The United Nations have issued concerns regarding children’s right to play, which is one of the rights that are written in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). One prominent concern revolves around how increasing educational requirements push the right to free play aside in order to offer education to children. This study aims to shine light on how preschool teachers in Sweden describes free play, how hey motivate it and how they work with it. This study is based on interviews with five preschool teachers to get their understanding of these questions. By using theoretical concepts of: instutionalization, the threatened play and play enrichment, the information told by the participants have been analyzed.    The result of the study shows that play is rated highly by the teachers and that they motivate it mostly from the perspective of its function to teach. Even though the preschool teachers work in different ways, all of them aspires to foster free play in preschool. However, the study shows that there is a tendency from the adults to only define something as play if they find a purpose in what the children are doing. If they don’t find a purpose in the children’s actions then it is not considered play and gets interrupted by the teacher. This means that there is a risk that some play is not approved by the teachers in preschool, and that the children might be limited in their ways to play.

Nesta pesquisa, objetivou-se discutir o tema brinquedoteca hospitalar, como um recurso para a humanização da assistência à saúde nos hospitais pediátricos que atendem crianças em regime de internação. Tendo, como objetivo principal, verificar a situação da brinquedoteca hospitalar na cidade de São Paulo, antes e após a Lei n. 11.104/2005 que obriga a instalação desse equipamento, considerando como hipótese de pesquisa a necessidade de que a Lei seja ampliada, inserindo a presença do profissional do brincar na brinquedoteca hospitalar para garantir o bom funcionamento desse espaço. No procedimento metodológico, qualificado como pesquisa qualitativa, foi utilizada a revisão integrativa da literatura, sendo analisados os dados de 324 trabalhos publicados no Brasil; e 43, no exterior, no período de 1994 a 2014. Efetuou-se uma pesquisa exploratória em 20 brinquedotecas de hospitais internacionais, a fim de verificar como funcionam as brinquedotecas fora do Brasil, fez-se uma pesquisa de campo, sendo aplicado um questionário em 11 profissionais que atuam em brinquedotecas na cidade de São Paulo e adicionalmente, uma atividade exploratória de escuta das crianças em situação de brincar. Os resultados mostram que a maior parte das pesquisas nacionais e internacionais voltadas para o brincar na saúde estão concentradas na área da Enfermagem. Os dados das pesquisas em brinquedotecas internacionais apontam que há uma preocupação na diversidade de atividades lúdicas para o acolhimento da criança. Após análise dos resultados provenientes da investigação in loco, verificou-se que há necessidade de formação dos profissionais para atuarem nas brinquedotecas hospitalares paulistanas e de reconhecimento destes espaços como parte inerente ao tratamento das crianças hospitalizadas. As vozes das crianças evidenciam o maior propósito da existência da brinquedoteca que é o direito de brincar no hospital. Observou-se que, após a Lei 11.104/2005, apesar do aumento do número de brinquedotecas instaladas, na cidade de São Paulo, esses espaços foram-se constituindo de maneira inadequada para atender as necessidades da infância e ser de fato uma estratégia de humanização. Os achados nesta pesquisa apontam a necessidade de ampliar o texto da Lei 11.104/2005 e fazer cumprir integralmente o direito da criança brincar no hospital. / The research focused on discussing toy libraries in hospitals as an asset for compassionate healthcare in pediatric hospitals with long-term children patients. The main objective is to determine the situation of hospital toy libraries in the city of Sao Paulo before and after the Federal Law n. 11.104/2005 which states their implementation as mandatory, considering as a research hypothesis that this law should be broadened so as to include the presence of a toy library specialist, a play professional at the toy library to guarantee its full and fair use. With regards to methodology, the research is categorized as qualitative and it used a full integrative literature review, analyzing 324 published essays or books in Brazil and 43 abroad, ranging from 1994 to 2014. An exploratory research was conducted in 20 toy libraries in international hospitals to determine how toy libraries work outside Brazil. In national territory a field research was conducted with the use of a questionnaire filled in by 11 professionals who work in toy libraries in Sao Paulo and, finally, an exploratory activity to listen to childrens opinion about the play situation was also conducted. The results show that the majority of national and international researches aimed at understanding play in healthcare contexts are concentrated in the area of Nursery. Research data in international toy libraries show a concern about a diversity in play activities for children. After analyzing the results from the in loco research it was clear that there is a real demand for professional education for the staff who work at toy libraries in Sao Paulo and also the perception of such spaces as an inherent part of hospitalized childrens treatment. The voices of the children make it evident that the purpose of the existence of the toy library is the right to play in the hospital context. It was observed that after the implementation of the Federal Law n. 11.104/2005, despite the increase on the number of installed toy libraries in the city of Sao Paulo, such spaces were constituted in an inadequate way in terms of supplying the demands of childhood and being an effective compassionate healthcare strategy. The findings on this research demonstrate that broadening the text of the Federal Law n. 11.104/2005 is needed and it to make the childrens right to play at the hospital integral.

