En utilisant les méthodes de la linguistique interactionnelle, notamment de la « syntaxe en ligne », et de l’analyse conversationnelle, notre étude s’est focalisée sur les co-constructions syntaxiques en allemand parlé, qui se caractérisent par la co-construction d’une structure syntaxique par plusieurs locuteurs. L’analyse est basée sur un corpus de 199 occurrences issues de conversations quotidiennes et d’interviews informels. Premièrement, une analyse en termes de projection et rétraction a révélée la structuration syntaxique et temporelle de ce phénomène. La syntaxe s’est révélée cruciale comme ressource pour la co-construction d’un énoncé complet, mais les projections au niveau prosodique, sémantique et pragmatique sont également une ressource importante vers laquelle les locuteurs s’orientent. Nous avons également pu montrer comment les différents types de rétractions pouvaient s’expliquer d’une part par la syntaxe de la co-construction, d’autre part par ses fonctions interactionnelles. Deuxièmement, nous nous sommes focalisée sur les caractéristiques actionnelles de la séquence de co-construction. Nous discutons trois manières principales dont le receipt slot est rempli dans notre corpus: les complétions différées (affiliatives et non-affiliatives), l’acquiescement de la complétion et des nouveaux tours de parole du premier locuteur. Enfin, nous avons constaté que la complétion est une stratégie multifonctionnelle du second locuteur qui accomplit souvent une action collaborative mais qui peut également être compétitive.En somme, notre étude a montré que la structure syntaxique et séquentielle d’un phénomène spécifique de l’oral tel que les co-constructions n’est à concevoir que si on l’analyse dans son émergence temporelle. Cela nous emmène à discuter la manière dont la grammaire est exploitée pour construire des actions sociales qui sont pertinentes et reconnaissables pour les participants. / Applying the methods of Conversation Analysis and Interactional Linguistics, especially the methodological framework of Auer`s on-line syntax, this study focused on syntactic co-constructions in spoken German i.e. the production of one syntactic gestalt by two speakers.The study is based on a data set of 199 co-constructed syntactic completions which are taken from audio and video recordings of German everyday conversation and informal interviews. First, we present a syntactic and prosodic analysis of the co-constructed syntactic gestalts. An analysis in terms of projections and retractions revealed the syntactic and temporal organization of the co-constructed units. Syntax turned out to be a crucial resource speakers rely on in order to complete the preliminary speaker’s syntactic gestalt. However, the prosodic, semantic and pragmatic levels are also important for the second speaker to anticipate a possible completion. Furthermore, the study also showed that retractions in the second speaker’s completion can be explained by syntactic constraints and by the interactional function of the completion. Second, the analysis focused on the sequential organization of the co-constructions. We discussed three ways in which the receipt slot, i.e. the sequential position where the first speaker can accept or reject the suggested completion, can be filled: delayed completions (affiliative and non-affiliative), acknowledgment of the completion and a new turn of the first speaker. Finally the interactional functions of the co-constructions were described. The co-construction of one syntactic unit by two speakers is a multifunctional strategy which is often used to show understanding and agreement, but which can also be found in competitive contexts and can be exploited for turn-taking. Our study shows that the syntactic and sequential structure of interactional phenomena like co-constructions can only be analyzed if we consider their temporal emergence. This allows us to make a contribution to the description of how grammar is exploited to build accountable actions.

