A indústria de software é muito dinâmica e novas ideias surgem a todo instante em todas as partes do mundo. Nem sempre é fácil fazer com que essas ideias sejam adotadas, pois, para isso, é preciso fazer as pessoas mudarem sua forma de pensar. Deve-se sempre considerar o fato de que o ser humano, diferente do computador, é inusitado e imprevisível. Apesar disso, podemos encontrar determinados padrões de comportamento, que não resolvem todas as questões, mas ajudam a lidar com situações e continuar caminhando para atingir um determinado objetivo. Trazemos nesta dissertação uma pequena introdução sobre o conceito de padrões e, em seguida, apresentamos 48 Padrões para Introduzir Novas Ideias, propostos por Linda Rising e Mary Lynn Manns. Esses Padrões têm o objetivo de ajudar na difícil tarefa de introduzir uma nova ideia dentro de alguma organização, pois se essa ideia pressupõe mudanças culturais, o trabalho é ainda mais complicado. Propomos também quatro novos padrões, que podem ser incorporados ao catálogo original. Num desses novos padrões, mostramos a importância de se usar atividades artísticas no dia-a-dia de pessoas que trabalham com desenvolvimento de software; mostramos também como a Arte pode nos ajudar a introduzir novas ideias. Pesquisamos algumas práticas como teatro, pintura, poesia, música e meditação. Pudemos encontrar elementos de ligação entre o lado puramente matemático e bem definido do ser humano e o seu lado abstrato, analógico e artístico. Desenvolver software deve ser encarado como uma atividade humana, acima da questão técnica e puramente lógica. Existem pessoas envolvidas no processo: as que usam e as que criam o software. Existe uma barreira que separa os programadores das pessoas que usam o software. Essa barreira pode ser quebrada se pessoas da Computação começarem a desenvolver, além das habilidades lógicas que já lhes são óbvias, habilidades artísticas e de relações humanas. / The software industry is very dynamic and new ideas arise all the time from virtually any part of the world. It is not guaranteed that these ideas will be adopted, mainly because, among other obstacles, the solution may imply in having people change their way of thinking. Different from people, computers receive well defined commands and execute them precisely. We should take into account that human beings are independent and unpredictable. Despite of this unpredictability, we can find some behavioral patterns to help us deal with several situations, allowing us to achieve our objectives. This work brings a small introduction into the pattern concept and a presentation of the 48 Patterns for Introducing New Ideas proposed by Linda Rising and Mary Lynn Manns. These patterns provide some insight into the difficult task of introducing new ideas into any organization. We show that if the idea brings cultural changes of any kind, then the task is even more complicated. We also propose four new patterns that can be added to the original catalog. In one of these new patterns, we show the great importance of combining artistic activities with the day-to-day activities of people who work in software development and how Arts can help us to introduce new ideas. The study of some practices such as theater, painting, poetry, music and meditation allowed us to find some connective elements between the purely mathematical side of the human mind and its creative, artistic one. Software development must be approached as a ``human activity\'\', rather than a solely technical or logical one. Above all, there are two groups of people involved in the process: software creators and users. Although a barrier appears to separate these two groups, in this thesis we will show evidences that this division or gap can be bridged if IT professionals nurture their artistic and interpersonal relationship skills in addition to their obvious technical ones.