Apresenta pesquisa centrada no seguinte problema: em que medida a política de educação integral em construção na Zona Oeste do município de São Paulo contribui para as oportunidades de exercício do direito de brincar das crianças atendidas? As condições ou requisitos estipulados para favorecimento das oportunidades de brincar foram: minimizar constrangimentos relativos ao atendimento escolar à infância e favorecer o acesso das crianças ao convívio em espaços informais e não controlados. A hipótese priorizada na investigação foi a de que esta política está contribuindo para com o aumento das oportunidades de brincar das crianças. Dentre as obras utilizadas para situar a abordagem, destacam-se as contribuições da sociologia da infância e os mais recentes aportes à análise de programas de educação integral no Brasil. A política educacional analisada conta com quatro diferentes instâncias: o programa Mais Educação do Ministério da Educação; os programas Mais Educação São Paulo e São Paulo Integral, ambos da Secretaria Municipal de Educação de São Paulo; e a proposta da Diretoria Regional de Educação Butantã intitulada Educação integral para uma São Paulo educadora. O foco do trabalho foi a verificação da proposta conceitual e operacional das políticas em questão, suas eventuais iniciativas que indicassem contribuir para a minimização daqueles constrangimentos e sua repercussão em quatro escolas selecionadas segundo critérios previamente estabelecidos. Os procedimentos de coleta de informações foram entrevistas semiestruturadas com ocupantes de funções técnicas e autoridades da Diretoria de Educação e de órgãos superiores da Secretaria e com equipes escolares, além de imersões no cotidiano daquelas escolas na perspectiva do pesquisador conversador proposta por Spink. Pretendeu-se a identificar os pontos de vista diferentes atores presentes, inclusive as crianças. A pesquisa conclui que aquela política de educação integral tem contribuído para aumentar as oportunidades de brincar das crianças atendidas, ainda que em poucos aspectos e de forma tímida. / The present article provides a research focused on the following issue: to what extent shall the drawn up integral education policy held in western zone of São Paulo contribute to the attending children exercise the right of playing opportunities? The laid down conditions or requirements to promote playing opportunities were: to reduce early childhood schooling constraints and to facilitate childrens access to non-controlled and informal interacting areas. The prioritized research hypothesis is that this policy contributes to increase the childrens opportunities with regards to exercising the right of playing. In order to place the approach, several pieces of work were used, among which stand out the contribution of childhood sociology and the latest inputs in Brazils integral education programs analysis. The analyzed educational policy takes place in four different instances: the More Education Program, by the Ministry of Education; More Education São Paulo and Integral São Paulo Programs, by the Municipal Secretariat of Education of São Paulo; and Butantãs Regional Board of Education, entitled Integral Education for an Educational São Paulo. The study aimed at verifying the conceptual and operational proposal of the policies in question, their potential measures that would indicate a contribution on those constraints decrease and its impact on four schools selected based on pre-defined criteria. The data collection procedures were semistructured interviews with technicians and Board of Education and Secretariat Governing Bodies authorities and with school groups, besides an everyday living experience within those schools on the conservative researcher perspective proposed by Spink. The study intended to identify different existing actors points of view, including the children. The research draws the conclusion that the mentioned integral education policy has been contributing to increase the attending childrens playing opportunities, even though in a few aspects and in a slightly way.

The purpose of this thesis is to determine the importance of transformational leadership in the social sector. Transformational leadership is a theory of behaviors and attributes focused on the relationship between leaders and followers of a group or organization (Avolio, 1999; Bass & Avolio, 1990a). It involves four factors: idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. In order to gain more insight into leadership in some of the most high-impact and innovative social sector organizations, the research consists of interviews and case studies on five of the ten recipients of the Henry R. Kravis Prize in Leadership. Having been internationally recognized for bold, visionary leadership, the recipients of the Kravis Prize in Leadership demonstrate the skills and practices deemed integral to the individual, team, and organizational success. The research focused on the behaviors, quotes, and publications that alluded to the inherent factors of transformational leadership within the organizations and their leaders from Landesa, INJAZ, Right To Play, Escuela Nueva, and mothers2mothers. The findings revealed a great deal of transformational leadership weaved throughout the behaviors and principles of the organization’s leaders and followers alike. Organizations like INJAZ and its Executive Director, Soraya Salti, personified transformational leadership, displaying numerous examples of behaviors from each of the four components (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation). Each individual studied personified several, if not all components of transformational leadership. In conclusion of the research and case studies of some of the worlds most high impact organizations, it can be summarized that transformational leadership is an effective strategy to employ in the social sector and is one of the most prevalent common threads amongst high impact nonprofit organizations.

