A tese descreve o processo de crescimento e de queda dos homicídios em São Paulo entre os anos de 1960 e 2010. Com auxílio das ferramentas teóricas da criminologia do desenvolvimento e da teoria de ação situacional, que vem sendo debatida por criminologistas como Wikström, Sampson e Laub, a tese foca a investigação nas escolhas homicidas ao longo desses anos, sempre considerando o contexto em que foram tomadas. Por meio de uma análise qualitativa, a tese tenta demonstrar os mecanismos sociais que causaram o movimento da curva de homicídios na capital e Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Entre 1960 e 1999, os homicídios cresceram e os casos se concentraram em bairros e cidades das periferias. A partir de 2000, os homicídios começaram a cair quase ininterruptamente em São Paulo. A tese descreve como essas escolhas começam e se multplicam principalmente a partir do momento em que os homicídios passam a ser vistos e praticados como um instrumento de controle por determinados grupos de indivíduos, inclusive pelas autoridades de segurança pública. Depois, a tese descreve o funcionamento do mecanismo multiplicador dos homicídios que passa a funcionar nessas comunidades, onde homicídios provocam novos homicídios. Finalmente, conforme os homicídios se multiplicam, nessas mesmas comunidades, todos passam a perder, inclusive os próprios autores, que se tornam vítimas de vinganças. Quando os homicídios são vistos como ações prejudiciais e incapazes de garantir o controle social, políticas de controle da violência têm maiores chances de serem bem-sucedidas. É o que ocorre em São Paulo. / This thesis describes the process of growth and decline of homicide in São Paulo between 1960 and 2010. With assistance of the theoretical tools of developmental criminology and situational theory of action, which has been debated by criminologists as Wikström, Sampson and Laub, the thesis focuses on the choices of murderous over the years, always considering the context in which they were taken. Through a qualitative analysis, the thesis attempts to demonstrate the social mechanisms that caused the movement of the curve of homicides in the São Paulo capital and the metropolitan area. Between 1960 and 1999, homicides increased and the cases were concentrated in neighborhoods and cities from the suburbs. Since 2000, the homicide rate began to fall almost continuously in Sao Paulo. The thesis describes how these choices start and multplicam mainly from the time the murders began to be seen and practiced as an instrument of control by certain groups of individuals, including the public security authorities. Then, the thesis describes the operation of the multiplier mechanism of homicides that starts to work in these communities, where homicides cause new murders. Finally, as the murders multiply, these same communities, all start to lose with the murders, including the authors themselves, who become victims of revenge. When the killings are seen as harmful actions and unable to ensure social control, political and society control of violence are more likely to succeed. This is what happens in Sao Paulo.

