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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Transcription Profiling Demonstrates Epigenetic Control of Non-retroviral RNA Virus-Derived Elements in the Human Genome / ヒトゲノム内のRNAウイルス由来配列の制御機構と遺伝子発現への影響

Soufuku, Kozue 23 March 2016 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19613号 / 医博第4120号 / 新制||医||1015(附属図書館) / 32649 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 小柳 義夫, 教授 岩田 想, 教授 萩原 正敏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
12

Molekulare Charakterisierung des Retrotransposons Ylt1 der Hefe Yarrowia lipolytica / Molecular characterization of the retrotransposon Ylt1 of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica

Senam, Senam 04 July 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Die Retrotransposonen sind ubiquitäre Komponenten des eukaryotischen Genoms. In der Hefe Yarrowia lipolytica existiert neben anderen Retrotransposonen das Retrotransposon Ylt1 (Yarrowia lipolytica retrotransposon). Dieses Retrotransposon besteht aus den flankierenden "Long Terminal Repeat" (LTR), zeta von jeweils 714 Nukleotiden und interner Region, eta von 8025 Nukleotiden. Deswegen baut die gesamte Sequenz von 9453 Nukleotiden. Der etwa Bereich enthält einen durchgängigen offenen Leserahm (ORF) (826 bis 8687 Nukleotiden, 2621 Aminosäure). Die LTR Sequenzen enthalten nicht nur TATA-Box, sondern auch ein mögliches Terminations-Signal der Transkription (TAGT) sowie ein Polyadenylierungssignal (AATAAA). Eine Primer Bindungsstelle und ein Polypurin-Bereich sind ebenfalls innerhalb der Ylt1 Sequenz enthalten. Dieses Retrotransposon enthält codierenden Bereiche für ein Gag-Strukturprotein (Gag), Protease (PR), Reverse Transkriptase (RT), RNase H (RH) und Integrase (IN). Das Retrotransposons Ylt1 kommt in verschiedenen Stämmen der Hefe Y. lipolytica vor. Die Transpositionsaktivität dieses Retrotransposon war nachweisbar. Die Aktivität des LTR-Promotors ist von der Kohlenstoffquellen abhängig. Acetat und Ethanol bewirken eine Erhöhung der Promotoraktivität auf das 4fache der basalen Aktivität. Nachdem der Ylt1-ORF unter Kontrolle des ICL1-Promotors exprimiert wurde, konnten jeweils etwa 140 kDa (mit dem Anti HA-Antikörper) bzw. ca. 74 kDa (mit Anti GFP-Antikörper) große Proteine aus den zwei DNA Konstrukte nachgewiesen werden. / The retrotransposons are ubiquitous components of eukaryotic genome. The retrotransposon Ylt1 (Yarrowia lipolytica retrotransposon) was detected in the genome of the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. This retrotransposon is 9453 nucleotides in length and contains two identical long terminal repeats (LTR), zeta of 714 nucleotides and internal region, eta of 8025 nucleotides. The LTR sequences contain not only TATA-Box but also predicted termination signal for transcription (TATG) and polyadenylation signal (AATAAA). The both putative primer binding site (PBS) and polypurine tract were found in the retrotransposon Ylt1 sequence. This retrotransposon contains a single open reading frame (ORF) (826 - 8687 nucleotides, 2621 amino acids), which encodes Gag protein (Gag), protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT), RNase H (RH) and integrase (IN). The distribution of retrotransposon Ylt1 among Y. lipolytica strains indicated that the full length elements as well as solo LTR are abundant in several strains. The transposition activity of retrotransposon Ylt1 on acetate as a carbon source was also observed. The promoter activity of the LTR sequence depends on the carbon source. Acetate and ethanol activated 4 fold from the basal activity of the LTR promoter. After expression of Ylt1-ORF under the strong inducible ICL1 promoter from two DNA constructs, which contain HA or GFP epitope, a protein about 140 kDa (with anti HA-antibody) or 75 kDa (with anti GFP-antibody) were detected.
13

Molekulare Charakterisierung des Retrotransposons Ylt1 der Hefe Yarrowia lipolytica

