This study used an explorative quantitative survey method for the purpose of examining bullying among older adults in retirement homes and the consequences of bullying among this population. The study also explored the type of bullying that occurs in the community. Senior community centers were the significant domains in which to research bullying among older adults because it involved immersion of the researcher into an environment of older adults who knew one another and have witnessed or have been victims of bullying in their retirement home communities. The primary purpose of this investigation was to enhance research on bullying among older adults in retirement homes. Another purpose of this research was to address the consequences of bullying in older adults and to address mental and physical consequences of bullying addressed in previous research. Currently there is not much research done on bullying among older adults. This study found that many older adults living in retirement homes are being bullied and many of them are not speaking up and isolating themselves for the purpose of avoiding their bullies. Moreover, this study shows that staff members of the retirement communities are lacking the knowledge of the bullying problem in their community. The study suggests that future studies on bullying among older adults include qualitative research to determine if older adults understand the difference of bullying and “just being grumpy” and also explore a qualitative research regarding the perpetrator of bullying and not the victims of bullying.

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Frågeställning: Vilka behov behöver tillfredsställas hos de boende och anhöriga för att stärka en relation till äldreboendet? Kan digital marknadsföring användas som metod för att stärka relationer och i så fall hur? Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur relationen mellan äldreboende och deras målgrupp kan stärkas. Metod: Ansatsen har varit en deduktiv ansats och en kvalitativ metod har använts där sju semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Slutsats: Resultatet visar på fem faktorer som samtliga respondenter identifierat skulle tillfredsställa deras behov. Dessa fem faktorer är identifierade som: smak- och näringsrik kost, närheten till natur och möjlighet att komma ut, trygghet i form av kompetent personal, socialt umgänge, att den boende hamnar i centrum samt mental stimulans. Dessa faktorer kan kopplas till samtliga behovssteg i Maslows behovspyramid. Resultatet visar generellt på en positiv inställning till digital kanaler som en marknadsföringskanal, dock visar resultatet att de boende inte själva har någon direkt nytta för detta för egen skull, men ser positivt på att deras anhöriga skulle ha värde av det. De anhöriga påvisar en mycket stark bild av att de skulle finna digital marknadsföring värdefullt för dem. Genom att påvisa att behoven ovan är tillfredsställda kan relationen stärkas, då anhöriga inte alltid har möjlighet att fysiskt besöka sina anhöriga. På så sätt kan de anhöriga få en inblick i sin närståendes vardag genom digital marknadsföring utan att fysiskt vara på plats, detta ökar deras känsla av trygghet och tillit till att de närstående har det bra. / Research questions: What needs of the elderly and their relatives need to be satisfied to strengthen the relationship with the retirement home? Could digital marketing be employed to strengthen the relationship and in that case how? Purpose: The purpose is to examine how the relationship between retirement homes and their target audience can be strengthened. Method: A deductive approach has been used in this report with a qualitative method and seven semi-structured interviews have been conducted. Conclusion: The study results in five factors that all respondents have identified as factors that would satisfy their needs. These five factors are identified as: a tasteful and nutritious diet; closeness to nature and the ability to be out in the fresh air; safety in form of qualified staff; social interaction; that the elderly is in focus and; mental stimulation. These factors can be linked to every step in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The result show an overall positive attitude towards digital channels as a marketing tool. However, the result also shows that the residents would not benefit directly from digital marketing, but are positive that their relatives would find it valuable. The relatives are showing a strong, positive attitude towards the value of digital marketing channels. The above mentioned needs should be in focus in the digital marketing, so that the relatives who do not have the opportunity to visit their elderly as often as they would like may see that their needs are satisfied. That way, the relatives may get an insight in how their relative’s everyday life looks like without being on set in person, which may increase their feeling of safety, and faith in that their relative is in a good place.

