Honors Project--Smith College, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-87).

Nous observons des différences significatives au sein de la protection pénale des libertés et droits fondamentaux de la femme entre l'Iran et la France. Ces dissemblances sont issues de divergences fondamentales dans la définition des concepts bâtisseurs des droits de l'Homme, basée sur les perceptions du monde selon l'Islam et la laïcité. Ces divergences influent sur la mise en œuvre juridique des droits de l'homme et de la femme au niveau international et national. La France a réaffirmé ses engagements vis-à-vis de la Déclaration DHC par l'adoption de celle-ci dans le Code constitutionnel français. Elle a adhéré à la majorité des textes internationaux et régionaux concernant les droits fondamentaux de l'Homme, la prévention des violences faites aux femmes et la discrimination à l'égard des femmes. Elle s'est engagée à appliquer les traités internationaux ratifiés et à les absorber en droit interne à travers le mécanisme prévu par le Code Constitutionnel. En Iran, selon le Code Constitutionnel, toutes les lois doivent être compatibles avec les prescriptions islamiques. Nous avons étudié l'incompatibilité avec l'Islam de certains droits proclamés dans la DUDH et dans d'autres textes internationaux, notamment la Convention sur l'élimination de toutes formes de discriminations à l'égard des femmes. Le droit pénal comparé franco-iranien, à l'égard de la protection pénale de la femme, permet d'identifier clairement la politique criminelle dans la lutte contre les violences faites aux femmes et la discrimination à travers les incriminations et les réponses punitives à cet égard. / We observe significant differences in the criminal protection of fundamental rights and freedoms of women between Iran and France. These dissimilarities are derived from fundamental differences in the definition of concepts of human rights based on the perception of the world in Islam and secularism. These differences affect the legal implementation of the human rights of women in the national and international level. France has affirmed its commitment to the DDHC by its adoption in the French constitutional bloc. It has acceded to most international and regional instruments on human rights, prevention of violence against women and discrimination against women. It is committed to implement the ratified international treaties and to internalize through the mechanism provided by the Constitutional Code. Iran claimed the Constitutional Code; all laws must be consistent with Islamic requirements. We studied the incompatibility of Islam with certain rights enshrined in the UDHR and other international instruments including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The French Criminal Law in relation to Iranian penal protection of women clearly identifies the criminal policy in the struggle against violence against women and discrimination through criminalization and punitive responses in this regard.

Examines the actual reasons for sterilization of women living with HIV/AIDS and examines the reproductive rights of women living with HIV/ AIDS in light of existing legislation. Gives an overview of how the problem has been dealt with in other jurisdictions. Also discusses the human rights instruments and mechanisms addressing such violation of women's rights. / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Odile Lim Tung, Faculty of Law and Management, University of Mauritius, Mauritius. / LLM Dissertation (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa -- University of Pretoria, 2009. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Ce mémoire décrit la mutation et la continuité dans les pratiques judiciaires dans l’institution de l’héritage en Chine au début du vingtième siècle. Il dépeint comment les formes (rituelle et matérielle) d'héritage chinoises ont été graduellement reconceptualisées. Les concepts de propriété individuelle occidentale influencèrent l’évolution des formes substantielles etprocédurales pendant les réformes juridiques et judiciaires. Ce travail se concentre principalement sur trois sujets: premièrement, sur les réactions locales envers l'héritage occidental présentées dans des rapports d'enquête surles pratiques civiles, deuxièmement, sur le compromis effectué par le Dali Yuan concernant les lois et les normes anciennes et nouvelles, et troisièmement sur les procédures judiciaires locales de succession concernantveuves et filles. La succession portant à la fois sur le culte des ancêtres et le patrimoine était deux aspects du même problème profondément enracinés dans les pratiques populaires et dans la loi Qing, même après la transformation de 1910 du code Qing en une version intermédiaire partiellement occidentalisée, intitulé « Code Criminel actuellement en vigueur » (xianxing xinglü現行刑律). Les réformateurs Qing qui furent pour la transplantation d’un système occidental imposèrent un cadre de droit civil au questionnaire unifié sur les «coutumes civiles» envoyé à chaque province en 1910. Ce questionnaire qui délaissait la forme rituelle de l'héritage fut révisé alors par les notables chinois et les responsables locaux. Tout au long de l'ère