No tratamento das maloclusões muitas vezes se impõe a necessidade de extrações dentárias para cumprir as metas do tratamento ortodôntico em busca da oclusão normal. Um dos recursos para o fechamento de espaços após exodontias é a utilização de arcos de retração com alças. Atualmente existe, no mercado, uma grande disponibilidade de arcos pré-fabricados, fornecidos por diversos fabricantes, que apresentam variações na forma e número de alças, espessura dos fios e ligas metálicas diferentes. O conhecimento das propriedades mecânicas e das forças liberadas por estes arcos é de extrema importância para que se obtenha uma resposta biológica adequada durante a movimentação dentária. O presente estudo procurou avaliar, experimentalmente, as forças liberadas por alguns tipos mais utilizados de arcos com alças produzidos com fios de secção retangular com variações de geometria (espessura, número e forma das alças), liga metálica e fabricante, impondo-lhes diferentes ativações. Buscou-se ainda determinar a quantidade de ativação onde ocorre o limite de proporcionalidade e, finalmente, fazer comparações entre os arcos com o intuito de fornecer ao ortodontista subsídios para a escolha do arco adequado. Para tal foram utilizados 19 tipos diferentes de arcos submetidos a testes de tração. Foram registradas as forças continuamente até uma deformação das alças de 4 mm. As comparações foram realizadas por meio de testes estatísticos isolando-se apenas uma característica de variação permitindo uma melhor compreensão do fator preponderante na alteração da força. Os resultados revelaram variações importantes nas forças a cada 0,5 mm de ativação, sendo de forma geral, ativações de 0,5 e 1,0 mm as que liberam forças mais adequadas. Os limites de proporcionalidade ocorreram na sua maioria acima de 1,5 mm de ativação até 2,5 mm, podendo em arcos mais flexíveis ocorrer acima de 4,0 mm. As comparações estatísticas demonstraram diferenças significativas entre todos os grupos avaliados, revelando que todas as variações (geometria, espessura, material e fabricante) exercem influência sobre a força gerada, sendo que a liga metálica parece ser preponderante. / In malocclusion treatments, dental extractions become necessary, in some cases, in order to achieve orthodontic goals of normal occlusion. One of the devices employed to close spaces after dental extraction is the use of retraction arches with loops. Nowadays, there is a wide range of pre-manufactured arches in the market, which present variations in shape, number of loops, thickness of the wire and metallic alloys. It is extremely important to understand mechanical properties as well as the forces delivered by these arches in order to achieve proper biological response during tooth movement. The present study tried to evaluate, experimentally, forces delivered by some of the most frequently employed arches made of rectangular wires with different geometrical characteristics (thickness, number and shape of loops), metallic alloys and made by different manufacturers, when submitted to different levels of activation. It was tried to determine the activation level at proportional limit and compare these values for different arches, in order to provide the orthodontists with accurate data which may help them to choose the proper arches. Nineteen different types of arches were submitted to tension tests. Forces were continuously measured up to 4 mm level of loop deformation. Statistical tests were employed to make comparisons, with only one type of variation for each test, which allowed a better comprehension of the main factor in force change. Results revealed important variations in forces at 0.5 mm intervals, and generally, 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm levels of activation delivered the most proper forces. Proportional limit occurred, mostly, over 1.5 mm and up to 2.5 mm levels of activation, except for more flexible arches, when it occurred above 4.0 mm. Statistical comparisons showed significant differences between all groups studied, demonstrating that all variations (geometry, thickness, material and manufacturer) can influence the delivered force. In spite of this, metallic alloys seemed to be the most important factor determining force deliverance variation.