Se présentant fréquemment dans l’oeuvre de Stendhal, la notion de l’honneur se caractérise par une complexité dans sa dimension pluridisciplinaire comme par son implication dans l’Histoire. Précédée par un examen préliminaire de la notion d’honneur dans une perspective historique et théorique, la première partie se consacre à l’analyse de l’honneur en tant que principe politique qui apparaît à Stendhal aussi condamnable que louable, impliquant régime monarchique et enthousiasme révolutionnaire. La partie suivante analyse la figure de plusieurs artistes de différentes époques dans les écrits biographiques de Stendhal. La manière idéale de vivre en artiste témoigne de la caducité de l’harmonie entre l’honneur et les arts qui invalide la formule cicéronienne "honos alit artes". La dernière partie retrace l’enquête stendhalienne sur l’honneur comme exigence d’une vengeance atroce marquant les moeurs de l’Italie du XVIe siècle, avant de mettre en clair, à travers quelques exemples tirés des oeuvres romanesques, la poétique propre à l’honneur dans la représentation de l’amour. Dégageant ces enjeux principaux de l’honneur, politiques, éthiques et esthétiques, l’étude se propose de montrer l’ambiguïté idéologique et axiologique de la notion d’honneur dans l’écriture stendhalienne. Elle vise également à éclairer, à travers cette notion qui se réfère nécessairement au passé, la façon dont Stendhal se situe face à son siècle en pleine mutation, soit à la modernité postrévolutionnaire. / Stendhal’s work frequently presents the idea of honor. It is characterised with complexity in its multidisciplinary dimension as well as through historical implications. Preceded by a preliminary examination of the notion of honor from a historical and theoretical perspective, the first part is devoted to the analysis of honor as a political principle, which in Stendhal's opinion is as contemptible as it is praiseworthy, implicating both the monarchy and revolutionary zeal. The next part analyses several key artists from different eras in Stendhal’s biographical writings. The idealistic manner of living as an artist testifies to a lapse of harmony between honor and the arts which invalidates the Ciceronian formula "honos alit artes". The last part looks back at Stendhal's inquiry into honor as a condition of a horrible form of revenge which was evidenced by Italian customs during the 16th century, before clarifying, using several examples from fiction, the poetics peculiar to honor in the representation of love. Drawing on these main issues of honor, politics, ethics and aesthetics, the study proposes to show the ideological and axiological ambiguity of the notion of honor in Stendhal’s writing. Using this notion, which necessarily refers to the past, it also aims at clarifying the way Stendhal saw his century in the midst of upheaval, namely post-revolutionary modernity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Patricia Vanzolini Figueiredo Nemesis.pdf: 1169360 bytes, checksum: 721855a6ebaaf930050d2bd538f4a7e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-19 / The included study is intended to investigate the functions and purposes of the penalty from a legal and ethnographic perspective, with support , especially in the work of René Girard. The work begins with a conceptual distinction between function and purpose that will determine the plans in place that will develop the arguments used. Passes to the critical analysis of preventive theories, aiming to demystify the varied discourses based on prevention. Next, we analyze two possible alternatives to preventive theories, namely, the retributive theories and the Ferrajoli theory, also pointing out its flaws and inconsistencies. From that deconstruction can spend to build a grounded in archaeological research on the origins of violence and profiles, as well as strategies designed to manage it proposed. In this step, it first explores the genealogy of violence and the outbreak of mimetic crisis. Then preventive methods (rigidity of customs, war, sacrifice) and curative (private revenge and judicial pen) management of violence, culminating with the statement that the function of the sentence coincides with the completion of vengeance. In the last chapter, it is stated, connected with the function, the purpose of punishment, which is the realization of revenge avoiding the outbreak of mimetic crisis and is outlined in general terms how this purpose can be achieved / O incluso estudo tem por intenção investigar as funções e finalidades da pena a partir de uma perspectiva jurídica e etnográfica, com apoio, sobretudo, na obra de René Girard. O trabalho inicia-se com uma distinção conceitual entre função e finalidade, que será determinante para situar os planos em que se desenvolverão os argumentos utilizados. Passa-se à análise crítica das teorias preventivas, com o objetivo desmistificar os variados discursos baseados na prevenção. A seguir, analisam-se duas possíveis alternativas às teorias preventivas, quais sejam, as teorias retributivas e a teoria garantista de concebida Ferrajoli, apontando-se também seus defeitos e inconsistências. A partir dessa desconstrução é possível passar a construir uma proposta alicerçada na investigação arqueológica sobre as origens e perfis da violência, bem como das estratégias concebidas para geri-la. Nesse passo, exploram-se primeiro, a genealogia da violência e a eclosão da crise mimética. Depois, os métodos preventivos (rigidez dos costumes, guerra, sacrifício) e curativos (vingança privada e pena judicial) de gestão da violência, culminando-se com a demonstração de que a função da pena coincide com a realização da vingança. No último capítulo, estabelece-se, conectada com a função, a finalidade da pena, que é a realização da vingança evitando-se a deflagração da crise mimética e delineia-se em traços gerais como essa finalidade pode ser alcançada

This thesis is a contribution to the study of French foreign policy in the time of “old diplomacy” in Northern Europe. Aiming to fill a gap, the object of investigation is French foreign policy in the Baltic area between 1871 and 1914 (from the French defeat during the Franco-Prussian War to the outbreak of the First World War). Particular attention is directed at the assets of the French diplomacy at work in the Baltic Sea: naval military planning, financial loans and culture. Since the period was dominated by the diplomatic isolation that Bismarck had placed France with the aim to prevent her from creating any kind of alliance to embark in a war of revenge against Germany, France carried out a policy of making ententes and alliances in order to break out from this isolation. However, in her attempt to emerge, France was challenged by Germany especially in relations with Denmark and Sweden. Although French foreign policy was able to use the loan as an instrument to secure a success with Russia by establishing a military treaty in 1892, but France did not succeed to attract and influence Sweden in the same way because of the risk of her turning to Germany. Also strongly challenged by Germany in Denmark, French foreign policy could not stop the willingness of Denmark to adopt a policy of neutrality. But, because of her intervention between Russia and Great Britain in the Dogger Bank incident in 1904, French diplomacy succeeded to gain the support of the British fleet in the case of a naval war in the Baltic Sea for operations against the German coast. Bringing together Russia and Great Britain for a naval cooperation in the case of a war in the Baltic Sea was, without any doubt, not only the most audacious and difficult task for French foreign policy, but also a sign of its strong revival. However, this Russo-British naval cooperation could not be converted into practice because of the geographical specificities of the Baltic Sea and the difficulties of naval military planning. Adressing this aspect, this thesis reveals the fundamental mistakes of the naval theoreticians who were defending naval theories based on land military theories and experiences.