Senam, Senam 27 April 2004 (has links)
Die Retrotransposonen sind ubiquitäre Komponenten des eukaryotischen Genoms. In der Hefe Yarrowia lipolytica existiert neben anderen Retrotransposonen das Retrotransposon Ylt1 (Yarrowia lipolytica retrotransposon). Dieses Retrotransposon besteht aus den flankierenden "Long Terminal Repeat" (LTR), zeta von jeweils 714 Nukleotiden und interner Region, eta von 8025 Nukleotiden. Deswegen baut die gesamte Sequenz von 9453 Nukleotiden. Der etwa Bereich enthält einen durchgängigen offenen Leserahm (ORF) (826 bis 8687 Nukleotiden, 2621 Aminosäure). Die LTR Sequenzen enthalten nicht nur TATA-Box, sondern auch ein mögliches Terminations-Signal der Transkription (TAGT) sowie ein Polyadenylierungssignal (AATAAA). Eine Primer Bindungsstelle und ein Polypurin-Bereich sind ebenfalls innerhalb der Ylt1 Sequenz enthalten. Dieses Retrotransposon enthält codierenden Bereiche für ein Gag-Strukturprotein (Gag), Protease (PR), Reverse Transkriptase (RT), RNase H (RH) und Integrase (IN). Das Retrotransposons Ylt1 kommt in verschiedenen Stämmen der Hefe Y. lipolytica vor. Die Transpositionsaktivität dieses Retrotransposon war nachweisbar. Die Aktivität des LTR-Promotors ist von der Kohlenstoffquellen abhängig. Acetat und Ethanol bewirken eine Erhöhung der Promotoraktivität auf das 4fache der basalen Aktivität. Nachdem der Ylt1-ORF unter Kontrolle des ICL1-Promotors exprimiert wurde, konnten jeweils etwa 140 kDa (mit dem Anti HA-Antikörper) bzw. ca. 74 kDa (mit Anti GFP-Antikörper) große Proteine aus den zwei DNA Konstrukte nachgewiesen werden. / The retrotransposons are ubiquitous components of eukaryotic genome. The retrotransposon Ylt1 (Yarrowia lipolytica retrotransposon) was detected in the genome of the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. This retrotransposon is 9453 nucleotides in length and contains two identical long terminal repeats (LTR), zeta of 714 nucleotides and internal region, eta of 8025 nucleotides. The LTR sequences contain not only TATA-Box but also predicted termination signal for transcription (TATG) and polyadenylation signal (AATAAA). The both putative primer binding site (PBS) and polypurine tract were found in the retrotransposon Ylt1 sequence. This retrotransposon contains a single open reading frame (ORF) (826 - 8687 nucleotides, 2621 amino acids), which encodes Gag protein (Gag), protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT), RNase H (RH) and integrase (IN). The distribution of retrotransposon Ylt1 among Y. lipolytica strains indicated that the full length elements as well as solo LTR are abundant in several strains. The transposition activity of retrotransposon Ylt1 on acetate as a carbon source was also observed. The promoter activity of the LTR sequence depends on the carbon source. Acetate and ethanol activated 4 fold from the basal activity of the LTR promoter. After expression of Ylt1-ORF under the strong inducible ICL1 promoter from two DNA constructs, which contain HA or GFP epitope, a protein about 140 kDa (with anti HA-antibody) or 75 kDa (with anti GFP-antibody) were detected.
14

Caracterização de retrotransposons similares a Tnt1 em espécies silvestres e cultivadas do gênero Solanum / Characterization of Tnt1-like retrotransposons in wild and cultivated species from Solanum genera