Objectifs : L’objectif principal de cette étude était de comparer la vitesse de rétraction des canines supérieures à la suite des chirurgies de piézocision et d’ostéoperforations. Méthode: Les sujets âgés de 16 ans et plus nécessitant l’extraction des premières prémolaires pour la rétraction des canines ont été invités à participer à l’étude. Six semaines après les extractions, les participants du groupe expérimental ont reçu aléatoirement la chirurgie de piézocision d’un côté et d’ostéoperforations de l’autre côté. Les deux groupes ont été suivis toutes les deux semaines pour assurer une force de rétraction constante et pour prendre des empreintes numériques. Au début et à la fin de la rétraction, un CBCT a été pris pour évaluer la résorption radiculaire et la quantité de bascule des canines. Tous les participants ont rempli un questionnaire pour évaluer la douleur durant les 7 jours postopératoires. Résultats : Huit participants ont été attribués au groupe expérimental et 5 au groupe contrôle. Les résultats ne démontrent pas de différence statistiquement significative dans la vitesse de rétraction entre les groupes expérimentaux et le groupe contrôle (p>0.05). Une plus grande quantité de bascule a été observée sur le côté ostéoperforations par rapport au côté piézocision (p=0.049). Aucune différence n’a pu être démontrée pour la perte d’ancrage et la résorption radiculaire (p>0.05). Les deux procédures ont causé un niveau de douleur augmenté statistiquement significatif (p=0.045 et 0.05) avec un pic 24 heures postopératoire. Conclusion : Les résultats de cette étude ne permettent pas de recommander les chirurgies de piézocision et d’ostéoperforations pour l’accélération de la rétraction des canines supérieures. / Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the piezocision and osteoperforation techniques on the rate of maxillary canine retraction. Methods: Subjects aged 16 and up requiring the extraction of maxillary first premolars were invited to participate in this study. Six weeks after the extractions, the participants underwent the piezocision and osteoperforations on randomized sides of the maxillary arch. Subjects were seen every two weeks to take digital impressions and to adjust the force of the spring. At the beginning and the at end of the retraction, a CBCT was taken to evaluate the root resorption and the amount of tipping. All participants were asked to fill out a pain questionnaire over a period of 7 days after the surgeries. Results: Eight participants were attributed to the experimental group and 5 to the control group. The results showed no statistically significant difference in the rate of canine retraction between the experimental groups and the control group (p>0.05). Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in the amount of root resorption and loss of anchorage between the two experimental groups (p>0.05). More tipping was observed in the osteoperforation group than in the piezocision group (p=0.049). There was a statistically significant increase in pain levels 24 hours after the procedures for both the piezocision and the osteoperforation groups (p=0.045 and 0.05) compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study do not support the use of the piezocision and the osteoperforation techniques to accelerate maxillary canine retraction.

The goal of following master thesis is to design variety of configuration and retraction options of VUT200 TwinCobra landing gear. For each option are a wheel base and a gauge set up by possibility of main landing gear retraction. Next, CS 23 demands and stress analysis are followed. There is a view of twin engine aircraft landing gear disclosed as well.

Les plaquettes sont la principale source de CD40L soluble (sCD40L), une molécule thrombo-inflammatoire dont les taux élevés chez les patients atteints des maladies coronariennes (CAD) prédisent des événements athérothrombotiques. Nous avons déjà démontré que le sCD40L active deux voies de signalisation dans les plaquettes, la p38 MAPK et le facteur nucléaire-κB (NF-κB), non affectées par l’activité antiplaquettaire de l'aspirine (ASA). Nous avons montré aussi que le sCD40L, en réponse à des doses sous-optimales d'agonistes plaquettaires comme la thrombine et le collagène, potentialise l'agrégation des plaquettes via le récepteur CD40 et son effecteur cible présent en aval le NF-κB. En effet, le NF-κB appartient à une famille de dimères cytoplasmiques inactivés par l'inhibiteur IκB et régulés par l’IκB kinase (IKK). Suite à des signaux immunologiques, l’IKK phosphoryle l’IκB, ce qui entraîne sa dégradation par le protéasome. Par conséquent, le NF-κB, une fois libre, se déplace vers les noyaux des cellules immunitaires où il agit sur le génome pour maintenir la survie et la prolifération cellulaires. Contrairement aux cellules immunitaires, la régulation et les fonctions de NF-κB dans les plaquettes, fragments cellulaires dépourvus de génome, sont moins bien comprises. Dans ce projet, nous proposons l'hypothèse que l’axe sCD40L/NF-κB/protéasome amorce les plaquettes en les prédisposant à une activation et une agrégation prononcées. Nos objectifs seront donc (i) d'étudier l'interaction entre le NF-κB et le protéasome en réponse au sCD40L et (ii) d'examiner les rôles de cet axe sur les fonctions plaquettaires. Pour cela, des plaquettes