Les établissements pour personnes âgées, les centres pénitentiaires et les monastères, trois univers à priori très différents. Et pourtant, nous y avons constaté des similarités qui nous ont amenés à réfléchir sur la problématique suivante : Quelles dynamiques psychiques interagissent dans une institution totale (Goffman, 1968) qui accueille des personnes sur le long terme, d’une part selon que le mode d’entrée principal y soit choisi, contraint ou forcé, et d’autre part selon que le sujet ait la capacité de quitter librement l’institution ou non ? Cette question nous permet de penser les liens mouvants et interdépendants entre le sujet, l’institution et la société. Dans cette étude, c’est à la rencontre de l’humain que nous allons, qu’il soit âgé et dépendant, prisonnier, soignant, surveillant ou moine. Leurs témoignages nous amènent à repenser lesquestions de l’ego, de la paix, de la liberté et de l’amou / Retirement homes, detention centers and monasteries : at first sight, these three institutions seem to be very different. Nevertheless, we noticed similarities which led us to ask ourselves the following question: What are the psychic dynamics involved in a total institution (GOFFMAN, 1968) which receives persons on a long-term basis, depending on whether the main admission mode is chosen, constrained or forced, or whether the subject has the ability to leave the institution freely or not ? This question allow us to think about the shifting and independent links between people, institution and society. This study is about meeting differents humans whether they are old and dependant, prisoner, nurse, prison warder or monks. Their testimonies invite us to reconsider the question of ego, peace, freedom and love.

This thesis, which is titled "Application of feline therapy in retirement homes", deals with the application of therapy with the help of a cat in clients of retirement homes and the impact of this therapy on the quality of their lives. The aim of this thesis is to find out how much the clients' quality of life changed over the period of one year of regular feline therapy. The thesis consists of two parts; a theoretical and a practical one. The theoretical part is divided into four sections. The first one is focused on zootherapy. It offers basic information on zootherapy such as its division, forms and application. A sole focus on feline therapy follows. The first half of the section on feline therapy concentrates on general information on feline therapy and its impact on people. The second half deals with its practical aspects. Here It explains what kind of cats are suitable for feline therapy and give basic information on breeds most often used for feline therapy. Then follows an introduction of programmes and organizations of feline therapy in the Czech Republic. Some foreign organizations working in feline therapy are presented at the end of this section. The second section deals with the issue of age and ageing. It explains changes occurring during the ageing process of the human organism at all levels of personality followed by the description of seniors' needs. It also studies seniors' quality of life and the possibilities of research into it. The final part is focused on housing service for seniors. First the history of housing services and their current division in the Czech Republic are described. As the research was carried out in a retirement home, this institution is described more thoroughly. Since quality is an important element of a well-functioning facility, inspection of quality of these facilities is mentioned in this section too. Housing services are obliged to create an individual plan for each client and since feline therapy is often used as part of such plans the final part examines this issue in greater detail too. The qualitative research was chosen as a tool for this thesis. The research focuses on the quality of life of senior housing clients. The main tools of the research were a semi-structured interview and observation of the clients. A semi-structured interview with the staff of Pisek Retirement Home who are often in contact with these clients was used as an additional research. Feline therapy does not only help the clients of the facility but it also affects the staff and other members of the team. That is why It asked a few questions about the effect of feline therapy on the employees of the facility. The results of the research showed that feline therapy improves mainly the clients' mental state. Positive changes in mood as well as a positive view of the clients' future were noticeable. Feline therapy also improves the clients' physical state although not as significantly as the mental state. It is used as an element of support during physiotherapy or to motivate clients' exercise. The results are noticeable mainly in fine motor skills of hands. The research between the employees shows that feline therapy does not significantly improve the atmosphere in the workplace and is beneficial to individuals rather than the whole team. On the other hand the therapy helps the staff in working with the clients who are in a better mood, communicate better and thus cooperate more willingly. This thesis can be used as a methodical aid for beginners among professionals interested in feline therapy. The results of this thesis can be used to improve therapeutic activities with cats and the overall progress of feline therapy in the Czech Republic.