Manetti, Maria Elisa 04 December 2007 (has links)
Tnt1 foi o primeiro retrotransposon ativo identificado em fumo após sua inserção no gene estrutural da nitrato redutase. Dez anos mais tarde, um novo membro foi caracterizado em Lycopersicon: Retrolyc1. Neste estudo analisamos seqüências similares a Tnt1 em 20 espécies silvestres de Solanum e cinco cultivares de Solanum tuberosum. As seqüências completas foram amplificadas a partir de DNA genômico utilizando uma estratégia baseada em PCR. Os fragmentos purificados foram clonados e seqüenciados, e a análise filogenética revelou três grupos que diferem na sua região U3 [Genbank: EF620567-EF620763]. Estes fragmentos clonados foram chamados de Retrosol. Utilizando uma abordagem de \"network\" com um total de 453 seqüências não redundantes e isoladas de espécies de: Solanum (197), Nicotiana (140) e (116) Lycopersicon, foi demonstrado que a família Tnt1 pode ser tratada como uma população para tentar resolver ramificações filogenéticas multiforcadas. A rede resultante da RNAseH revelou que as seqüências agrupam de acordo com o gênero de Solanaceae, sustentando uma forte associação com o genoma hospedeiro, e que a variação das seqüências na região U3 associada, caracteriza o padrão evolutivo modular dentro da família Tnt1. Dentro de cada gênero, e independentemente das espécies, quase 20% das seqüências Tnt1 analisadas são idênticas, o que indica que foram provenientes de uma cópia ativa. As relações de \"network\" permitiram a identificação da \"seqüência mestre ou fundadora\" e forneceu provas de que dentro de cada gênero essas seqüências mestre são associadas com regiões U3 distintas. O número de cópias de seqüências similares a Tnt1 foi determinado utilizando PCR quantitativo em tempo-real. Comparando-se o número de cópias, foi revelado que em fumo as cópias de Tnt1 são abundantes e representam cerca de 2% do genoma, enquanto em tomate as cópias de Retrolyc1 são menos abundantes. As espécies de Solanum mostraram um número baixo de cópias de Retrosol e uma relação LTR: domínio interno de aproximadamente 2:1, sugerindo que a maioria das cópias são completas. Utilizando uma estratégia baseada em PCR, uma seqüência completa de Retrosol de quase 5 kb foi clonada. Esta cópia possui todas as características típicas de um retrotransposon tipo Ty1-copia e apresenta baixa identidade de nucleotídeos na região U3 quando comparada, aos outros membros da família. Os resultados aqui apresentados corroboram a hipótese de que a família Tnt1 estava presente logo no início da evolução de Solanaceae. A evidência sugere também que a região da RNAseH ficou fixada ao nível de gênero no hospedeiro, e que dentro de cada gênero a propagação foi assegurado pela diversificação da região U3. / Tnt1 was the first active plant retrotransposon identified in tobacco after nitrate reductase gene disruption. Ten years later a new member was characterized in Lycopersicon: Retrolyc1. In this study, we performed an analysis of Tnt1-like sequences of 20 wild species of Solanum and five cultivars of Solanum tuberosum. Sequences were amplified from total genomic DNA using a PCR-based approach. Purified fragments were cloned and sequenced, and clustering analysis revealed three groups that differ in their U3 region [GenBank: EF620567-EF620763]. These cloned fragments were named Retrosol. Using a network approach with a total of 453 non-redundant sequences isolated from Solanum (197), Nicotiana (140) and Lycopersicon (116) species, it was demonstrated that the Tnt1 family can be treated as a population to resolve previous phylogenetic multifurcations. The resulting RNAseH network revealed that sequences group according to the Solanaceae genus, supporting a strong association with the host genome, whereas tracing the U3 region sequence association characterizes the modular evolutionary pattern within the Tnt1 family. Within each genus, and irrespective of species, nearly 20% of Tnt1 sequences analyzed are identical, indicative of being part of an active copy. The network approach enabled the identification of putative \"master\" sequences and provided evidence that within a genus these master sequences are associated with distinct U3 regions. Copy number of Tnt1-like sequences was determined using quantitative real-time PCR. Comparing copy number among the species revealed that Tnt1 elements are abundant in tobacco, representing around 2% of the genome while Retrolyc1 elements in tomato are less abundant. Solanum species show low copy number of Retrosol elements and an LTR:internal domain ratio of about 2:1, indicating that most copies are complete. A complete sequence of Retrosol, which is nearly 5 kb long was cloned using a PCR approach. It has all the features typical of a Ty1-copia like retrotransposon and show low nucleotide identity in the U3 region when compared with the other members of the family. The results presented here support the hypothesis that the Tnt1 family was present early in the evolution of Solanaceae. The evidence also suggests that the RNAseH region of Tnt1 became fixed at the host genus level whereas, within each genus, propagation was ensured by the diversification of the U3 region.
15

Identificação e caracterização de sequências repetidas de DNA no genoma de peixes ciclídeos do gênero Cichla