républicaine, les lois sur l'héritage du Code Criminel actuellement en vigueur ont continué à être appliquées. Le Dali Yuan 大理院, assumant la fonction de Cour Suprême, a établi une série d'interprétations sur l'héritage dans le cadre de ce code. Il défendait les droits des femmes en leur donnant le droit de désigner ou d'abroger un héritier institué, de gérer le patrimoine au nom de leurs jeunes enfants au décès de leurs maris, et de conférer à une fille un transfert discrétionnaire, même si cette part d’héritage était moindre que celle d'un héritier mâle. La Cour suprême a également tenu compte des principes procéduraux occidentaux. Par exemple, une plainte contre un héritier illégal venant d'une personne qui n’était pas qualifiée pour déposer au procès ne serait pas acceptée, ou une question qui n'avait pas été préalablement mentionnée ne serait pas jugée. Malgré cela, dirigé par des juristes traditionnels et modernes, le Dali Yuan a fréquemment rendu des décisions judiciaires civiles sur la base des lois Qing et a accepté de restreindre les droits des femmes favorisant les membres aînés de la famille, les fils adultes, et les parents agnats. Influencé par les juges du Dali Yuan et sous sa supervision, les tribunaux modernes et les bureaux de magistrats des comtés (plus traditionnels), c’est à dire les deux principaux types d'organismes judiciaires des provinces du Jiangsu et du Zhejiang, ont adopté des styles de jugement différents pour les affaires de succession de 1912 à 1931. Les tribunaux modernes ont suivi souvent avec beaucoup d'attention les interprétations judiciaires du Dali Yuan de manière substantielle et procédurale, tandis que les magistrats de comté ont souvent eu du mal à suivre les normes procédurales énoncées par le Yuan et inscrites dans la loi de procédure, même s’ils se référaient parfois aux décisions du Dali Yuan. [...] / This thesis discusses the mutation and continuity in judicial practices of the Chinese inheritance system in the early twentieth century. It depicts howChinese ritual and material forms of inheritance were graduallyr econceptualized, influenced by a Western individual property system from both substantial and procedural perspectives during legal and judicial reforms.It focuses mainly on three topics: local attitudes towards a Western inheritancesystem presented in survey reports of civil practices, the Dali Yuan’s compromise of new and old laws and norms, and local judicial practices ofadjudicating succession cases involving widows and daughters.Succession to the ancestral cult and the patrimony were two aspects of the same issue deeply entrenched in both people’s practices and the Qing law,even after the Qing code had been turned into a partly westernizedintermediary version called the Criminal Code Currently in Force (Xianxingxinglü 現行刑律). To transplant a Western civil justice system, in 1910 a Western civil law framework was imposed on a unified questionnaire on “civilcustoms” which the Qing reformers sent to every province. This questionnaire neglected the ritual forms of inheritance and was revised by the Chinesenotables and local officials. All along the Republican era, laws on inheritance of the Criminal Code currently in force continued to be effective. The Dali Yuan 大理院, assuming the Supreme Court function, established a set of judicial interpretations on inheritance within the framework of this code. It upheld women’s rights by endowing them with rights to designate or repeal an instituted heir, to manage the patrimony on behalf of their young children in default of their husbands, and to transfer to a daughter a share of the patrimony, even though lesser than the share of a male heir. The Supreme Court also took Western procedural principles into account: a complaint over an illegal heir from an unrelated person would not be accepted, and an issue that had not been claimed for would not be adjudicated. Even so, led by both traditional and modern jurists, the Dali Yuan frequently delivered civil regulatory judicial decisions on the grounds of Qing laws and admitted the restraint on women’s rights from senior and elder members, adult sons, and agnate kin. Influenced by judges from the Dali Yuan and under its supervision, modern courts and county magistrate offices (more traditional), that is to say, the two main types of judicial agencies in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, employed different style of adjudication when adjudicating succession cases from 1912 to 1931. Modern courts often carefully followed the Dali Yuan’s judicial interpretations substantially and procedurally, whereas, county magistrate offices often found it difficult to follow the Dali Yuan’s proceduralrules, even though they sometimes referred to the Dali Yuan’s rules. As a result, under a neutral style of adjudication in modern jurisdictions, illegal heir designation would not be rectified by court if it was not necessary; limited amounts to a daughter or her son and husband were strictly obeyed. By contrast, county jurisdictions performed an active style of adjudication: they positively corrected illegal choices and considered elements beyond the law, such as duty to support the aged and the parents’ affection. [...]