In the four early modern revenge tragedies I study, Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy, William Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus, Thomas Middleton’s The Revenger’s Tragedy, and John Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi, the ubiquitous depictions of corporeal violence underscore the authors’ skepticism of the human tendency to infuse bodies – physical manifestations of both agency and vulnerability – with symbolism. The revengers in these plays try to avenge the death of a loved one whose disfigured body remains unburied and often continues to occupy a place on stage, but their efforts to infuse corpses with meaning instead reveal the revengers’ perverse obsession with mutilation as spectacle. In Chapter one, I show how in The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Kyd portrays the characters’ assertions of body-soul unity to be arbitrary attempts to justify self-serving motives. Although Hieronimo treats Horatio’s dead body as a signifier of his own emotions, he displays it, alongside the bodies of his enemies, as just another rotting corpse. In Chapter two, I explore how in Titus Andronicus, William Shakespeare questions the efficacy of rituals for maintaining social order by depicting how the play’s characters manipulate rituals intended to celebrate peace as opportunities to exact vengeance; Titus demands human sacrifice as not just an accompanying element, but a central motive of rituals ostensibly intended to signify commemoration. In Chapter three, I read The Revenger’s Tragedy as illustrating Thomas Middleton’s characterization of the depiction of corporeal mutilation as an overused, generic convention; the play’s revenger, Vindice, attributes multiple, constantly shifting, meanings to the rotting skull of his lover, which he uses as a murder weapon. In Chapter four I argue that in The Duchess of Malfi, John Webster destabilizes spectators’ interpretive capacities; within this play’s unconventional dramatic structure, the main characters use somatic imagery to associate bodily dismemberment with moral disintegration. Corpses, the tangible remains of once vigorous, able-bodied relatives, serve as central components of respectful commemoration or as mementos of vengeance, yet these dead, often gruesomely mutilated bodies also invite repulsion or perverse curiosity. Thus, rather than honoring the deceased, revengers objectify corpses as frightening spectacles or even use them as weapons.

Thesis (doctoral)--Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 1997.

No description available.

This thesis explores the world of Chūshingura. It is a story based on the actual vendetta referred to as "the Akō incident" which occurred on December 14th of 1702. The forty-seven Akō rōnin (masterless samurai) avenged their lord‘s death on Kira Yoshinaka, a high-ranking official of the Tokugawa bakufu. They were the former vassals of Asano Naganori, daimyō (feudal lord) of the Akō han (domain), who was forced to commit seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) as a punishment for attacking Kira in Edo Castle on March 14th of 1701. The Asano vassals became rōnin. They believed that this affair was a kenka (fight), but Kira was declared innocent. Infuriated by the unfair bakufu judgement, the Akō rōnin led by Ōishi Kranosuke, karō (chief retainer) of the Akō han, successfully carried out the vendetta. A month and a half later, all the vendetta league members were sentenced to seppuku. This incident had a strong impact on the people in the peaceful Genroku era and it has since been taken up in various forms of entertainment and art. Among them, a kabuki and jōruri play (Japanese traditional puppet play) Kanadehon Chūshingura has maintained an unsurpassed status since its first performance in 1748. After Kanadehon, the term Chūshingura has become the title of almost all the Akō-mono (works with the theme of the Akō incident). However, this play mainly depicts the fate of fictional characters outside the vendetta league. The first purpose of this thesis is to investigate the reasons for the long-lasting popularity of Kanadehon as the most representative Chūshingura story, in spite of the clear absence of historical facts. As the second purpose, this thesis will examine the recent polarization trend in Chūshingura productions. Until a few decades ago, the straightforward vendetta stories with Ōishi the hero versus Kira the villain boasted overwhelming popularity. While the popularity of these ―orthodox‖ stories is rapidly diminishing, Chūshingura stories with diverse perspectives, such as those featuring defectors, have been steadily increasing in the modern age. Performances of Chūshingura parodies written by Tsuruya Nanboku IV in the early 1800s are also increasing both in traditional and contemporary plays. After having investigated this polarization trend and ascertained its reasons, I will try to forecast the future of Chūshingura. / Graduate

