held in three important pillars: Accompaniment to parents: by following the baby’s growth, we will notify them of a possible change of size and quantity that they will require each month. Money saving: we will allow the change of diapers so they do not have leftover products each time the baby grows. Additionally, the parents will receive a courtesy package for them to choose the ideal brand and model for their children. Time saving: parents will program the arrival date according to their necessities. In cases of changes or last-minute orders, these will be attended the same day according to their subscription plan. For this, we will have an efficient management of our data base and we will design a systematized delivery program, that will allow to deliver them in time, as well as attending new orders constantly. Finally, the payment through subscription plans will allow parents access to free products and services like baby wipes, last-minute changes, etc. While BB-Box will be able to assure their clients for a long period of time. / Trabajo de investigación

Significant associations between self-reported “whole units” of work and self-reported mental task requirements as well as personal outcomes are well known. Also of interest is, however, whether a significant association also exists between the underlying objective assignment of tasks, i.e. the division of labour, and self-reported mental requirements. Such an association would represent a concrete starting point for job design or redesign. We analyzed this question for retail sale jobs as an example of the numerous human service jobs, which usually consist of customer- and object-centred tasks. The study (N = 558 employees) evaluated the potential association between documented assignments of customer-centred and goods-centred activities and employees’ perceived mental requirements, skill utilisation, and learning on the job, as well as mental difficulties. A significant association of moderate effect size between the objective division of labour and self-reported mental job requirements was shown. Theoretical and practical consequences of this association are also discussed.

La sociedad ha cambiado, es así como también el retail ha tenido que evolucionar para adaptarse a las necesidades y nuevos requerimientos de los consumidores. Las tiendas de conveniencia, formato dentro del sector retail, han tenido gran aceptación en el mercado peruano, ya que durante los últimos años hemos visto cómo locales de este tipo han incrementado en la ciudad formando parte casi de nuestro día a día. Sin embargo, en la actualidad no solo basta estar cerca del consumidor, sino entender qué necesita. La presente investigación dentro de la limitación de su población de estudio tiene como objetivo comprobar la influencia de la exposición y variedad de productos en el grado de preferencia de los consumidores en las tiendas de conveniencia. La metodología empleada en esta investigación fue cuantitativa no probabilística con un instrumento aplicado a 400 personas en un muestreo por cuotas para analizar variables como los atributos de tienda, motivos de selección y el comportamiento del consumidor. / Society has changed, this is how retail has also had to evolve to adapt to the needs and new requirements of consumers. Convenience stores, a format within the retail sector, have had great acceptance in the Peruvian market, since in recent years we have seen how stores of this type have increased in the city, almost forming part of our daily routine. However, nowadays it is not only enough to be close to the consumer, but to understand what their needs are. The present investigation within the limitation of its study population aims to verify the influence of exposure and product mix on the consumer’s choice preference in convenience stores. The methodology used in this research was quantitative non-probabilistic with an instrument applied to 400 people in a quota sampling to analyze variables such as store attributes, selection reasons and consumer behavior. / Tesis