Teixeira, Wellcy Gonçalves [UNESP] 25 April 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-04-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_wg_me_botib.pdf: 944579 bytes, checksum: 046ae2a3b20fa26acc2b231873f2a3af (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O genoma dos organismos eucariotos apresenta-se organizado em seqüências simples e repetidas. As seqüências repetidas de DNA estão presentes em centenas a milhares de cópias dispersas ou agrupadas no genoma e localizam-se preferencialmente em regiões heterocromáticas, desempenhando papel relevante na organização do genoma desses organismos. Nesse sentido, a realização de estudos genéticos básicos sobre a organização genômica dessas seqüências repetidas é fundamental para uma melhor compreensão do seu papel biológico assim como o entendimento de sua dinâmica evolutiva entre os diversos grupos de vertebrados. Os Cichlidae constituem uma das mais especiosas famílias de peixes, com cerca de 3.000 espécies distribuídas pela América Central e do Sul, África, e sudeste da Índia. Este grupo passou por um rápido e extenso processo de radiação adaptativa ao longo dos tempos, constituindo-se em importantes entidades biológicas para a realização de estudos evolutivos. Dentre os Cichlidae, as espécies do gênero Cichla (tucunarés), com distribuição exclusiva na América do Sul, apresentam grande importância ecológica e econômica. No entanto, estudos genéticos envolvendo espécies desse gênero são ainda escassos. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo isolar e caracterizar seqüências repetidas de DNA no genoma de Cichla kelberi. Elementos repetidos de DNA foram isolados por PCR (elementos Rex1, Rex3, Rex6 e Tc1) e digestão enzimática (elemento Tuc), seqüenciados e mapeados cromossomicamente por FISH para o estudo de seu padrão de distribuição no genoma. O elemento Tuc apresentou elevada similaridade com seqüências do gene da transcriptase reversa de Oryzias melastigma, o que sugere tratar-se de um elemento retrotransponível. Análises comparativas do elemento Tuc a bancos de sequência mostraram alta similaridade... / The genome of eucaryote organisms is organized into single and repetitive sequences. The repetitive DNA sequences are represented by hundreds to thousands of dispersed or tandem-arrayed copies preferentially localized on the heterochromatic regions, having important function on the genome organization of the organisms. Therefore, the development of basic genetic studies about the genome organization of these repetitive sequences are fundamental to a better comprehension of their biologic role and the understanding of their evolutionary dinamics. The Cichlidae are one of the most diverse fish families, having about 3.000 species distributed around Central and South America, Africa and Southeast India. This group underwent a large and rapid process of adaptative radiation, becoming an important biological model. Among the Cichlidae, the species of the genera Cichla (tucunarés), with exclusive distribution in South America, have a significative economic and ecologic importance. However genetic studies on species of this genera are scarce. Therefore, this work had the aim to isolate and characterize repetitive DNA sequences of the genome of Cichla kelberi. Repetitive DNA sequences were isolated using PCR (elements Rex1, Rex3, Rex6 and Tc1) and restriction digestion (element Tuc), sequenced and their genome distribution determined by FISH. The Tuc element showed high similarity to sequences of reverse transcriptase gene of the fish Oryzias melastigma, which suggests that such element correspond to an retrotransposon element. Comparative analysis of the Tuc element to DNA sequence data bank showed high similarity with repetitive sequences in the genome of several vertebrates, including fishes, amphibians and mammals. Results of FISH showed an accumulation of obtained elements preferentially in centromeres of all chromosomes of the complement, and few telomeric blocks in some... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
16

Molekulare Charakterisierung von Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons als abundante Sequenzklasse des Centromers eines Minichromosoms in Beta vulgaris L.