A indústria de software é muito dinâmica e novas ideias surgem a todo instante em todas as partes do mundo. Nem sempre é fácil fazer com que essas ideias sejam adotadas, pois, para isso, é preciso fazer as pessoas mudarem sua forma de pensar. Deve-se sempre considerar o fato de que o ser humano, diferente do computador, é inusitado e imprevisível. Apesar disso, podemos encontrar determinados padrões de comportamento, que não resolvem todas as questões, mas ajudam a lidar com situações e continuar caminhando para atingir um determinado objetivo. Trazemos nesta dissertação uma pequena introdução sobre o conceito de padrões e, em seguida, apresentamos 48 Padrões para Introduzir Novas Ideias, propostos por Linda Rising e Mary Lynn Manns. Esses Padrões têm o objetivo de ajudar na difícil tarefa de introduzir uma nova ideia dentro de alguma organização, pois se essa ideia pressupõe mudanças culturais, o trabalho é ainda mais complicado. Propomos também quatro novos padrões, que podem ser incorporados ao catálogo original. Num desses novos padrões, mostramos a importância de se usar atividades artísticas no dia-a-dia de pessoas que trabalham com desenvolvimento de software; mostramos também como a Arte pode nos ajudar a introduzir novas ideias. Pesquisamos algumas práticas como teatro, pintura, poesia, música e meditação. Pudemos encontrar elementos de ligação entre o lado puramente matemático e bem definido do ser humano e o seu lado abstrato, analógico e artístico. Desenvolver software deve ser encarado como uma atividade humana, acima da questão técnica e puramente lógica. Existem pessoas envolvidas no processo: as que usam e as que criam o software. Existe uma barreira que separa os programadores das pessoas que usam o software. Essa barreira pode ser quebrada se pessoas da Computação começarem a desenvolver, além das habilidades lógicas que já lhes são óbvias, habilidades artísticas e de relações humanas. / The software industry is very dynamic and new ideas arise all the time from virtually any part of the world. It is not guaranteed that these ideas will be adopted, mainly because, among other obstacles, the solution may imply in having people change their way of thinking. Different from people, computers receive well defined commands and execute them precisely. We should take into account that human beings are independent and unpredictable. Despite of this unpredictability, we can find some behavioral patterns to help us deal with several situations, allowing us to achieve our objectives. This work brings a small introduction into the pattern concept and a presentation of the 48 Patterns for Introducing New Ideas proposed by Linda Rising and Mary Lynn Manns. These patterns provide some insight into the difficult task of introducing new ideas into any organization. We show that if the idea brings cultural changes of any kind, then the task is even more complicated. We also propose four new patterns that can be added to the original catalog. In one of these new patterns, we show the great importance of combining artistic activities with the day-to-day activities of people who work in software development and how Arts can help us to introduce new ideas. The study of some practices such as theater, painting, poetry, music and meditation allowed us to find some connective elements between the purely mathematical side of the human mind and its creative, artistic one. Software development must be approached as a ``human activity\'\', rather than a solely technical or logical one. Above all, there are two groups of people involved in the process: software creators and users. Although a barrier appears to separate these two groups, in this thesis we will show evidences that this division or gap can be bridged if IT professionals nurture their artistic and interpersonal relationship skills in addition to their obvious technical ones.

All over the world, the level of poverty is increasing. In South Africa it is mainly concentrated in rural areas and differs significantly from whether considering race, sex, provinces or community areas. This dissertation studies the relationship between poverty and inflation in Sharpeville by determining the impact of rising prices on the poor households in Sharpeville. The study focuses on three areas, namely the theoretical background of poverty and inflation, the impact of rising prices in expenditure patterns and the relationship to poverty. There are different approaches in defining poverty. Poverty can either be absolute or relative. For the purpose of this study, poverty is defined as absolute. Thus the study defines individuals as poor due to their inability to attain a minimum material standard of living. This minimal standard of living is normally referred to as the poverty line. Inflation may be defined in different ways. For the purpose of this dissertation, inflation is defined as the rise in the general price levels over a specific period of time. Changes in expenditure patterns are caused by an increase in inflation. This study uses the regression model to determine the impact of inflation on poverty in Sharpeville. According to the macroeconomic theory’s implication, the same level of inflation on the same basket of commodities has a different level of effect on each household. Accordingly, in this study, all households are assumed to be faced with the same inflation rate. Household size is positively related to poverty gap squared. This means that the more members there were in a household in Sharpeville the poorer they were. Households with the highest number of members were poorer than those with few members. Statistically, the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between household size and poverty gap is rejected, even at the 1% level of significance. EXPINFL is negatively related to poverty gap. The correlation matrix confirms the results in the regression analysis. The correlation coefficient between The relationship between poverty and inflation in Sharpeville Page EXPINFL and PGAP is -0.34467. Although it is relatively weak, the fact that there is a negative correlation confirms that inflation negatively affects poverty. Finally, the study recommends that government provides more job opportunities for the individuals without any source of income in Sharpeville. The government could also provide business funding to the unemployed individuals to enable them to start their own businesses. This would enable those individuals to create additional employment. In addition, measures should be introduced to determine the effect of inflation on those households who are not employed (that is, not receiving any form of income, not even through any form of grant), but do benefit from some form of feeding scheme administered by either government or non-profit organisations. / MCom, Economics, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