Bakgrund: Det vanligaste symtomet sjuksköterskor möter på akutmottagningen är smärta och 60–80 procent av patienterna är underbehandlade i sin smärta. Sjuksköterskan har en ledande roll i smärtbehandling och när smärtbehandlingen brister får det konsekvenser både för patient och samhälle. Syfte: Syftet var att sammanställa sjuksköterskors beskrivningar av hinder för behandling av smärta på akutmottagning. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats som utgår från 11 kvalitativa artiklar och en artikel med mixad metod. Sökningarna gjordes i CINAHL och MEDLINE. Analysen utgick från Fribergs femstegsmodell. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudteman och nio subteman. Det första huvudtemat var sjuksköterskerelaterade hinder med tillhörande subteman; otillräcklig kunskap om missbruk, låg prioritet av smärtbehandling och bristande empati och förståelse för patientens smärta. Det andra huvudtemat var patientrelaterade hinder med följande subteman; den komplexa äldre patienten, orealistiska förväntningar på smärtbehandlingen och bristande kommunikation mellan patient och sjuksköterska. Det tredje huvudtemat var; organisationrelaterade hinder med följande subteman; lokala policys som försvårar smärtbehandling, bristande samarbete mellan professioner och bristande arbetsmiljö. Slutsats: Resultat var brett och visar på smärtbehandlingens komplexitet. Det mest frekvent rapporterade hindret var arbetsmiljön. För att sjuksköterskan ska kunna bedriva en säker och personcentrerad smärtbehandling krävs förändringar på organisatorisk nivå. / Background: The most common complaint nurses encounter in the emergency department is pain and 60–80 percent of the patients are undertreated. The nurse has a leading role in pain management and when it is lacking, there are consequences for patient and society. Aim: The aim was to assemble nurses’ descriptions of barriers to pain management in the emergency department.  Method: A literature review with inductive approach based on 11 qualitative articles and one mixed method. The searches were made in CINAHL and MEDLINE. The analysis based on Friberg's five-step model. Results: The result identified three main themes and nine subthemes. The first main theme was nurse-related barriers with associated subthemes; insufficient knowledge about addiction, low priority of pain management and lack of empathy and understanding for the patient's pain. The second main theme was patient-related barriers with following sub-themes; the complex elderly patient, unrealistic expectations of pain treatment and lack of communication between patient and nurse. The third main theme was organization-related barriers with following subthemes; local policies that make pain management difficult, lack of cooperation between professionals and a deficient work environment. Conclusion: Results were broad and show the complexity of pain management. The most frequently reported barrier was the work environment. For the nurse to be able to carry out safe and person-centered pain treatment, changes are required at an organizational level.

This study compared the public relations efforts in three Dallas retirement facilities against suggested standards of professional public relations practitioners to determine which standards each facility utilized. Externally, all three facilities related to the community in an "above average" way, as indicated by their utilization of the twenty-two suggested standards. Internally, two facilities related to residents and staff in a "superior" way, and one facility related in an "average way," as indicated by their utilization of the twenty-two suggested external standards and twenty suggested internal standards. The conclusions drawn from this study are that retirement facility administrators, in general, are not fully aware of the internal and external public relations strategies that could benefit them within the community and with residents.