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A violência praticada contra as mulheres apresenta estatísticas nacionais e internacionais alarmantes. Na região da fronteira seca Brasil Venezuela, especificamente nos Municípios fronteiriços Pacaraima (Brasil) e Gran Sabana/Santa Elena de Uairén (Venezuela), esta realidade apresenta nuances diferenciadas pelas questões regionais fronteiriças. Nesse trabalho, através de levantamento de dados bibliográficos presentes em documentos oficiais, matérias de periódicos, sites oficiais, discursos políticos e visitas in loco, descrevemos o caminho histórico para o reconhecimento dos direitos humanos das mulheres, integrando-se essas conquistas à questão da sua promoção e defesa, através da descrição e análise das adequações legislativas empreendidas, políticas públicas implementadas e da cooperação binacional Brasil e Venezuela para a constituição da rede de prevenção e enfrentamento da violência praticada contra as mulheres na fronteira. Ressalta-se a importância do trabalho diante da necessidade contínua do (re) conhecimento e (re) afirmação dos direitos humanos das mulheres. Como resultado tem-se a descrição, mapeamento e a avaliação das políticas públicas implementadas na criação da rede de enfrentamento binacional para garantia dos direitos das mulheres na fronteira do Brasil com a Venezuela.

Orientador: Guita Grin Debert / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T09:13:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Slenes_RebeccadeFaria_M.pdf: 2382501 bytes, checksum: b1c2165a3a9c75894ada27fce62b0555 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Essa dissertação tem como objetivo analisar as práticas de ativistas marroquinas dentro de organizações não governamentais (ONGs) que prestam atendimento a mulheres vítimas de violência. Com base em pesquisa etnográfica realizada em uma ONG marroquina de direitos da mulher e em entrevistas com ativistas em diferentes regiões do país, analiso as experiências e estratégias de mulheres trabalhando dentro de ONGs no combate à violência contra a mulher em Marrocos. Interessa explorar como noções de violência e direitos são concebidos e instrumentalizados por essas mulheres e como elas traduzem e negociam conceitos de direitos para as populações com quem trabalham. Refletindo sobre o papel das ativistas como mediadoras de uma linguagem de direitos entre a população, instâncias governamentais e órgãos financiadores internacionais, procuro mostrar que o trabalho delas é influenciado por fatores diversos, incluindo discursos religiosos e de direitos humanos. Atentando para as diferenças entre as ONGs designadas feministas e islâmicas, a dissertação realça também os pontos em comum nas práticas desenvolvidas por essas associações e argumenta que tanto uma abordagem jurídica em prol dos direitos como uma abordagem que protege a família não dão conta dos dilemas enfrentados pelas ativistas. A pesquisa busca contribuir para reflexões antropológicas sobre como fluxos de direitos de caráter global são articulados em contextos específicos / Abstract: The aim of this master¿s thesis is to analyze the practice of Moroccan activists working in nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to support women victims of violence. Based on an ethnographic study in an NGO that works with survivors of violence and on interviews with activists in different regions of the country, I analyze the experiences and strategies of women working inside NGOs to fight violence against women in Morocco. This research intends to observe how notions of violence and rights are conceived and instrumentalized by these women, and how they translate and negotiate concepts of rights to the populations that they work with. Reflecting on the role of activists as mediators of a rights-based language between local populations, governmental bodies and international human rights agencies, I attempt to show that their work is influenced by a diversity of factors, including religious and human rights discourses. Attentive to the differences between so called liberal feminist NGOs and Islamic NGOs, the thesis also highlights the points in common in the practices developed by these associations and argues that both a judicial approach in favor of rights, as well as an approach that protects the family, do not account for the dilemmas faced by the activists. This research hopes to contribute to anthropological reflections on how global rights-based networks are articulated in specific contexts / Mestrado / Antropologia Social / Mestra em Antropologia Social