Weber, Beatrice 10 February 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Die Gattung Beta gehört zur Familie der Chenopodiaceae und wird in die vier Sektionen Beta, Corollinae, Nanae und Procumbentes unterteilt, wobei die Zuckerrübe der Sektion Beta zugeordnet wird. Aus dem Genom der Zuckerrübe und verwandter Wildarten konnten bereits eine Vielzahl von repetitiven DNA-Familien kloniert und untersucht werden. Mit der monosomen Fragmentadditionslinie PRO1 stand eine Chromosomenmutante zur Verfügung, die neben den 18 B. vulgaris-Chromosomen ein Chromosomenfragment der Wildrübe Beta procumbens enthält. Da dieses als Minichromosom bezeichnete Fragment mitotische Stabilität aufweist, muss es ein funktionelles Centromer besitzen, das auch im genetischen Hintergrund von Beta vulgaris aktiv ist. Mit der Erstellung einer BAC (bacterial artifical chromosome)-Bank von PRO1 wurde die molekulare Charakterisierung von Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons eines einzelnen Wildrüben-Centromers möglich. Die für die Wildrübe Beta procumbens spezifischen Satellitenrepeats pTS5 und pTS4.1 dienten der Selektion von BACs aus der Centromer-Region des PRO1-Minichromosoms. Die Identifizierung eines unikalen genomischen Locus, mit einer Verschachtelung von zwei nicht homologen LTR-Retrotransposons, ermöglichte die gerichtete Isolation der LTR-Retrotransposons Beetle1 und Beetle2. Das Retrotransposon Beetle1 hat eine Gesamtlänge von 6736 bp und wird von LTR-Sequenzen begrenzt, die eine Länge von 1091 bp (5’-LTR) bzw. 1089 bp (3’-LTR) aufweisen. Das LTR-Retrotransposon Beetle2 weist mit 6690 bp eine ähnliche Gesamtlänge wie Beetle1 auf. Es wird von deutlich kürzeren LTR-Sequenzen mit einer Länge von 774 bp begrenzt. Aufgrund der Reihenfolge der Polyproteingene lassen sich Beetle1 und Beetle2 in die Gruppe der Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons (Metaviridae) einordnen. Beide Retrotransposon-Familien besitzen ein einziges offenes Leseraster (open reading frame; ORF) mit fusionierten gag- und pol-Genen. Datenbankrecherchen zeigten hohe Homologien von Beetle1 und Beetle2 mit den centromerischen Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons CRM aus Zea mays, CRR aus Oryza sativa und cereba aus Hordeum vulgare. Diese centromerischen Retrotransposons (CRs) sind in den Poaceae stark konserviert und stellen neben Satellitenrepeats eine hochabundante Sequenzklasse der Centromere der Süßgräser dar. Da sie im 3’-Bereich des gag-pol-Polyproteins eine Chromodomäne aufweisen, werden sie der eigenständigen Gruppe der Chromoviren zugeordnet. Chromodomänen sind zur Bindung von Proteinen und DNA befähigt und spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Chromatin-Modifikation und der Bildung von Heterochromatin-Regionen. Beetle1 und Beetle2 besitzen Motive einer Chromodomäne, die vermutlich für eine gerichtete Transposition in die Centromer-Region verantwortlich ist. Neben der geringen Divergenz von Beetle1- und Beetle2-Sequenzen sowohl im Genom von Beta procumbens als auch in den anderen Arten der Sektion Procumbentes spricht auch das junge Alter von 100 000 bis 350 000 Jahren und die Transkriptionsaktivität für eine Einordnung dieser Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons in die Gruppe der Chromoviren. Sowohl die Southern-Hybridisierung als auch die Fluoreszenz-in situ-Hybridisierung zeigten, dass Beetle1 und Beetle2 nur für die Sektion Procumbentes spezifisch sind und dort in hoher Kopienzahl vorkommen. Untersuchungen mit methylierungssensitiven Restriktionsendonukleasen veranschaulichten den hohen Grad an Cytosin-Methylierung von Beetle1 und Beetle2.
17

Untersuchungen zum spezifischen Integrations-Mechanismus der TRE5-A Retrotransposons in Dictyostelium discoideum

Siol, Oliver. Unknown Date (has links)
Universiẗat, Diss., 2006--Frankfurt (Main).
18