Syftet med studien är att belysa och få ökad förståelse för hur ensamstående äldre kvinnorupplever sin flytt till äldreboende och vad god ålderdom är. Tre kvinnor har intervjuats i enkvalitativ studie med djupintervjuer som grund för den hermeneutiska tolkningen. Analysenär gjord utifrån teoretiskt livsloppsperspektiv, aktivitetsperspektiv samt genusperspektiv.Resultatet visade att upplevelsen av flytt berodde på varierande faktorer och individuellaerfarenheter. När flytten var efterlängtad upplevdes den som positiv, när flytten var mer ellermindre oundviklig var den svårare att acceptera. Vad god ålderdom innebar kan relateras tilltrygghet och tillgång till personal, ett gott utbud av aktiviteter samt goda sociala relationer.Att flytten var en vändpunkt var alla överens om. / The purpose of the study is to illustrate and gain an increased understanding of how singleelderly women experience their move to retirement homes and the resulting effects of theirquality of life. Three women have been interviewed in a qualitative study with in-depthinterviews as the basis for the hermeneutic interpretation. The analysis is made from thetheoretical perspectives of life span, activities and gender. The result showed that theexperience of moving was due to varying factors and individual experiences. When the movewas long awaited, it was perceived as positive, when the move was more or less inevitable, itwas more difficult to accept. The result also showed that quality of life was safety related toadequate staffing, a large range of attractive activities and the opportunity to be sociallyactive. That the move was a turning point was agreed upon by all.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how older people perceive how salutogenically focused work acts on their retirement homes and how their behavior is affected by it. Method: An inductive approach with semi-structured interviews. The choice of respondents was a meaningful selection with four respondents who lived in a retirement home at the time of the interview. A manifest content analysis was used to work out categories in the result. Results: The result of the study showed that salutogenic work gave good living and increased abilities in every day living. It also showed that salutogenic work had shortcomings in chape of the residents experienced that the staff had to little time for them and also that there was not enough individualizad activities.  Conclusion: Salutogenic approach in health and care provided the elderly with a good spirit of content-rich days with self-determination. There was still a lot left to work with to achieve an optimal salutogenic care for the elderly. / Sammanfattning  Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur äldre människor upplever hur det salutogenfokuserade arbetet fungerar på deras vård- och omsorgsboende samt hur deras mående påverkas av det. Studien var av induktiv ansats med semi- strukturerade intervjuer. Urvalet i studien var fyra informationsrika respondenter som bodde på ett vård- och omsorgsboende som arbetade utifrån ett salutogent förhållningssätt. En manifest innehållsanalys gjordes för att få fram kategorier av resultatet. Resultatet av studien visade att salutogent arbete medförde ett bra mående, innehållsrika dagar, självbestämmande och individanpassade dagar. Dock visade resultatet att det salutogena arbetet också hade brister i form av inte tillräckligt anpassade aktiviteter och att de boende upplevde att personalen hade för mycket att göra. Slutsatsen av studien var att salutogent förhållningssätt inom vård- och omsorg gav de äldre ett bra mående med innehållsrika dagar med självbestämmande. Resultatet visade även att det fortfarande finns en del kvar att arbeta med för att uppnå en optimal salutogen omsorg för den äldre.

Bakgrund: Äldreomsorgen är en viktig verksamhet som hjälper gamla människor när de inte längre kan ta hand om sig själva. I denna verksamhet har undersköterskor den viktigaste rollen för att tillfredsställa omsorgstagarna. Däremot är det idag brist på undersköterskor och yrket blir mindre attraktivt på grund av bland annat stress, underbemanning, och brist på karriärmöjligheter. För att omsorgstagarna ska trivas så måste även undersköterskorna trivas på arbetsplatsen. Hög psykologisk säkerhet och ett bra kognitivt självledarskap hjälper undersköterskorna att trivas och må bra vilket även påverkar omsorgstagarna positivt.   Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur undersköterskor på ålderdomshem upplever psykologisk säkerhet och kognitivt självledarskap men även hur dessa samverkar. Detta berör både individnivå och gruppnivå. Problemformulering: Studien kommer att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar den psykologiska säkerheten och kognitiva självledarskap hos undersköterskor på ålderdomshem samt hur dessa samverkar. Metod: I denna uppsats har blandad metod använts för att samla in data. Varje påstående i intervjun bestod först av en kvantitativ del där respondenten skulle svara 1-5 på en skala. Detta följdes sedan upp av en kvalitativ del där respondenten fick utveckla sitt svar från skalan. Intervjun konstruerades genom att utifrån den teoretiska referensramen utforma påståenden. Respondenterna består av undersköterskor på ett ålderdomshem i Ljungby som heter Brunnsgården.  Slutsats: Den psykologiska säkerheten är hög överlag men det finns utrymme för utveckling främst i relationer mellan chefen och medarbetarna. Kognitivt självledarskap används på ett medvetet sätt av alla respondenter och det finns en samverkan mellan dessa begrepp till viss del. / Background: Senior care is an important activity that helps old people when they can nolonger take care of themselves. In this activity, assistant nurses have the most important roleto satisfy the care recipients. However, today there is a shortage of assistant nurses and theprofession is becoming less attractive due to, among other things, stress, understaffing, and alack of career opportunities. In order for the care recipients to feel comfortable, the assistantnurses must also feel comfortable in the workplace. High psychological safety and goodcognitive self-leadership help the assistant nurses to thrive and feel good, which also affectsthe care recipients positively. Purpose: The purpose of the essay is to investigate how assistant nurses in nursing homesexperience psychological safety and cognitive self-leadership, but also how these interact.This affects both the individual level and the group level. Research question: The study will investigate which factors affect the psychological safetyand cognitive self-leadership of assistant nurses in nursing homes and how these interact.