Le système électrique ferroviaire est composé d'un ensemble de conducteurs métalliques de différentes natures et ayant, pour la plupart d'entre eux, la particularité d'avoir une longueur très importante par rapport aux dimensions transversales. Cet ensemble de conducteurs est inséré dans un environnement complexe composé de plusieurs autres éléments, tel que le réseau de transport d'énergie à haute tension, le réseau de gaz, le réseau des télécommunications, ainsi que des habitations, des passagers, des rivières, des fermes, etc. Pour assurer sa bonne compatibilité électromagnétique avec l'environnement, il est important de limiter les niveaux d'émissions électromagnétiques provenant du système ferroviaire qui pourraient perturber les éléments extérieurs ou mettre en danger des personnes. En même temps, il est important que le système ferroviaire soit suffisamment immunisé contre des éventuelles perturbations externes, de façon à assurer le bon fonctionnement des installations ferroviaires et la sécurité des passagers et du personnel. Parmi les types de perturbations électromagnétiques existant, les Élévations de Potentiel de Sol (EPS) méritent une attention particulière. Le sol naturel est un milieu conducteur de très grande taille. Il est souvent utilisé pour drainer des excès de charges électriques d'un système quelconque, ainsi comme un milieu d'échange de courant électrique entre des systèmes qui sont à des potentiels électriques différents.Des protections sont alors systématiquement installées de sorte à limiter l'impact des EPS sur les éléments voisins. Ces protections ont souvent un coût d'installation et de maintenance très élevé pour le système ferroviaire; elles doivent être optimisées au cas par cas, de façon à garantir la sécurité des personnes et le bon fonctionnement des équipements, et en même temps rester financièrement accessibles. La majorité des méthodes existantes aujourd'hui pour le calcul des EPS ne permet pas la prise en compte de tous ces facteurs. Elles se limitent à intégrer le sol de façon passive, et en général en le modélisant de nature homogène ou quasi-homogène.Dans cette optique, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode pour le calcul des EPS, plus complète et par conséquent plus précise que celles existantes aujourd'hui. Cette méthode permet d'intégrer dans la modélisation la présence d'un sol hétérogène multicouche, construit à partir de mesures réalisées sur le terrain et spécifiques à chaque contexte de sol. La présence de conducteurs enterrés dans la région de l'EPS est tenue en compte dans un modèle multiconducteur qui permet intégrer en même temps tous les conducteurs de la zone. La méthode développée est particulièrement dédiée au calcul des EPS en contexte ferroviaire. Cette approche s'appuie sur une méthode hybride qui prend en compte les phénomènes d'induction et de conduction dans un système multiconducteurs et qui intègre la présence d'un sol multicouche. Ce type d'approche s'est déjà avéré pertinent dans le cadre de l'étude des interactions entre des perturbations électromagnétiques générées par une ligne à haute tension et des canalisations enterrées. Notre méthode est dans un premier temps validée dans des configurations académiques puis mise en œuvre dans l'étude de sites ferroviaires où des comparaisons avec des mesures sont présentées. / The railway electrical system is composed of multiple metallic conductors of different kinds and having, for most of them, the particularity of being very long in comparison with its perpendicular dimensions. This set of conductors is integrated in a complex environment composed of many other elements, such as power transmission lines, pipelines, telecommunication lines, but also houses, people, rivers, farms, etc. To assure its electromagnetic compatibility with its environment, it is important to restrict the level of hazardous electromagnetic emissions coming from railway system that could disturb neighboring systems or risk people’s safety. At the same time, it is important that railway system is immunized against electromagnetic emissions coming from its neighbor, in order to assure the correct functioning of railway installations and the safety of passengers and staff. Among the different kinds of electromagnetic perturbations, the Ground Potential Rising (GPR) deserves a special treatment. The natural ground is a conductor environment of great size. It is often used to drain excessive electric charges from systems, and also as an environment allowing electrical charges exchange between systems in different electrical potential.Protections are then systematically deployed in order to limit the impact of GPR on neighboring elements. In the case of railway system, these protections have a very high cost of installation and maintenance. They must be optimized on a case to case basis, in order to assure security of people and equipments but also to be affordable.The majority of methods to calculate GPR don’t allow the integration of the complex electric environment of the ground. Most of them integrate the ground in a passive way, most of the time being a homogeneous ground.In this regard, we propose a new method of GPR calculation, more complete so more precise than what is used today. This method allows the integration into the model of a heterogeneous multilayer ground, built after measurements that have to be done on a case to case basis. The presence of buried conductors in the area of the GPR is also taken into account in a multiconductor model, which integrates at the same time all the conductors inside the zone.The method that we developed gets its full meaning when applied to GPR in railway context, thanks to the presence of many buried cables in the same environment. This approach is based on a hybrid method that takes into account induction and conduction phenomena in a multiconductor system and integrating a multilayer ground. This kind of approach has already been used in the calculation of electromagnetic induction between a power line and a pipeline. We first validated our method by calculating GPR in simple configurations. We then applied our calculations in order to calculate GPR in a railway context, which was then compared with measurements.