ont été fraîchement isolées à partir du sang des donneurs humains sains qui ne prennent pas des médicaments antiplaquettaires ou anti-inflammatoires. Ces plaquettes ont été par la suite stimulées par le sCD40L. En étudiant l'activation de NF-κB, l'analyse par Western blot a montré que le sCD40L induit la phosphorylation d’IκB et la dégradation de sa forme phosphorylée (p-IκB) dans un délai de 30 minutes, d'une manière similaire à l’action de la thrombine, l’agoniste plaquettaire le plus puissant. Le prétraitement des plaquettes avec deux classes d'inhibiteurs de NF-κB, le répresseur d’IKK (BAY 11-7082) et l’antagoniste du protéasome (MG132), a montré que l'activation du NF-κB dans les plaquettes est régulée par l’IKK et le protéasome, identiquement aux cellules nucléées. L'examen des événements de signalisation induits par le sCD40L a montré que l'inhibition du NF-κB plaquettaire n'affecte pas la phosphorylation de p38 MAPK ou le clivage protéasomique de la Taline-1 qui est impliquée dans le changement de la forme des plaquettes. Concernant les effets sur les fonctions plaquettaires, l'inhibition de NF-κB ou du protéasome n'a pas influencé l'agrégation des plaquettes induite par des doses élevées de collagène ou de thrombine. Cependant, elle a considérablement réduit l'agrégation plaquettaire suite à un amorçage avec le sCD40L, suivie d'une stimulation avec des doses sous-optimales de collagène ou de thrombine. Nous avons également constaté que le sCD40L exacerbe la rétraction des caillots fibrino-plaquettaire formés par de faibles doses de thrombine. Cet effet d'amorçage est régulé par l’axe NF-κB/protéasome. En bref, l’axe sCD40L/NF-κB/protéasome fonctionne de manière non génomique, en amorçant les plaquettes, induisant ainsi la potentialisation de l'agrégation plaquettaire et l'augmentation de la rétraction des caillots fibrino-plaquettaire. Par conséquent, le ciblage de cet axe dans les plaquettes pourrait avoir un rôle thérapeutique chez les patients atteints de CAD et dont les plaquettes ne répondent pas ou sont moins sensibles aux traitements antiplaquettaires conventionnels. / Platelets are the principal source of soluble CD40L (sCD40L), a thrombo-inflammatory molecule whose high levels in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients predict atherothrombotic events. We have previously demonstrated that sCD40L activates two signaling pathways in platelets, p38 MAPK and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), both of which were unaffected by the anti-platelet activity of aspirin (ASA). We have also shown that sCD40L, in response to suboptimal doses of platelet agonists like thrombin and collagen, potentiates platelet aggregation through CD40 receptor and its downstream effector target NF-κB. Indeed, NF-κB belongs to a family of cytoplasmic dimers that are inactivated by the inhibitor IκB and regulated by IκB kinase (IKK). Following immunological signals, IKK phosphorylates IκB, driving the degradation of its phosphorylated form (p-IκB) by the proteasome. Consequently, NF-κB becomes free to translocate to the nuclei of immune cells where it acts genomically to maintain survival and proliferation. That is the case in immune cells, but in platelets which are devoid of genome, the regulation and functions of NF-κB are less understood. Herein, we hypothesized that sCD40L/NF-κB/proteasome axis primes platelets, predisposing them to pronounced activation and aggregation. We thus aimed to (i) assess the interplay between NF-κB and proteasome in response to sCD40L and (ii) investigate the roles of this axis at the level of platelet functions. For this purpose, platelets were freshly isolated from the blood of healthy human donors who are not on anti-platelet or anti-inflammatory medication and then stimulated with sCD40L. In monitoring the activation of NF-κB, western blot analysis showed that sCD40L induces the phosphorylation of IκB and the degradation of p-IκB during a 30-mins time window, in a similar fashion to the most potent platelet agonist thrombin. The pre-treatment of platelets with two classes of NF-κB inhibitors, an IKK repressor (BAY 11-7082) and a proteasome antagonist (MG132), showed that the activation of platelet NF-κB is regulated by IKK and the proteasome as in nucleated cells. The examination of the functional signaling events induced by sCD40L showed that NF-κB inhibition does not affect the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK or the proteasomal cleavage of shape change-involved Talin-1. In functional studies, NF-κB or proteasomal inhibition did not influence the aggregation of platelets induced by high doses of collagen or thrombin; however, it markedly reduced platelet aggregation primed with sCD40L followed by stimulation with sub-optimal doses of collagen or thrombin. We also found that sCD40L exacerbates the retraction of fibrin-platelet clots formed by low doses of thrombin. This priming effect was regulated by NF-κB/proteasome dyad. In brief, sCD40L/NF-κB/proteasome axis primes platelets and functions non-genomically, inducing the potentiation of platelet aggregation and augmenting the retraction of fibrin-platelet clots. Hence, targeting this axis in platelets might have a therapeutic potential in CAD patients whose platelets are not or less responsive to conventional antiplatelet therapies.

