The central objective of this study is to analyze if there is an effective protection of children’s and teenager’s rights in cases of international kidnapping. Brazil, one of the signatory countries to the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, better known as The Hague Convention (1980), since 2000, through Decree no. 3.413 / 2000, uses the Convention as a basis for cases of child abduction or kidnapping, which occurs when the child is taken to another country without the consent of one of the parents, triggering a subsequent custody dispute. The aforementioned international legislation establishes that, when verifying the actual occurrence of abduction or abduction of minors, they must be returned as quickly as possible to the country where they habitually reside, and the superior interest of the children should be prioritized. However, the great question that arises is whether the Brazilian Superior Court of Justice (STJ), when assessing the demands in question, has prioritized the protection of the rights of these vulnerable beings. For the development of the present work, a theoretical research was carried out, which served as a foundation for the construction of the second stage, of an empirical nature, in which a mapping of the decisions rendered by the Brazilian STJ in the last ten years was developed, in the assessment of the claims in which the subtraction or abduction of minors is discussed with the application of the aforementioned convention. With the studies concluded, it is hoped to find the balance point between the application of The Hague Convention and the effective protection of the rights of children and adolescents in the demands arising from illegal subtraction at the international level. / Analisar a ocorrência da efetiva proteção dos direitos das crianças e dos adolescentes nos casos de sequestro internacional é o objetivo central deste estudo. O Brasil, como um dos países signatários da Convenção sobre os Aspectos Civis do Sequestro Internacional de Crianças, mais conhecida como Convenção de Haia (1980), desde o ano 2000, através do Decreto nº. 3.413/2000, utiliza-a como fundamento para os casos de subtração ou sequestro de crianças ou adolescentes, que ocorre quando o infante é conduzido para outro país sem o consentimento de um dos genitores, desencadeando uma posterior disputa de guarda. A mencionada legislação internacional determina que, ao se verificar a efetiva ocorrência de subtração ou sequestro de menores de idade, estes devem ser devolvidos, com a maior celeridade possível, para o país que residiam habitualmente, devendo-se priorizar o seu superior interesse. Entretanto, o grande questionamento que surge é se o Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ) brasileiro, ao apreciar as demandas em apreço, tem primado pela proteção dos direitos desses seres vulneráveis. Para o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho, realizou-se, em princípio, uma pesquisa teórica, que serviu de alicerce para a construção da segunda etapa, de natureza empírica, na qual foi efetuado um mapeamento das decisões proferidas pelo STJ brasileiro nos últimos dez anos, na apreciação das demandas em que se discute a subtração ou sequestro de crianças com a aplicação da aludida convenção. Esperase, com os estudos empreendidos, que seja encontrado um ponto de equilíbrio entre a aplicação da Convenção de Haia e a efetiva proteção dos direitos das crianças e dos adolescentes nas demandas decorrentes da subtração ilegal no âmbito internacional. / São Cristóvão, SE

This research seeks to demonstrate the need for alternative forms of sentencing in the Uganda criminal justice system with a specific focus on the use of community service. Approaching community service as a child protection strategy in sentencing parent offenders would be a positive step in addressing issues of child neglect and attendant problems. The study seeks to: (1) Analyse the impact of parental incarceration on children (2) Make a specific inquiry into the use of community service orders as an alternative to imprisonment in Uganda (3) Illustrate that approaching community service as a child protection strategy in sentencing parent offenders would be a positive step in addressing issues of child neglect and attendant problems (4) Make recommendations for a new course of action that will highlight and be aimed at preventing the abuse of children / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Atangcho Nji Akonumbo, Université Catholique D’Afrique Centrale Yaoundé Cameroun / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

[pt] A presente tese analisou as formas e estratégias de funcionamento dos serviços públicos que atendem crianças e adolescentes que moram nas favelas da Maré, no Rio de Janeiro, campo escolhido para esta pesquisa. A partir do conceito de práticas discursivas, tendo como base teórica os estudos de Michel Foucault, pôde-se constatar que o medo, os discursos e os estigmas sobre os territórios de favela, reforçados na sociedade brasileira, acabam naturalizando a violência sofrida por crianças e adolescentes. A análise permitiu identificar que a violência produz impactos na dinâmica de operação do Conselho Tutelar e das políticas públicas de Assistência Social, Educação e Saúde, atuantes no território. A pesquisa de campo, de natureza qualitativa, ouviu profissionais de diferentes níveis da gestão municipal das políticas públicas citadas. A partir dos dados obtidos, verificou-se que o processo de naturalização da violência se dá em um contexto atravessado pelas operações policiais e a presença de grupos criminosos no maior conjunto de favelas do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados indicam que, além das desigualdades sociais, a violência armada funciona como entrave à garantia de direitos de crianças e adolescentes e, ao mesmo tempo, limita a oferta dos serviços públicos - o que reforça visões predominantemente negativas sobre os