Orientador: Adriana Gracia Piscitelli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T11:32:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Skackauskas_Andreia_D.pdf: 3486571 bytes, checksum: 1c5c8a525d5ef314e2080dd63d1283b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Nesta tese, analiso o modo como noções sobre prostituição, gênero e direitos foram delineadas no campo político organizado em torno da prostituição, ao longo da primeira década de 2000, no Brasil. Com esse fim, tomo como referência as relações entre a organização da Igreja Católica ¿ Pastoral da Mulher Marginalizada - e diferentes categorias de prostitutas, incluindo mulheres atendidas por essa instituição, que não se encontram organizadas, e grupos de mulheres organizadas, tanto em "movimentos de prostitutas" como em "movimentos de mulheres em situação de prostituição". Essa distinção nos remete a diferentes posicionamentos de prostitutas em relação ao status político e legal, que consideram que essa atividade deveria ter. Partindo da ideia de que a Pastoral da Mulher Marginalizada integra um setor social do "resgate" no país e se insere em um campo de disputas em relação à prostituição, junto ou em oposição aos grupos de prostitutas, procuro compreender e descrever o modo como as noções em questão são atualizadas a partir de formulações abolicionistas feministas por essa organização no marco do processo de construção de si como sujeito benevolente. A partir do resultado da pesquisa bibliográfica, reconstruo a história da Pastoral, considerando as narrativas documentais de seus membros, bem como as orais, e tendo como apoio as narrativas sobre a história do movimento de prostitutas no país. Ganham destaque as várias imagens que vão sendo produzidas pela Pastoral, ao longo dos anos, com a intenção de promover a prostituição enquanto "violência contra as mulheres mais oprimidas", e as prostitutas necessariamente como "vítimas" dessa violência. A partir da pesquisa etnográfica, descrevo as tensões que permeiam as relações entre prostitutas e membros dessa instituição. Analiso como as prostitutas percebem e recebem a ajuda oferecida pela Pastoral, mediante as noções/ideias e imagens que são produzidas por elas sobre trabalho, casamento/família, sexualidade, direitos; que, em contraste com as noções/ideias e imagens divulgadas sobre gênero e direitos pelas(os) agentes da organização, revelam as maneiras como esses respondem e reiteram continuamente seu papel ao lado das prostitutas / Abstract: In this thesis, I analyze how notions about prostitution, gender and rights were out lined in the political field organized around prostitution throughout the 2000s in Brazil. For this, I take as a reference the relationship between the organization of the Catholic Church - Pastoral da Mulher Marginalizada - and different categories of prostitutes, including women served by this institution, which are not organized, and women's groups organized both "movements of prostitutes", as in "movements of women in situation of prostitution", a distinction that refers to different placements of prostitutes concerning the political and legal status they consider that this activity should have. Starting from the idea that the Pastoral da Mulher Marginalizada integrates a social sector of "redemption" in the country and is part of a field of disputes in relation to prostitution, with or in opposition to the groups of prostitutes, I seek to understand and describe how the concepts in question are updated from abolitionist feminists formulations by this organization in the framework of the construction process of themselves as benevolent subject process. From the result of the literature review, I reconstruct the history of Pastoral considering the documentary narratives of its members, as well as oral ones, and trying to have the narratives about the history of the movement of prostitutes in the country as an important support. Stands out the various images that are being produced by the Pastoral, over the years, with the intention of promoting prostitution as "violence against the most oppressed women" and prostitutes necessarily as "victims" of such violence. From the ethnographic research, I describe the tensions that permeate the relationships between prostitutes and members of this institution. I analyze how prostitutes perceive and receive the help offered by the Pastoral, through the concepts/ideas and images that are produced by them about work, marriage/family, sexuality/rights, which in contrast to the concepts/ideas and images broadcast on gender and rights by agents of the organization, reveal the ways in which they respond and continually reaffirm its role / Doutorado / Ciencias Sociais / Doutora em Ciências Sociais

The theme of the thesis An Implementation of the Policy on Equal Opportunities in Lithuania is relevant and important, because the implementation of this policy in Lithuania is highly associated with adoption of Western democratic values, integration into Western international organizations and striving to achieve international communities set the standards in fields of human rights and equal opportunities.