Estudo dos genomas A e B de Arachis

Santos, Bruna Vidigal dos 30 May 2014 (has links)
Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas,Departamento de Biologia Celular, 2014. / Submitted by Ana Cristina Barbosa da Silva (annabds@hotmail.com) on 2014-10-20T17:59:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_BrunaVidigaldosSantos.pdf: 21406285 bytes, checksum: ed3bc2e1ee793721bbd92e0962dcb8fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tania Milca Carvalho Malheiros(tania@bce.unb.br) on 2014-10-20T18:13:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_BrunaVidigaldosSantos.pdf: 21406285 bytes, checksum: ed3bc2e1ee793721bbd92e0962dcb8fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-20T18:13:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_BrunaVidigaldosSantos.pdf: 21406285 bytes, checksum: ed3bc2e1ee793721bbd92e0962dcb8fc (MD5) / O amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) é um alotetraploide com origem recente e cujogenoma tem aproximadamente 2,8 Gb, composto majoritariamente por sequências repetitivas.Este estudo relata uma investigação do componente repetitivo presente nas espécies parentaisdo amendoim, A. duranensis, provável doador do genoma A e A. ipaënsis, provável doador dogenoma B, por meio de análises das suas sequências genômicas completas, bem como declones selecionados da biblioteca BAC de A. duranensis. Nos clones, foram identificados dezretrotransposons LTR distintos, enquanto que nas sequências genômicas completas, 81famílias de retrotransposons LTR foram identificadas em A. duranensis e 89 em A. ipaënsis,ocupando aproximadamente 28,5% e 27,6% do genoma A e B, respectivamente. Dessasfamílias, 37 representam a maior parte do conteúdo repetitivo nos dois genomas, sendo que oselementos FIDEL e Feral são os mais frequentes. Esses resultados mostram que uma partesubstancial do componente altamente repetitivo desses genomas é explicada por um númerorelativamente pequeno de retrotransposons LTR, seus fragmentos e LTRs-solo. A maioria dasdatas de transposição estimadas para esses retrotransposons foi posterior a 3,5 milhões deanos atrás, data estimada da divergência dos genomas A e B, indicando que essesretrotransposons LTR tiveram um papel notável na organização desses genomas. Análises dehibridização in situ por fluorescência (FISH), utilizando sondas obtidas a partir dassequências dos genes que codificam a transcriptase reversa de cada família de retrotransposonLTR, mostraram sinais de hibridização detectáveis múltiplos e dispersos em vários, mas nãoem todos os cromossomos dos subgenomas A e B de amendoim, com marcaçãopredominantemente ao longo dos braços dos cromossomos. Comparações entre sequênciashomeólogas dos genomas A e B indicaram alta semelhança no conteúdo gênico, porémgrandes diferenças no conteúdo repetitivo, mostrando que os retrotransposons identificadosneste estudo, juntamente com outros elementos repetitivos têm desempenhado um papelimportante na remodelação do genoma ao longo da evolução, especialmente em regiõesintergênicas. A construção e validação de pools 3-D construídos para os clones das bibliotecasBAC representativas dos genomas A (A. duranensis) e B (A. ipaënsis) foram realizadas. Essaferramenta possibilitou a identificação e isolamento de genes de interesse em Arachis, tais como, expansina e dessaturase de ácidos graxos. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an allotetraploid of recent origin with a genome of about 2.8 Gb and high repetitive content. This study reports an analysis of the repetitive component present of the progenitor species from peanut, A. duranensis, likely donor of A genome and A. ipaënsis of B genome, using their whole genome sequences and selected clones from the BAC library of A. duranensis. Ten LTR retrotransposons were identified in these clones whilst 81 families in A. duranensis and 89 in A. ipaënsis complete genomes, representing about 28.5% of the A genome and 27.6% of B genome, respectively. Only 37 families represent most of the repetitive content of the two genomes, and the most abundant retrotransposon are FIDEL and Feral. It is here shown that a substantial proportion of the highly repetitive component of these genomes is accounted for by relatively few LTR retrotransposons, their fragments and solo-LTR. These retroelements are predominantly of recent evolutionary origin, most apparently post-dating the evolutionary estimated date of the A and B genomes divergence of the cultivated peanut, about 3.5 million years ago. This indicates that these LTR retrotransposons contributed to the divergence of these genomes. Analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization using probes obtained from the genes sequencing codifying for the reverse transcriptase of each family of LTR retrotransposons of A and B genomes produced multiple and dispersed hybridization signals on several, but not all chromosomes of A-B peanut subgenomes, mainly along the chromosomes arms. Comparisons between homeologues sequences of A and B genomes showed high similarity in gene content, but differences in the repetitive content showing that the retrotransposons identified in this study, and another repetitive elements have played an important role in these genomes remodeling, especially in intergenic regions, over evolutionary time. The construction and validation of 3-D pools for clones of the A-B genomes BAC libraries were made. This tool allowed the identification and isolation of genes of interest in Arachis such as expansins and fatty acid desaturase.
19

Caracterização de retrotransposons similares a Tnt1 em espécies silvestres e cultivadas do gênero Solanum / Characterization of Tnt1-like retrotransposons in wild and cultivated species from Solanum genera