territórios de favela e seus moradores. / [en] This thesis analyzed the operating strategies of public services destinated to children and adolescents living in the favelas of Maré, in Rio de Janeiro, where the empirical research was conducted. Based on the concept of discursive practices, with Michel Foucault as our main theoretical reference, it was possible to see that the fear, the discourses and stigmas about the favelas, reinforced in brazilian society, ends up naturalising the violence suffered by children and adolescents. The analysis made it possible to identify that this violence produces impacts on the dynamics of the Guardianship Council and also in the public policies destinated to Social Assistance, Education and Health and how they operate in the territory. This qualitative field research involved talking with professionals working at the various social service centers, which are managed by the local government and related to the public policies mentioned above. Based on the data obtained, it was found that the violence s normalisation process takes place in a context recurrently affected by police operations and by the presence of armed civilian groups, in the largest group of favelas in Rio de Janeiro. The results indicate that, in addition to social inequalities, armed violence functions as an obstacle to guaranteeing the rights of children and adolescents, limiting, at the same time, the provision of public services - reinforcing predominantly negative views about favela territories and their residents.

The authority of parents within the parent child relationship has developed from the rigid potestas which the pater in Roman Law could legally exercise to the authority of both parents in Roman-Dutch Law. The relationship had always been based in the biological sphere while the guardianship of the fathers had always been stronger than that of the mother. The position had been altered statutoraly in the Guardianship Act to provide for guardianship for the mother to be equal to that of the father.Under pressure of Constutional norms and prescripts on the one hand and also because of dramatically changed circumstances on the other it has become imperative that the foundation of the relatiopship would be reconcidered to determine its appropriateness for modern circumstances. Parental responsibilities and rights agreements as well as parenting plans to establish such responsibilities and rights in situations where it does not pertain to a perticular parent or a person concerned consequently reflect new and progressive thinking with regard to the nature and content of the relationship. In addition it may be noted that these agreements and plans reflect an inclination on the side of the legislature to move away from expensive, cumbersome and aggresive litigation bt providing the opportunity to persons concerned to come to mutaully acceptable results. It is futher argued that these agreements and plans may be viewed as a first step for the establishment of Family Relationshiop Centres it has developed in Australian Law / LLM (Private Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The authority of parents within the parent child relationship has developed from the rigid potestas which the pater in Roman Law could legally exercise to the authority of both parents in Roman-Dutch Law. The relationship had always been based in the biological sphere while the guardianship of the fathers had always been stronger than that of the mother. The position had been altered statutoraly in the Guardianship Act to provide for guardianship for the mother to be equal to that of the father.Under pressure of Constutional norms and prescripts on the one hand and also because of dramatically changed circumstances on the other it has become imperative that the foundation of the relatiopship would be reconcidered to determine its appropriateness for modern circumstances. Parental responsibilities and rights agreements as well as parenting plans to establish such responsibilities and rights in situations where it does not pertain to a perticular parent or a person concerned consequently reflect new and progressive thinking with regard to the nature and content of the relationship. In addition it may be noted that these agreements and plans reflect an inclination on the side of the legislature to move away from expensive, cumbersome and aggresive litigation bt providing the opportunity to persons concerned to come to mutaully acceptable results. It is futher argued that these agreements and plans may be viewed as a first step for the establishment of Family Relationshiop Centres it has developed in Australian Law / LLM (Private Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

[pt] Este estudo tem o objetivo de identificar e analisar os impasses na construção da política pública de produção audiovisual para crianças, no âmbito do Governo Federal, nos anos 2000. Por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, foram ouvidos membros do primeiro e do segundo escalões do Governo Federal, que ocuparam cargos, no período de 2000 a 2010, na área da cultura e da produção audiovisual, bem como profissionais de mídia e representantes da sociedade civil ligados ao setor. A pesquisa qualitativa – baseada na realização e análise de conteúdo das entrevistas e de documentos oficiais sobre o tema – identificou quatro impasses enfrentados nessa área no país. São eles: impasse na garantia dos direitos das crianças; impasse no comprometimento do mercado e do Estado; impasse no investimento educacional; e impasse na participação da sociedade civil. Os resultados permitem compreender porque o Brasil não possui uma política pública de audiovisual para criança. Para se tornar real, efetiva e consequente, tal política pública exige um posicionamento transparente, responsável e coordenado entre governo, mercado e sociedade civil, o que não existe até o momento. / [en] This study has the aim to identify and analyze