This qualitative case study explored the effectiveness of the Right To Play Learning to Play: Playing to Learn (Playbook) educational resource on fostering social responsibility in a single class of grade six/seven boys and girls. A secondary objective of this study was to examine the teacher’s perceptions of the sustainability of the Playbook as an effective educational resource. Data collection methods included semi-structured student and teacher interviews, samples of the student’s work and course materials, teacher journal entries and observational field notes. Data were analyzed using constant comparison. Findings suggested that the Playbook learning activities provided the students with opportunities to practice building positive relationships, communicate in various forms, develop cooperation and teamwork skills and recognize and discuss issues of social justice. Comments and journal entries made by the teacher highlighted the Playbook as being a sustainable resource. / Graduate

Apresenta pesquisa centrada no seguinte problema: em que medida a política de educação integral em construção na Zona Oeste do município de São Paulo contribui para as oportunidades de exercício do direito de brincar das crianças atendidas? As condições ou requisitos estipulados para favorecimento das oportunidades de brincar foram: minimizar constrangimentos relativos ao atendimento escolar à infância e favorecer o acesso das crianças ao convívio em espaços informais e não controlados. A hipótese priorizada na investigação foi a de que esta política está contribuindo para com o aumento das oportunidades de brincar das crianças. Dentre as obras utilizadas para situar a abordagem, destacam-se as contribuições da sociologia da infância e os mais recentes aportes à análise de programas de educação integral no Brasil. A política educacional analisada conta com quatro diferentes instâncias: o programa Mais Educação do Ministério da Educação; os programas Mais Educação São Paulo e São Paulo Integral, ambos da Secretaria Municipal de Educação de São Paulo; e a proposta da Diretoria Regional de Educação Butantã intitulada Educação integral para uma São Paulo educadora. O foco do trabalho foi a verificação da proposta conceitual e operacional das políticas em questão, suas eventuais iniciativas que indicassem contribuir para a minimização daqueles constrangimentos e sua repercussão em quatro escolas selecionadas segundo critérios previamente estabelecidos. Os procedimentos de coleta de informações foram entrevistas semiestruturadas com ocupantes de funções técnicas e autoridades da Diretoria de Educação e de órgãos superiores da Secretaria e com equipes escolares, além de imersões no cotidiano daquelas escolas na perspectiva do pesquisador conversador proposta por Spink. Pretendeu-se a identificar os pontos de vista diferentes atores presentes, inclusive as crianças. A pesquisa conclui que aquela política de educação integral tem contribuído para aumentar as oportunidades de brincar das crianças atendidas, ainda que em poucos aspectos e de forma tímida. / The present article provides a research focused on the following issue: to what extent shall the drawn up integral education policy held in western zone of São Paulo contribute to the attending children exercise the right of playing opportunities? The laid down conditions or requirements to promote playing opportunities were: to reduce early childhood schooling constraints and to facilitate childrens access to non-controlled and informal interacting areas. The prioritized research hypothesis is that this policy contributes to increase the childrens opportunities with regards to exercising the right of playing. In order to place the approach, several pieces of work were used, among which stand out the contribution of childhood sociology and the latest inputs in Brazils integral education programs analysis. The analyzed educational policy takes place in four different instances: the More Education Program, by the Ministry of Education; More Education São Paulo and Integral São Paulo Programs, by the Municipal Secretariat of Education of São Paulo; and Butantãs Regional Board of Education, entitled Integral Education for an Educational São Paulo. The study aimed at verifying the conceptual and operational proposal of the policies in question, their potential measures that would indicate a contribution on those constraints decrease and its impact on four schools selected based on pre-defined criteria. The data collection procedures were semistructured interviews with technicians and Board of Education and Secretariat Governing Bodies authorities and with school groups, besides an everyday living experience within those schools on the conservative researcher perspective proposed by Spink. The study intended to identify different existing actors points of view, including the children. The research draws the conclusion that the mentioned integral education policy has been contributing to increase the attending childrens playing opportunities, even though in a few aspects and in a slightly way.