Maria Elisa Manetti 04 December 2007 (has links)
Tnt1 foi o primeiro retrotransposon ativo identificado em fumo após sua inserção no gene estrutural da nitrato redutase. Dez anos mais tarde, um novo membro foi caracterizado em Lycopersicon: Retrolyc1. Neste estudo analisamos seqüências similares a Tnt1 em 20 espécies silvestres de Solanum e cinco cultivares de Solanum tuberosum. As seqüências completas foram amplificadas a partir de DNA genômico utilizando uma estratégia baseada em PCR. Os fragmentos purificados foram clonados e seqüenciados, e a análise filogenética revelou três grupos que diferem na sua região U3 [Genbank: EF620567-EF620763]. Estes fragmentos clonados foram chamados de Retrosol. Utilizando uma abordagem de \"network\" com um total de 453 seqüências não redundantes e isoladas de espécies de: Solanum (197), Nicotiana (140) e (116) Lycopersicon, foi demonstrado que a família Tnt1 pode ser tratada como uma população para tentar resolver ramificações filogenéticas multiforcadas. A rede resultante da RNAseH revelou que as seqüências agrupam de acordo com o gênero de Solanaceae, sustentando uma forte associação com o genoma hospedeiro, e que a variação das seqüências na região U3 associada, caracteriza o padrão evolutivo modular dentro da família Tnt1. Dentro de cada gênero, e independentemente das espécies, quase 20% das seqüências Tnt1 analisadas são idênticas, o que indica que foram provenientes de uma cópia ativa. As relações de \"network\" permitiram a identificação da \"seqüência mestre ou fundadora\" e forneceu provas de que dentro de cada gênero essas seqüências mestre são associadas com regiões U3 distintas. O número de cópias de seqüências similares a Tnt1 foi determinado utilizando PCR quantitativo em tempo-real. Comparando-se o número de cópias, foi revelado que em fumo as cópias de Tnt1 são abundantes e representam cerca de 2% do genoma, enquanto em tomate as cópias de Retrolyc1 são menos abundantes. As espécies de Solanum mostraram um número baixo de cópias de Retrosol e uma relação LTR: domínio interno de aproximadamente 2:1, sugerindo que a maioria das cópias são completas. Utilizando uma estratégia baseada em PCR, uma seqüência completa de Retrosol de quase 5 kb foi clonada. Esta cópia possui todas as características típicas de um retrotransposon tipo Ty1-copia e apresenta baixa identidade de nucleotídeos na região U3 quando comparada, aos outros membros da família. Os resultados aqui apresentados corroboram a hipótese de que a família Tnt1 estava presente logo no início da evolução de Solanaceae. A evidência sugere também que a região da RNAseH ficou fixada ao nível de gênero no hospedeiro, e que dentro de cada gênero a propagação foi assegurado pela diversificação da região U3. / Tnt1 was the first active plant retrotransposon identified in tobacco after nitrate reductase gene disruption. Ten years later a new member was characterized in Lycopersicon: Retrolyc1. In this study, we performed an analysis of Tnt1-like sequences of 20 wild species of Solanum and five cultivars of Solanum tuberosum. Sequences were amplified from total genomic DNA using a PCR-based approach. Purified fragments were cloned and sequenced, and clustering analysis revealed three groups that differ in their U3 region [GenBank: EF620567-EF620763]. These cloned fragments were named Retrosol. Using a network approach with a total of 453 non-redundant sequences isolated from Solanum (197), Nicotiana (140) and Lycopersicon (116) species, it was demonstrated that the Tnt1 family can be treated as a population to resolve previous phylogenetic multifurcations. The resulting RNAseH network revealed that sequences group according to the Solanaceae genus, supporting a strong association with the host genome, whereas tracing the U3 region sequence association characterizes the modular evolutionary pattern within the Tnt1 family. Within each genus, and irrespective of species, nearly 20% of Tnt1 sequences analyzed are identical, indicative of being part of an active copy. The network approach enabled the identification of putative \"master\" sequences and provided evidence that within a genus these master sequences are associated with distinct U3 regions. Copy number of Tnt1-like sequences was determined using quantitative real-time PCR. Comparing copy number among the species revealed that Tnt1 elements are abundant in tobacco, representing around 2% of the genome while Retrolyc1 elements in tomato are less abundant. Solanum species show low copy number of Retrosol elements and an LTR:internal domain ratio of about 2:1, indicating that most copies are complete. A complete sequence of Retrosol, which is nearly 5 kb long was cloned using a PCR approach. It has all the features typical of a Ty1-copia like retrotransposon and show low nucleotide identity in the U3 region when compared with the other members of the family. The results presented here support the hypothesis that the Tnt1 family was present early in the evolution of Solanaceae. The evidence also suggests that the RNAseH region of Tnt1 became fixed at the host genus level whereas, within each genus, propagation was ensured by the diversification of the U3 region.
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Activité d'éléments transposables dans les populations de Drosophila mojavensis et D. arizonae et chez leurs hybrides / Activity of transposable elements in populations of Drosophila mojavensis and D arizonae and in their hybrids / Investigação de elementos de transposição em populações de Drosophila mojavensis e D. arizonae e seus híbridos