the impasses in the construction of a public policy directed to the audiovisual production for children in the scope of the Brazilian Federal Government during the years 2000. From the years 2000 to 2010 members occupying the first and second positions in the Brazilian Federal Government were heard, by means of interviews. Such members occupied important positions in the area of culture and of audiovisual production, so did the professionals of the media and also the representatives of the civil society linked to the sector. The qualitative research - based on accomplishments and analysis of such interviews and also of official documents - identified four impasses faced in this area in the country. Such impasses are: the impasse of the children´s rights, the impasse of the implication of the market and of the State, the impasse of the educational investment and the impasse of the participation of the civil society. The results allow comprehending why Brazil does not own a public policy of audiovisual for children. In order to become real, effective and consequent, the public policy of audiovisual production for the children and the adolescents needs a transparent, responsible, consequent, and coordinated position among the Government, market, and civil society – and such a thing does not exist.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:21:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meire Lia Lima.pdf: 2573683 bytes, checksum: f67ce4abd841b3978da175c1f50eee47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-26 / The objective of this research is to analyze the debate about the reduction of the penal age in the seven National Conferences of Children s and Adolescent s Rights, and the emergent meanings of these spaces where important social actors from the government and civil society meet for the formulation and control of the policies concerning children and adolescents. Under the perspective of Vygotsky´s social-historical theory, the historical and dialectical materialism method guided the organization, systematization and analysis of the public documents used in this study. First, look at the history of childhood and adolescence in Brazil in order to identify the continuities and ruptures in the legal interventions aimed to protect children and adolescents in situation of poverty and abandonment. Next, the literature about adolescent perpetration and the reduction of criminal age was taken up. Last, the Conanda´s public documents were examined, revealing their instruments and forms of debate production, policy construction and design to meet the needs of the delinquent teen and the emergence of the debate on reducing the penal age in those criminal contexts. Four major themes were found: 1. Institutional position of the government penal responsibility is given through special legislation; 2. Institutional position of the conferences tension between the defense of the children´s and adolescents´ rights and its institutional strengthening; 3. Policy elaboration and implementation: the search for the autonomy of the government and civil society; and 4. Tension between the meanings given to delinquent teens: victim and/or social problem. These are complimentary in the discussion about the reduction of the penal age and allow one to grasp the focus change from the delinquent teen and the debates on the penal age reduction to the unquestionable need for the creation and implementation of a socioeducational policy. Besides the contradictions, other issues and challenges to effectively implement the Brazilian children´s and adolescents´rights are also discussed. / O objetivo desta pesquisa é o de analisar o debate sobre a redução da idade penal nas sete Conferências Nacionais dos Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente, e os significados emergentes nesses espaços onde se reúnem atores sociais do poder público e sociedade civil importantes para formulação e controle das políticas de atendimento aos direitos de crianças e adolescentes. Sob a perspectiva da teoria sócio-histórica de Vygotsky, tomou-se o método do materialismo histórico e dialético como orientador dos procedimentos metodológicos para organização, sistematização e análise dos documentos públicos utilizados nesse estudo: lei de criação do Conanda e decretos que o regulamentam, regimentos interno, resoluções e anais das conferências. Primeiramente, percorreu-se a história da infância e adolescência no Brasil, com o intuito de apreender as continuidades e rupturas no âmbito das intervenções realizadas às crianças e adolescentes em situação de pobreza e abandono. Em seguida, buscou-se a literatura sobre o tema do adolescente autor de ato infracional e a redução da idade penal. Estudou-se o Conanda, as Conferências, por meio de seus documentos públicos, desvelando seus instrumentos e formas de produção do debate, a construção e o delineamento das políticas para o atendimento ao adolescente autor de ato infracional, e a emergência do debate sobre a redução da idade penal nesses contextos. Encontraram-se quatro grandes significados: 1. Posição Institucional de Governo: a responsabilização penal se dá pela legislação especial; 2. Posição Institucional dos Conselhos: tensão entre a defesa dos direitos da criança e do adolescente e seu próprio fortalecimento institucional; 3. Elaboração e Implementação de Políticas: a busca pela isonomia do Governo e Sociedade Civil; e 4. A tensão dos significados atribuídos aos adolescentes autores de ato infracional: vítima e/ou problema social. Estes são complementares na discussão sobre a redução da idade penal e permitem apreender: a mudança de foco, do adolescente autor de ato infracional e os debates sobre a redução ou não da idade penal, para a indiscutível necessidade de implantação e implementação de uma política de atendimento socioeducativo; além das contradições, impasses e desafios para a efetivação dos direitos de crianças e adolescentes brasileiras.