Akademisk avhandling--Engelsk litteratur--Lund, 1982. / Bibliogr. p. 260-265.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-16T14:48:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1299287 bytes, checksum: 5b3ea9046612b3ca8bff78390ab32c67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The advent of computer-mediated communication and digital social networks tools in cyberspace, has modified the form of social participation, expanded the influences in the building of consumption experiences and enhanced the power of consumers in contemporary society. Unhappy consumers start to gather in virtual communities and forums to denounce, protest and publicly repudiate failures and injustices in relations of consumption. Marketing literature has shortly investigated antibranding virtual communities, which are freely formed on social networking websites and attract consumers who have motivations against brands, products and services. This study sought to understand the causal relationships between retaliation, revenge and anticonsumption cyberactivism in virtual antibranding communities. The adopted method in empirical research was netnography, which consists of an adaptation of the ethnography from cultural anthropology applied to the study of online relationship networks, thus providing, in particular, qualitative and interpretive research of the cultural and symbolic aspects of consumption patterns shared by a group of people who gather in cyberspace. As specific cases of analysis, we chose to study five antibranding communities on the popular virtual-social relationship tool Orkut. From the analysis of the content of reports and conversations between members in this type of social computer-mediated aggregation, we identified four motivating factors of retaliation and revenge (service failure, failure in recovering customers, perceived injustice post-complaint and costs and losses), four retaliation behaviors (consumption prevention, personal attack, threat and cynicism), five revenge behaviors (avoidance of the brand, betrayal, boycott, causing losses and activism); four motivating factors of anti-consumerism cyberactivism (concerning about the overall impact of consumption, resistance to the exploitation of consumption, concerning about voluntary simplicity, and rejection of the brand); and two factors that characterizes the anti-consumption counter-cyberactivism in virtual antibranding communities (defense of the target-brand and dissociation between the consumption of target-brand and cultural alienation), which validates and extends theoretical models established in the literature about consumer behavior. The study reveals that virtual antibranding communities allow consumers to assume roles of social consumption activists, or antibranding and anti-consumerism cyberactivists. Finally, the results suggest the existence of causal and interdependent connections between retaliation, revenge and cyberactivism of consumers in antibranding virtual communities, constituting the anticonsumption as a link between the three constructs analyzed. / O advento da comunicação mediada por computador e das ferramentas de redes sociais digitais no ciberespaço, modificou a forma de participação social, ampliou as influências na construção de experiências de consumo e potencializou a força do consumidor na sociedade contemporânea. Consumidores descontentes passam a se reunir em comunidades e fóruns virtuais para denunciar, protestar e repudiar publicamente falhas e injustiças nas relações de consumo. Pouco da literatura de Marketing tem investigado as comunidades virtuais antimarca, que se formam livremente em sites de relacionamentos sociais e atraem consumidores que apresentam motivações contrárias a marcas, produtos e serviços. O presente estudo buscou compreender as relações causais entre retaliação, vingança e ciberativismo anticonsumo em comunidades virtuais antimarca. O método adotado na investigação empírica foi a netnografia, que consiste em adaptação da etnografia da antropologia cultural ao estudo das redes de relacionamentos online, assim proporcionando, em especial, investigação qualitativa e interpretativa de aspectos culturais e simbólicos dos padrões de consumo compartilhados por um grupo de pessoas que se reúnem no ciberespaço. Como caso específico de análise, optou-se por estudar cinco comunidades antimarca presentes na popular ferramenta de relacionamentos sociais virtuais Orkut. A partir da análise de conteúdo de relatos e conversações de membros neste tipo de agregações sociais mediadas por computador, identificaram-se quatro fatores motivadores da retaliação e vingança (falha no serviço, falha na recuperação de clientes, injustiça percebida pós-reclamação e custos e perdas); quatro comportamentos de retaliação (prevenção ao consumo, ataque pessoal, ameaça e cinismo); cinco comportamentos de vingança (evasão da marca, traição, boicote, provocar perdas e ativismo); quatro fatores motivadores de ciberativismo anticonsumo (preocupação com o impacto global do consumo, resistência à exploração do consumo, preocupação com a simplicidade voluntária, e rejeição à marca); e dois fatores que caracterizam o contraciberativismo anticonsumo em comunidades virtuais antimarca (defesa da marca-alvo e dissociação entre o consumo da marca-alvo e alienação cultural), o que faz validar e estender modelos teóricos estabelecidos na literatura de comportamento do consumidor. O estudo revela que as comunidades virtuais antimarca permitem aos consumidores assumirem papéis de ativistas sociais do consumo, ou ciberativistas antimarca e anticonsumo. Por fim, os resultados evidenciam a existência de relações causais e interdependentes entre retaliação, vingança e ciberativismo de consumidores em comunidades virtuais antimarca, constituindo-se o anticonsumo como elo de ligação entre os três construtos analisados.