Two and three-phase flow processes involving gas, liquid and solid, are common in nature and industry, and include some of the most complex and poorly-understood transport problems. In this research hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer processes in complex two and three-phase flows were investigated. The interfacial surface area concentration in a short vertical column subject to the through flow of fiber-liquid-gas slurry was experimentally measured using the gas absorption technique. The experimental data were statistically analyzed for parametric effects, and were empirically correlated. The absorption of a gaseous species by a slurry droplet with internal circulation and containing reactive micro-particles was simulated, and parametrically studied. The micro-particles were found to enhance the absorption rate. The absorption rate was sensitive to droplet recirculation, and shrinkage of particles with time resulted in declining absorption rates. The transport of soot particles, suspended in laminar hot gas flowing in a tube, was modeled and parametrically studied. Due to coupled thermal radiation and thermophoresis, a radially-nonuniform temperature profile develops, leading to sharp, non-uniform radial soot-concentration profiles. The assumption of monodisperse particles leads to over-prediction of thermophoresis. The transport and removal of particles suspended in bubbles rising in a stagnant liquid pool were modeled based on a Eulerian – Monte Carlo method. The bubble hydrodynamics were treated in Eulerian frame, using the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) technique, while particle equations of motion were numerically solved in Lagrangian frame. The bubbles undergo shape change, and have complex internal circulation, all of which influence the particle removal. Model predictions were also compared with experimental data. Using a resemblance between two-phase flow in microchannels, and in large channels at microgravity, a simple Weber number-based two-phase flow regime map was developed for microchannels. Based on the available air-water experimental data, a criterion for the prediction of conditions that lead to flow regime transition out of the stratified-wavy flow pattern in horizontal annular channels was proposed. The thermocapillary effects on liquid-vapor interface shape during heterogeneous bubble ebullition in microchannels were analytically studied.

My dissertation offers a new look at how women authors used popular genres to negotiate their economic, artistic, and sexual autonomy, as well as their national and imperial identities, in the context of the changes brought by modernity. As medical science and popular media attempted to delineate women’s sexual natures, Sylvia Townsend Warner, Winifred Holtby, Kate O’Brien, and Molly Keane created narratives which challenged not only psychoanalytic proscriptions about the need for sexual satisfaction, but traditional ideas about women’s inherent modesty. They absorbed, revised, and occasionally rejected outright the discourses of sexology in order to advocate a more diffuse sensuality; for these writers, adventure, travel, independence, creativity, and love between women provided satisfactions as rich as those ascribed to normative heterosexuality. I identify a history of queer sexuality in both Irish and English contexts, one which does not conform to emergent lesbian identity while still exceeding the limits of heteronormativity. / text

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All over the world, the level of poverty is increasing. In South Africa it is mainly concentrated in rural areas and differs significantly from whether considering race, sex, provinces or community areas. This dissertation studies the relationship between poverty and inflation in Sharpeville by determining the impact of rising prices on the poor households in Sharpeville. The study focuses on three areas, namely the theoretical background of poverty and inflation, the impact of rising prices in expenditure patterns and the relationship to poverty. There are different approaches in defining poverty. Poverty can either be absolute or relative. For the purpose of this study, poverty is defined as absolute. Thus the study defines individuals as poor due to their inability to attain a minimum material standard of living. This minimal standard of living is normally referred to as the poverty line. Inflation may be defined in different ways. For the purpose of this dissertation, inflation is defined as the rise in the general price levels over a specific period of time. Changes in expenditure patterns are caused by an increase in inflation. This study uses the regression model to determine the impact of inflation on poverty in Sharpeville. According to the macroeconomic theory’s implication, the same level of inflation on the same basket of commodities has a different level of effect on each household. Accordingly, in this study, all households are assumed to be faced with the same inflation rate. Household size is positively related to poverty gap squared. This means that the more members there were in a household in Sharpeville the poorer they were. Households with the highest number of members were poorer than those with few members. Statistically, the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between household size and poverty gap is rejected, even at the 1% level of significance. EXPINFL is negatively related to poverty gap. The correlation matrix confirms the results in the regression analysis. The correlation coefficient between The relationship between poverty and inflation in Sharpeville Page EXPINFL and PGAP is -0.34467. Although it is relatively weak, the fact that there is a negative correlation confirms that inflation negatively affects poverty. Finally, the study recommends that government provides more job opportunities for the individuals without any source of income in Sharpeville. The government could also provide business funding to the unemployed individuals to enable them to start their own businesses. This would enable those individuals to create additional employment. In addition, measures should be introduced to determine the effect of inflation on those households who are not employed (that is, not receiving any form of income, not even through any form of grant), but do benefit from some form of feeding scheme administered by either government or non-profit organisations. / MCom, Economics, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

From Preface: South African frontiers periodically provided the backdrop for conflict between Blacks and Whites over land, and, in this respect, Griqualand West proved no exception. The arrival of the trekboers in the 1830s heralded the beginning of the land problem in Griqualand West, and the situation worsened with the discovery of diamonds and the subsequent influx of land-hungry Whites. By the 1870s the stage was then set for a major clash between Blacks and Whites with land as the central focus. The Griqualand West Administration tried to rectify this situation in 1875 by setting up a Land Court under Judge Andries Stockenström. Stockenström's judgment was highly controversial, as many Griqua and Blacks lost land, although no land which had been claimed by a Griqua or Black was granted to a White. As Stockenström had not resolved the land problem, the Griqualand West authorities brought in Captain Charles Warren to settle the matter of land ownership in the Province. The Warren Report was considered by all concerned to be fair, but it did not prevent the outbreak of hostilities in 1878. The two main foci of this study are, then, land ownership and the Rebellion and the link, if any, between them. The main sources for the work have been the Griqualand West archive in the Cape Archives, for the period 1872-1880, and various newspapers. The Cape and Imperial Blue Books were useful sources, especially on the military history of the rebellion. Interviews conducted in Bophuthatswana and Griqualand West clarified many obscure points and raised others, most of which have been answered in this work. A considerable number of contemporary published works were also consulted, but, although most mentioned the land problem and the Rebellion, few contained anything worthy of mention, especially with regard to the military history of the Rebellion. / KMBT_363 / Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in

<i> History Will Be My Judge: A Cultural Examination of America's Racial Tensions Presented Through the Symbolization of Booker T. Washington</i> is an interdisciplinary study about the emergence of Booker T. Washington as a black cultural hero. By the turn of the twentieth century, Washington had become the most prominent African American educator, economic reformer, entrepreneur, and race leader in the United States. He is most recognized as the founder of Tuskegee Institute (now University) and his highly acclaimed autobiography, <i>Up From Slavery</i>, which recounts his life growing up enslaved to becoming an international icon. Since his death in 1915, several monuments, memorials, landmarks, and commemorative tributes have been established in his honor. During the 1940s, Washington became the first African American pictured on the United States postage stamp and minted silver half-dollar. Additionally, he was spotlighted in a series of media campaigns called "Famous American Firsts," and was the first African American inducted into the Hall of Fame for Great Americans. Moreover, amidst the presidential transition between Barack Obama and Donald Trump, black popular media has alluded to Washington's economic philosophy through music videos, documentaries, and television programs. I argue that each of these posthumous commemorations belong to larger social justice movements, namely, the Civil Rights movement and Black Lives Matter movement. Throughout these eras, Washington's legacy has served to counter white supremacy and symbolize the rise of integration, the black middle class, economic justice, black self-made, black education, and the legacy of slavery.<div> The purpose of this study is to examine how during periods of racial unrest, African Americans leverage Booker T. Washington's image to counter racist stereotypes and reaffirm black citizenship. The primary framework applied in this study is William L. Van Deburg's theory of the <i>black cultural hero. </i>Two emergent theories from this research are my developing frameworks called <i>Black Hustle Theory</i> and <i>nostalgic tension</i>. Using literary and visual analysis, I assess historical archives from popular press, black literature, American memorabilia, and black popular culture to examine Washington's commemorative legacy through a black radical lens. Specifically, I explore how the following four people have connected Washington's legacy to the Civil Rights movement and Black Lives Matter movement: Major Richard Robert Wright, Sr., founder of Savannah State University; Langston Hughes, famed Harlem Renaissance poet and author; Stanley Nelson, award-winning producer; and, Beyonce Knowles-Carter, singer and pop mogul. I put Washington's legacy in conversation with each of these cultural producers to simulate a call-and-response between his lifework and the generations after him.<br><div><br></div></div>