Quand on parle des droits des femmes, on présuppose que les hommes et les femmes sont rigoureusement identiques en s’interdisant qu’il existe des droits spécifiques aux femmes. Le concept de droits de l’Homme est très ambigu, mais il est remarquable sur le plan historique et culturel. En parlant des droits spécifiques des femmes, on introduit des différences naturelles à l’intérieur du genre humain. L’objet de la thèse est de dire pourquoi la spécificité de la femme peut exister et en quoi cette spécificité est fondatrice de droits. La spécificité de la femme peut-elle conférer des droits ? Au-delà de la spécificité biologique, existe-t-il d’autres critères pouvant justifier des droits spécifiques aux femmes ? La démonstration porte sur trois catégories de droits. Il s’agit d’abord des droits de nature spécifiques. Ensuite les droits différenciés par degré ou d’expression spécifique. Dans cette deuxième catégorie, on n’a pas un droit spécifique, mais on a une manière spécifique de poser le droit. Enfin, la troisième classification est fondée sur des revendications spécifiques. Ces dernières se présentent comme des droits des femmes. Depuis janvier 2007, il existe une synthèse d’actualité concernant les droits des femmes. Si les droits des femmes sont des droits de l’Homme appliqués à la femme, la question est de savoir s’ils protègent les femmes de manière spécifique. Oui dans les textes, mais non en pratique. La perception du rôle de l’être humain selon le sexe apparaît dans plusieurs domaines comme une construction sociale, véhiculée par de nombreux stéréotypes de genre. Ainsi, les droits spécifiques doivent s’analyser en tant qu’un construit, dé-biologiser le sexe et ré -biologiser le genre, afin de déconstruire la vision d’hier des droits spécifiques relevant des aspects biologiques, morphologiques et physiques. Si la maternité n’était en liaison qu’avec l’attention, la volonté, la sensation envers l’enfant et la sécurité, l’homme pourrait vivre la sensibilité, d’être mère et la fonction de la maternité ne concernerait pas spécifiquement la femme. Actuellement, avec les évolutions sociétales, notamment l’acceptation d’une homosexualité ou d’une transsexualité, se traduisant par le mariage pour tous conjugué aux problèmes des mères porteuses, une analyse des droits spécifiques aux femmes sur l’angle d’une construction socio-économique et culturelle devient une nécessité. Pour la démonstration de tous ces aspects évoqués ici, il est important de voir en détail, l’existence de droits spécifiques en raison d’une spécificité biologique, sa relativisation en l’absence de critères biologiques et la consécration des droits des femmes par les textes. /. / When one speaks about the women's rights, one presupposes that the men and the women are rigorously identical while prohibiting themselves that there exist rights specific to the women. The concept of human rights is very ambiguous, but it is remarkable on the historical and cultural level. While speaking about the specific rights of the women, one introduces natural differences inside mankind. The object of the thesis is to say why the specificity of the woman can exist and in what this specificity is founder of rights. Can the specificity of the woman confer rights? Beyond does biological specificity, exist other criteria being able to justify rights specific to the women? The demonstration relates to three categories of rights. They is initially the specific rights of nature. Then rights differentiated per degree or from specific expression. In this second category, there is not a specific right, but there is a specific manner to pose the right. Lastly, the third classification is founded on specific claims. These last are presented in the form of women's rights. Since January 2007, there exists a synthesis of news concerning the women's rights. If the women's rights are human rights to the woman, the question is to know if they protect the women in a specific way. Yes in the texts, but not in practice. The role of human beings as perceived by their gender appears in several areas as a social construct, as conveyed by many gender stereotypes. Thus, specific rights should be analyzed as constructs. With nonbiological sex and biological gender, the old vision of specific rights under biological, morphological and physical differences can be deconstructed. If motherhood was related to the attention, will, and feelings towards the child and his safety, man would be free to live the sensitivity of being a mother, and the function of motherhood would no longer be specific to women only. Nowadays, societal changes including the acceptance of homosexuality or transsexuality, result in marriage for all, combined with the problems of surrogate mothers. An analysis of the rights specific to women on the angle of socio-economic and cultural construction becomes a need. To demonstrate all these aspects mentioned here, it would be important to see in detail the existence of specific rights because of a biological specificity, its relativization in the absence of biological criteria and the dedication of the women's rights by the texts. /.