La retracción es un fenómeno que afecta el proceso de fraguado y la vida útil del concreto con la aparición de fisuras; en los últimos años se han generado estudios y métodos para mitigarlo y controlarlo con el uso de diferentes productos y métodos. El desarrollo de infraestructuras viales con el uso de concreto como carpeta de rodadura, requiere de métodos para garantizar la durabilidad y disminuir las afectaciones por los esfuerzos incorporados por el uso, condiciones climáticas, base de soporte y restricciones de movimiento de la estructura. A pesar del conocimiento de este fenómeno, existe poco desarrollo técnico para medirla, estudiarla y controlarla. Por lo descrito anteriormente, surge la necesidad de investigar, ampliar el conocimiento y buscar métodos experimentales para medir y comprender el comportamiento de la contracción en el concreto usado en pavimentos. El proyecto de investigación académica busca evaluar los efectos de las fibras sintéticas recicladas de polipropileno en los ensayos de contracción- retracción plástica (ASTM C 1579), y se plantea la preparación de 3 diseños de mezclas con diferentes relaciones de fibras sintéticas recicladas y vírgenes. Existen otros métodos de evaluación (contracción libre y contracción restringida) para precisar los efectos de las fibras sintéticas en la aparición de fisuras en estado plástico y endurecido, quedarán propuestos para realizar las demostraciones en futuras investigaciones. / Use of synthetic fibers of recycled polypropylene to control the fissures generated by retraction in concrete pavements in Lima. The retraction is a phenomenon that affects the setting process and the life of the concrete with the appearance of cracks; In recent years, studies and methods have been generated to mitigate and control it with the use of different products and methods. The development of road infrastructures with the use of concrete as a rolling folder requires methods to guarantee durability and reduce the effects of the efforts incorporated by the use, climatic conditions, support base and movement restrictions of the structure. Despite the knowledge of this phenomenon, there is little technical development to measure, study and control it. As described above, the need arises to investigate, expand knowledge and seek experimental methods to measure and understand the behavior of contraction in the concrete used in pavements. The academic research project seeks to evaluate the effects of recycled synthetic fibers of polypropylene in the contraction-plastic shrinkage tests (ASTM C 1579), and the preparation of 3 designs of mixtures with different ratios of recycled and virgin synthetic fibers is proposed. There are other methods of evaluation (free contraction and restricted contraction) to specify the effects of synthetic fibers in the appearance of cracks in plastic and hardened state, will be proposed to perform the demonstrations in future research / Tesis

No description available.

Ces dernières années, la découverte de fraudes scientifiques majeures a créé des ondes de choc dans la communauté scientifique. Le nombre annuel de rétractations a considérablement augmenté, et la plupart sont dues à des cas de fraude. Bien qu’il soit généralement pris pour acquis que tous les coauteurs sont affectés par ces rétractations, l’objectif de cette étude est de vérifier cette présupposition empiriquement. Nous avons recensé toutes les rétractations du domaine biomédical (443) de 1996 à 2006 dans PubMed et mesuré, à l’aide du Web of Science (WOS), la productivité, l’impact et les pratiques de collaboration des coauteurs (1 818) sur une période de cinq ans avant et après la rétractation. Nos résultats montrent que les rétractations ont des conséquences sur la carrière des coauteurs, surtout au niveau du nombre de publications des années subséquentes. Cet impact est plus grand dans les cas de fraude, et pour les premiers auteurs. / Over the last few years, major cases of scientific fraud shocked the scientific community, and the number of retractions each year increased considerably. Scientific misconduct accounts for approximately more than half of those retractions. It is assumed that co-authors of retracted papers are affected by their colleagues’ misconduct, and the aim of this study is to provide empirical evidence of how researchers’ careers are affected by a retraction. We retrieved all (443) publications retracted from 1996 to 2006 from PubMed, signed by 1818 authors. Using the Web of Science (WOS), we measured the productivity, impact and collaboration of each of those authors for a period of five years before and after the retraction. Our results show that retractions affect the career of co-authors, mostly in terms of scientific output. This impact is felt more strongly in cases of fraud and for first authors.

Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento reológico e morfológico da mistura polimérica imiscível de polipropileno e poliamida. Como resultado deste estudo obtiveram-se valores de tensão interfacial entre 10mN/m e 13mN/m. A tensão interfacial diminuiu em até 87% quando a mistura é compatibilizada com polipropileno maleado. A análise morfológica no regime de viscoelasticidade linear quando avaliada uma morfologia de emulsão de poliamida em polipropileno revelou diâmetro médio da fase dispersa entre 1,5µm e 20µm. O diâmetro das gotas da fase dispersa diminuiu com a adição de polipropileno maleado chegando a reduções de até 98%, mantendo-se constante a concentração da fase dispersa. No regime de viscoelasticidade não linear foram testados modelos para avaliar o comportamento da mistura em fluxos de cisalhamento e extensão, sendo que somente para os fluxos de extensão foi obtida boa correlação dos resultados experimentais com as previsões teóricas. / Rheological and morphological behaviour of polypropylene and polyamide polymer blend was studied. The values of interfacial tension were obtained between 10mN/m and 13mN/m. The interfacial tension decreased in 87% for compatibilized blend. Morphology analysis for linear viscoelastic regime shows dispersed drop diameter between 1,5µm and 20µm. The diameter of the drops decreased with the addition of maleic polypropylene reducing until 98%, keeping constant the concentration of the disperse phase. In non linear viscoelastic regime different models were tested to evaluate the behavior of the blends in shear and elongacional flows. However, only the elongacional flow results were acquired with theoretical - experimental corroboration.

The thesis investigates methods of examining corneal biomechanics using non-contact tonometry and introduces novel techniques to investigate corneal material properties in vivo. A comprehensive systems analysis of the CorvisST (CST) and Ocular Response Analyser (ORA) was performed. Pressure sensors were used to characterisation the airflow produced by the CST and the ORA. Distinct differences were observed between the central airflow pressures between the two devices: the CST pressure was higher and of shorter duration. Scheimpflug high-speed imaging via the CST allowed components of the corneal deformation to be investigated and the development of a 3D deformation matrix (time, depth and spatial resolution) through tracing of the anterior and posterior corneal surface. Measures of whole eye movement (WEM) with CST were found to be robust. WEM demonstrated an asymmetric profile and a correction method was developed to address the corneal deformation matrix for this asymmetry. Novel methods for characterisation of intrinsic material characteristics of the cornea were developed using numerical and graphical analytical procedures. Application of these parameters was tested on enucleated porcine eyes across a wide range of manometry internal ocular pressure (MIOP). The dynamic E-Modulus was found to be most affected by MIOP change. To investigate the in vivo distribution and heterogeneity of the corneal biomechanics, a novel set-up allowed the mapping of corneal biomechanics across the cornea using the CST (central, paracentral, peripheral) and ORA (central, peripheral). Biometric and demographic grouping of subjects allowed detection of discriminating factors between individuals. The results suggest that the in vivo cornea of healthy human adults can be characterised as a viscoelastic, damped system for longitudinal strain and a highly oscillating system for lateral strain. The cornea is approximately homogenous for measures of rigidity and dynamic E-Modulus but other corneal material characteristics (longitudinal and lateral strain, hysteresis, damping and compressibility) demonstrated regional differences. The experimental design employed allowed for strict control of biometric and biomechanical intersubject variables, based on gold-standard techniques as well as newly-developed methods, thereby creating a normative database for future use.