Gutierrez Carnelossi, Elias Alberto 07 March 2014 (has links)
Les éléments transposable (Ets) ont un rôle important dans l’évolution, puisque ce sont des séquences d’ADN qui ont la capacité de se déplacer dans le génome hôte. Nous cherchons à comprendre l’activité dans les croisements entre la Drosophile mojavensis et D. arizonae. La thèse est divisée en quatre chapitres, le première présente une analyse détaillée d'un rétrotransposon non-LTR appelé I , connu pour causer dysgénésie hybride D. melanogaster. Les analyses phylogénétiques réalisés, ont montré que les séquences I chez D. mojavensis et nourri par ceux d'autres espèces de Drosophila appartiennent, à des familles différentes d’ET. Les analyses d'expression par RTQ-PCR, a montré que cet élément est une activité de transcription dans les ovaires et les testicules des deux espèces et leurs hybrides, et ont une grande expression dans les testicules mais pas dans les ovaires des hybrides, qui pourraient être associés avec le mâle hybride phénotype de stérilité. Dans le deuxième chapitre sont présentées les analyses de TE exprimés dans les ovaires des deux souches parentales et leurs hybrides par l'ARN-Seq. Les résultats montrent des espèces spécifiques expression de TE chez les parents et les hybrides et d'une manière sans précédent, ET sont généralement réglementés en ce qui concerne les hybrides avec leurs parents, bien que certains d'entre eux sont surexprimés. Dans le troisième chapitre sont présentés les résultats de l'expression de quatre rétrotransposons (Helena, I, Copia et Osvaldo) quantifiés par RTQ -PCR; et enfin, dans le dernier chapitre, nous avons présenté des estimations de la taille du génome (C-valeur) dans les deux espèces parentales et hybrides réciproques. Dans l'ensemble, cette thèse révèle un scénario d'expression de TE spécifiques D. mojavensis et D. arizonae, et de sa réglementation dans les hybrides de rares exceptions près, qui peut nous aider à comprendre la complexité de la dynamique et de l'action de ces éléments mobiles dans la spéciation procédé de différentes espèces / The transposable elements (TEs) have an important role in evolution, since they are DNA sequences that have the ability to move into the host genome. We seek to understand the activity of the TEs in crosses between Drosophila mojavensis and D. arizonae. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first presents a detailed analysis of an non- LTR retrotransposon called I, known to cause hybrid dysgenesis in D. melanogaster. Putatively active sequences similar to the I element were identified and characterized in the genome of D. mojavensis. The performed phylogenetic analyzes showed that the I sequences in D. mojavensis and those harbored by other Drosophila species belong to different I families. Expression analyses by RTq-PCR showed that this element is transcriptionally active in ovaries and testes of both species and their hybrids, and have high expression in the testes, but not in the hybrids ovaries, which could be associated with the male hybrid sterility phenotype. In the second chapter are presented analyses of expressed TEs in the ovaries of two parental strains and their hybrids by RNA-Seq. The results show species-specific expression of TEs in the parents and hybrids; and, in an unprecedented manner, that TEs are generally regulated in hybrids regarding with their parents, although some of them are overexpressed. In the third chapter are presented results of expression of four retrotransposons (Helena , I, Copia and Osvaldo) quantified by RTq-PCR; and finally, in the last chapter, we presented estimates of the genome size ( C - value), in both parental species and reciprocal hybrids. Overall, this thesis reveal a scenario of expression of specific TEs in D. mojavensis and D. arizonae, and its regulation in hybrids with rare exceptions, which can help us to understand the complexity of the dynamics and action of these mobile elements in the speciation process of different species

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