This research work deals with the system for the prevention and repression of domestic violence against women in Brazil, considered one of the most serious human rights violations. The principles of equality, public policies and affirmative actions for the promotion of isonomic laws for the different genders are also discussed. In the present study, domestic violence, apart from being a crime, is also treated as one of the most insidious forms of discrimination, intolerance and disrespect for human dignity. In addition, the study makes the distinction between domestic and non-domestic violence, in order to prevent them from receiving the same treatment. Further, the main causes and consequences of this kind of crime, as well as the profile of the victims and aggressors, are analyzed based on statistical data on domestic violence against women in Brazil and in other countries. Women rights are presented as part of the human rights, according to the most important treaties published by the United Nations and by the Organization of American States. The study includes the analysis of the models for the prevention of domestic violence used in European and Latin American countries. Also included are the penal legislation and the public policies developed in Brazil after the 1988 Constitution to implement the principle of equality (see art. 5º, I). In this sense, the limitations of the Law nº 9.099/95 and the sanctions included in the Brazilian Penal Code to repress this kind of offense are discussed. Finally, the study presents proposals in order to promote equality between men and women in both social and family relations, with a view to prevent and punish the domestic violence in Brazil, through legislative changes and effective public actions. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação tem como tema central o sistema brasileiro de prevenção e repressão à violência doméstica contra a mulher no Brasil, considerada uma das mais graves violações aos direitos humanos. Aborda também o primado da igualdade, as ações afirmativas e políticas públicas de promoção da isonomia entre os gêneros. O estudo parte do pressuposto de que, mais do que crime, a violência doméstica é uma das mais insidiosas formas de discriminação, intolerância e negação da dignidade humana. Apresenta a distinção entre violência contra a mulher e doméstica, em razão de serem constantemente tratadas como sinônimas. Com base em dados estatísticos sobre a ocorrência da violência doméstica no Brasil e em outros países, são analisadas as principais causas e conseqüências dessa forma de criminalidade, sem negligenciar o perfil da vítima e do agressor. Os direitos das mulheres são apresentados como especialização dos direitos humanos, fato demonstrado pela apresentação dos principais tratados editados pelas Nações Unidas e Organizações dos Estados Americanos. Analisa os modelos de combate à violência doméstica adotados por países europeus e latino-americanos. Discorre sobre a legislação penal e as políticas públicas desenvolvidas no país, após a Constituição de 1988, visando à implantação da igualdade (CF, art. 5º, I). Nesse sentido, sustenta a insuficiência do procedimento da Lei n. 9.099/95 e das sanções previstas no Código Penal brasileiro para reprimir a prática do delito. Por fim, apresenta proposições destinadas à promoção da igualdade entre homens e mulheres nas relações sociais e familiares, bem como a prevenir e punir a violência doméstica no Brasil, por meio de mudanças legislativas e ações governamentais efetivas.