Submitted by Flávia Vianna (fvs.cardoso@gmail.com) on 2015-05-29T18:06:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaçao Flavia Vianna _ 29052015.pdf: 23109061 bytes, checksum: 35afa7e0947e6d797c3db52aeef0dfc5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2015-06-01T15:00:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaçao Flavia Vianna _ 29052015.pdf: 23109061 bytes, checksum: 35afa7e0947e6d797c3db52aeef0dfc5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-06-02T16:52:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaçao Flavia Vianna _ 29052015.pdf: 23109061 bytes, checksum: 35afa7e0947e6d797c3db52aeef0dfc5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-02T17:00:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaçao Flavia Vianna _ 29052015.pdf: 23109061 bytes, checksum: 35afa7e0947e6d797c3db52aeef0dfc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / O presente projeto de dissertação apresenta uma metodologia para avaliar a relação de causa e efeito da forma de gestão adotada pelos Conselhos Municipais de Defesa dos Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente, em especial no que se refere à utilização de ferramentas de monitoria e avaliação para acompanhar os projetos executados, no aumento do orçamento público captado através de doações aos Fundos para a Infância e Adolescência – FIA. Este projeto busca identificar a existência de possíveis gargalos na gestão dos Conselhos, principalmente no que diz respeito aos processos de monitoria dos projetos desenvolvidos com recursos advindos de doações ao Fundo Municipal para a Infância e Adolescência como uma oportunidade de avançar no processo de melhoria da gestão pública, neste caso, de garantia de direitos infanto-juvenil. Para tanto, será necessário criar grupos de tratamento e controle considerando os Conselhos Municipais de Garantia de Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente que utilizam ferramentas de monitoria e avaliação daqueles que não adotam essa prática no seu cotidiano profissional. A identificação de tais Conselhos será feita a partir de três filtros correlacionados a saber, tamanho da população do município, índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal e cadastro em situação regular do Fundo Municipal para a Infância e a Adolescência. Não se trata de um trabalho que visa apontar erros na gestão dos Conselhos, ao contrário, uma proposta de mapeamento capaz de verificar fragilidades e propor uma linha de atuação alternativa - capaz de romper com práticas meramente paternalistas ou formalismos que produzam disfunções burocráticas - que gere transformação no espaço de atuação. / This dissertation project presents a methodology to assess the cause and effect of management adopted by the Municipal Councils of Rights Defense of Children and Adolescents, in particular as regards the use of monitoring and evaluation tools to track projects implemented, increasing the public budget captured through donations to the Funds for Childhood and Adolescence - FIA. This project seeks to identify the existence of possible bottlenecks in the management of councils, especially with regard to projects of monitoring processes developed with resources from donations to the Municipal Fund for Children and Adolescents as an opportunity to advance the process of improving the public management, in this case, of children's rights protection. Therefore, you must create groups of treatment and control considering the Municipal Councils of Rights Guarantee of Children and Adolescents using monitoring and evaluation tools of those who do not adopt this practice in their daily work. The identification of such Councils will be made from three filters correlated namely size of the local population, municipal human development index and a member of good standing of the Municipal Fund for Children and Adolescents. It is not a work that aims to point out errors in the management of councils, by the way, a proposal for mapping able to check weaknesses and propose a range of alternative actions - able to break away from purely paternalistic practices or formalities that produce bureaucratic dysfunction - which manages transformation in the space of action.

Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-12T19:23:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Môniele Nunes dos Santos.pdf: 3174769 bytes, checksum: 9f1db013e061d85290b306f83659d73c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela (anapoli@ufba.br) on 2016-04-28T16:59:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Môniele Nunes dos Santos.pdf: 3174769 bytes, checksum: 9f1db013e061d85290b306f83659d73c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T16:59:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Môniele Nunes dos Santos.pdf: 3174769 bytes, checksum: 9f1db013e061d85290b306f83659d73c (MD5) / CAPES / O abrigamento de crianças e adolescentes é uma das modalidades de acolhimento institucional prevista no Estatuto da criança e do Adolescente (ECA), Lei 8.069/90 (atualizado pela lei 12.010 de 2009) como medida de proteção excepcional e provisória, em casos de ameaça ou violação de direitos das crianças e adolescentes, dentre estas, o abuso sexual. A ocorrência desta violência pode implicar, em alguns casos, no afastamento da vítima da convivência familiar e comunitária, através da aplicação de medidas jurídicas de proteção a vítima, passando esta a viver em abrigo institucional. Mas, paradoxalmente, o que era para ser excepcional e transitório, tem-se configurado como a modalidade mais utilizada pela sociedade brasileira, e o tempo de permanência nos abrigos tende a ser longo. Assim, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar o processo de institucionalização e desinstitucionalização através da perspectiva das adolescentes vítimas de abuso sexual. Buscou-se conhecer o “mundo” social, o cotidiano e os vínculos afetivos e sociais das adolescentes ingressas, e as representações sociais que as egressas (re)constroem no momento da saída do abrigo após (longos) anos de institucionalização, sinalizando para os desafios encontrados na vida de egressa. Para dar conta dessa dimensão privilegiamos uma metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa e de caráter exploratório. A Instituição estudada foi a ONG Lar Flor de Lis, Salvador/BA, que ampara cerca de 120 crianças e adolescente, do gênero masculino e feminino. A maioria dos abrigados é composta de afrodescendentes, possui baixa escolaridade, são oriundos de bairros periféricos de Salvador, Região Metropolitana e municípios do interior do Estado da Bahia. O recorte empírico privilegiou cinco adolescentes do gênero feminino, vítimas de abuso sexual. Verificou-se que as representações sociais sobre o abrigo são experienciadas de forma ambígua, sendo este entendido como um espaço de apoio, proteção, quanto de aprisionamento. Em relação a sua vivência na instituição, observou-se que o abrigamento tende a ser visto pelas adolescentes como uma dupla punição, sentem-se injustiçadas pelo afastamento da convivência familiar e comunitária, e pela impunidade do agressor. Uma questão apontada nos casos de abuso sexual verificada nessa pesquisa é que há uma tendência para uma idealização cristalizada de um tipo imaginário de família feliz, normal, dissimulando dessa forma, a realidade socioafetiva familiar vivenciada por essas, e a negação das relações de violência e “proteção social”.The shelter of children and adolescents is one of the forms of institutional care foreseen in the Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA), Law 8.069/90 (updated by Law 12,010 of 2009) as a measure of exceptional and temporary protection in cases of threat or violation of rights of children and adolescents, including sexual abuse cases against children and adolescents. The occurrence of this violence can lead, in some cases, to the removal of the victim from his/her family and community, through the application of legal measures to protect the victim that then begins to live in an institutional shelter. But, paradoxically, the measure of protection that is supposed to be exceptional and temporary, has been configured as the modality of protection used most often by Brazilian society, and the length of stay in the shelters tends to be long. Thus, this research aims to analyze the process of institutionalization and deinstitutionalization through the perspective of adolescents victims of sexual abuse. We sought to understand the social "world", the everyday life and the social and emotional bonds of intern teenagers, and the social representations that those who leave (re) build on leaving the shelter after (long) years of institutionalization, signaling to challenges encountered in the after-shelter life. To understand this dimension we favor a qualitative exploratory research methodology. The institution studied was the NGO Lar Flor de Lis, Salvador / BA, which shelters about 120 children and adolescents, male and female. Most sheltered children and adolescents are Afro-Brazilian, have low education, and are from the outskirts of Salvador metropolitan area and municipalities of the state of Bahia. The empirical cut favored five teenage female victims of sexual abuse. It was found that social representations about the shelter are experienced ambiguously, being perceived as a place of support, protection, but also of imprisonment. Regarding their experience at the institution, it was observed that the shelter tends to be seen by teenagers as a double punishment, they feel wronged by the separation from the family and community, and by the impunity of the perpetrator. It can be noticed in the sexual abuse cases analyzed in this research that there is a tendency toward idealizing a happy, normal, family, thus disguising the reality of the socio-affective family experienced by these, and the denial of the relations of violence and "social protection.

Magister Legum - LLM / The following thesis investigates the MACR in African Legal Systems. The MACR is the youngest age at which children in conflict with the law find themselves caught up in the harsh realities of the criminal justice system. Up until recently, debates around fixing a MACR had been successfully side-stepped since the adoption of the UNCRC in 1989. The UNCRC has provided for human rights for children on a global scale while the ACRWC provides for such rights regionally. Contracting States Parties to these treaties agree that there needs to be a MACR in place and have adopted a childrens rights-based framework for reviewing their current child laws, policies and practices in accordance with the minimum standards provided. They do not however, agree on what the fixed minimum age should be. / South Africa