Submitted by MARY STELA SAKAMOTO LOPES null (sakamotolopes@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-23T16:50:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Mary Stela Sakamoto Lopes.pdf: 2083421 bytes, checksum: 7809bf789a7ecd0f59e5d4cd2550f366 (MD5) / Rejected by Maria Marlene Zaniboni null (zaniboni@bauru.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 1) Falta a Ata da Defesa - Inserir a Ata da Defesa após ficha catalográfica. Obs. Não precisa colocar o atestado de aprovação. Agradecemos a compreensão on 2018-03-26T16:57:30Z (GMT) / Submitted by MARY STELA SAKAMOTO LOPES null (sakamotolopes@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-12T15:38:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Mary Stela Sakamoto Lopes.pdf: 2398905 bytes, checksum: afaea40e49f262613bfab2b48984c932 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-04-12T16:16:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_mss_me_bauru.pdf: 2346622 bytes, checksum: adedde2561a964328236e90e7b14555c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-12T16:16:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_mss_me_bauru.pdf: 2346622 bytes, checksum: adedde2561a964328236e90e7b14555c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-25 / Analisando as ações docentes, é evidente que a infância vem sendo retirada das crianças, em nível crescente e precoce. Nesse contexto, a priorização de conteúdos curriculares ganha espaço, enquanto que os momentos lúdicos passam a ser menos frequentes. Assim, os jogos, as brincadeiras e os brinquedos são interpretados como desnecessários, e, por isso, devem ser deixados de lado na escola – um ambiente sério, local de aprender. Contudo, tais práticas vão de encontro aos próprios direitos da criança, preconizados na Constituição Federal (BRASIL, 1988) e nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais da Educação Básica (BRASIL, 2010b), que ressaltam o dever de toda a sociedade em zelar pela infância, oportunizando o brincar, de modo a assegurar às crianças os seus direitos, e de aprender sem a antecipação de conteúdos curriculares. É diante dessas contradições, que se tem discutido sobre a inserção de brincadeiras no processo de aprendizagem, inclusive em cursos de formação continuada, como, o Pacto Nacional pela Alfabetização na Idade Certa (BRASIL, 2012a). Objetiva-se, então, avaliar se o direito à infância e o direito de aprendizagem e do brincar estão assegurados nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental – EF em escolas públicas de Bauru – SP, e se o desenvolvimento de práticas pedagógicas se relaciona à formação lúdica docente. Além disso, avaliar-se-á como a ludicidade em sala de aula é inserida nas práticas pedagógicas. Este trabalho caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica sobre a legislação da Educação Básica brasileira, com enfoque para fundamentar a infância, o direito à infância e o brincar no ambiente escolar. A par com as ações anteriores, ocorreu uma pesquisa de campo quali-quantitativa, com a aplicação de questionários a vinte e seis docentes dos anos iniciais (1º ao 3º ano) do EF, em três escolas municipais de Bauru. Ademais, elaborou-se o Acervo da Caixa de jogos do PNAIC, disponibilizada pelo MEC. Os resultados indicam que as brincadeiras em sala de aula não são reconhecidas como um direito fundamental da criança; e que professores com e sem formação lúdica utilizam, frequentemente, a ludicidade apenas como recurso pedagógico para facilitar a aprendizagem dos alunos. / When analysing teaching actions, it becomes evident that childhood has been taken away from children, in a precocious and increasing level. In this context, the prioritisation of curricular content gets increasing attention while ludic moments become less frequent. Thus, games, plays and toys are interpreted as unnecessary, and, therefore, should be left aside in the school – a serious environment and a place of learning. However, such actions go against the Children’s Rights, which are present in the Federal Constitution (BRASIL, 1988) and in the National Curricular Guidelines for Basic Education (BRASIL, 2010b). Both emphasise the obligation of every society to watch over childhood, creating opportunities for play, in order to ensure their rights, learning without the anticipation of curricular content. In the light of those contradictions, the insertion of plays in the learning process has been discussed, including the courses of continued formation, like the National Pact for Literacy in the Right Age (BRASIL, 2012a). Therefore, it is objective of the present study to evaluate if the right to childhood and the right to learn and play are secured during the initial years of the Elementary School – ES of the public schools in Bauru – SP, and if the development of pedagogical practices is related to the teacher’s ludic formation. Besides that, it is evaluated how the ludic moments in the classroom are inserted in pedagogical practices. This study is characterised as a documented and bibliographical research on the Brazilian Basic Education legislation, focused on sustaining childhood and the right to both childhood and play in the school environment. Taking into account the previously presented actions, a quali-quantitative fieldwork research was conducted and consisted of the application of questionnaires on twenty-six first to third grade teachers from ES, in three municipal schools in Bauru. In addition, the Game Box Collection from PNAIC was elaborated, that being provided by MEC. The results indicate that children plays and games in the classroom are not really recognised as a fundamental children right; and that teachers with and without ludic formation frequently make use of ludic moments only as a pedagogical resource in order to facilitate the students’ learning.

本論文は、子どもの遊び環境の貧困化を打開しようと、特に人的環境に目を向けて解決を目指そうとするものである。大阪府羽曳野市におけるさまざまな社会実験により、遊びの場づくりを継続していくことで、子どもの遊びを見守るためのスキルを持ちながら、子どもに学ぶ柔軟性を持ち「遊び」の重要性を認識する大人が増えることが、子どもの遊びを保障する人的環境の必要条件であると結論づけた。 / 博士(ソーシャル・イノベーション) / Doctor of Philosophy in Social Innovation / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University