O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir a ascensão internacional da China e suas relações com a Índia e os EUA. O argumento central é o de que a China está se tornando o centro gravitacional da ÁsiaPacífico, região que está assumindo a dianteira na 3ª Revolução Industrial, e, por sua vez, do processo de transição em curso no sistema mundial. A ascensão da China é parte de um longo ciclo de incorporação do país ao moderno sistema mundial, que inicialmente se processou de forma subordinada, por intermédio das Guerras do Ópio, mas vem assumindo notável importância após a Revolução e as Reformas. Com as Reformas a China vai criando as condições objetivas, internas e internacionais, para transformarse em um Estadopivô, catalisando as dinâmicas regionais da ÁsiaPacífico e projetandose globalmente. Assim, a aproximação da China com os EUA, nos anos 1970, transformase no núcleo do rearranjo de poder mundial. Nesse rearranjo de poder tanto regional quanto global, a Índia tem crescente relevância, pois pode influenciar decisivamente a ascensão da China e da ÁsiaPacífico, assim como a recolocação dos EUA no sistema mundial. Por isso, a dinâmica triangular China, EUA e Índia contém parte importante das respostas relativas aos novos pólos emergentes no espaço mundial e ao grau de conflitividade que esta transição pode produzir. / The purpose of this work is to discuss the international ascension of China and its relationship with India and USA.The main argument of this text is that China has becoming the gravitational center of PacificAsia, region wich is assuming the front in the third industrial revolution and, considering this, also the transition process in operation in the worldwide system that in a early moment was processed by China in a subordinate form (as seen through Opiun War), but wich has assuming a remarkable importance after the revolution and the reforms. By these reforms, China creates the objective condition, inside the country and internationaly, to transform itself in a Pivot State, catalysing the regional dynamics of AsiaPacific and projecting itself in the globe. Then, the aproximation between China and USA, in the 1970s, has increasing its significance, cause it may influence in a decisive way the rising of China and the AsiaPacific, beside of the replacement of USA in the worldwide sistem. The triangular dinamics of China, USA and India contains an important part of the answers relative to the new rising poles in the worldwide system and to the level of conflict wich this transition might produce.

Este trabalho se propõe a estudar o comportamento das vogais médias /e/ e /o/, em pauta pretônica, postônica e nos clíticos, na fala de uma amostra dos habitantes de Curitiba, usando como base a teoria da sociolinguística quantitativa, desenvolvida por Labov. O fenômeno de alçamento das vogais médias é bastante estudado na variação linguística do português brasileiro e o interesse em investigar esse comportamento na cidade de Curitiba é justificado pelo baixo índice de aplicação da elevação nos informantes dessa cidade, observada em estudos como os de Vieira (2002 e 2009). Esses estudos mostram que em Curitiba, os falantes contrariam uma tendência de variação linguística identificada e categorizada nas demais cidades do Brasil. A reduzida aplicação da regra variável de elevação das vogais médias átonas postônicas na comunidade de fala de Curitiba, distingue-a das demais capitais da região sul e a aproxima de algumas cidades do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. No trabalho de Schwindt (1995), Curitiba também recebe destaque por apresentar valores diferenciados das demais capitais da região Sul do Brasil, em relação à harmonia vocálica. Acreditamos que esse comportamento esteja motivado por fatores sociolinguísticos daquela comunidade; nesse sentido, nossa análise observa fatores tais como escolaridade, sexo e/ou idade. O trabalho é uma análise separada do comportamento variável das vogais médias em três contextos distintos: na posição pretônica (pedido, entende, moinho, domingo, expresso, etc...); nos clíticos (que, se, do, com); e na posição postônica (porque, vinte, exatamente, sabe, quanto, mendigo, expresso, exato). Diferentemente de outras análises do comportamento variável das vogais médias, a nossa análise foca a não elevação das vogais médias em contextos em que a elevação poderia ser esperada. Para essa pesquisa foram levantadas todas as ocorrências de vogais médias de 12 informantes do banco do projeto VARSUL (Variação Linguística Urbana na Região Sul do Brasil). Para que fosse construída uma amostragem equilibrada, que permitisse investigar a influência das variáveis sociais no comportamento linguístico, privilegiou-se a seleção de igual número de informantes, no que concerne à categorização por sexo e faixa etária, porém, quanto ao fator escolaridade, a amostra contém uma pequena diferença de números de informantes no ensino fundamental e no ensino médio. A análise baseia-se nos pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos da Teoria da Variação, modelo teórico também conhecido por Sociolinguística Quantitativa, desenvolvido por Labov e colaboradores, que postula a sistematicidade dos fenômenos variáveis bem como a existência de uma relação entre as variantes linguísticas e a comunidade de fala. Baseado em resultados de levantamentos anteriores, este trabalho analisou, de forma oitiva, o percentual de não alçamento das vogais médias pretônicas, postônicas e nos clíticos. Constatamos que este percentual é diferente, as taxas de não alçamento das vogais médias são maiores nas postônicas e nos clíticos do que nas pretônicas. Associamos estas diferenças ao papel de condicionantes linguísticos, por exemplo, a ocorrência de harmonia vocálica nas vogais pretônicas. Constatamos também que os fatores extralinguísticos, como idade, sexo e escolaridade são importantes condicionadores da variação tanto em clíticos, quanto nas pretônicas e postônicas. Os percentuais de preservação das vogais médias pretônicas em nossa análise são maiores na vogal o do que na vogal e nas pret nicas e nos cl ticos mas n o nas postônicas, nas quais a vogal /e/ favorece mais a não elevação. Nas postônicas, a vogal /e/ é responsável por 70% de não elevação, contra 62% da vogal /o/, demonstrando que a preservação das vogais médias nessa posição é maior do que em pretônicas e em clíticos. Nestes últimos, os percentuais não diferem tanto entre /e/ e /o/ e esses valores permitem inferir que, nessa comunidade de fala, diferente do que foi observado em análises de outras localidades, os clíticos não apresentam tendência de elevação. Observamos também que os informantes apresentam um comportamento sistemático, no sentido de que aqueles que elevam menos o fazem em todos os contextos e aqueles que elevam mais também o fazem em todos os contextos, o que mostra que há um denominador comum por trás de processos considerados de distinta natureza. / This dissertation addresses the behavior of the mid-vowels / e / and /o/ in the pretonic, postonic and clitics position in the speech of the inhabitants of Curitiba, based on the quantitative sociolinguistic theory developed by Labov. The mid-vowel raising phenomenon has been studied extensively in Brazilian Portuguese, and the interest to investigate the behavior in the city of Curitiba is justified by the low rising rate of the informants of that community, observed by Vieira (2002 and 2009) and Schwindt (1995). The studies have shown that in Curitiba, the speakers contradict a trend of linguistic variation identified and classified in other cities in Brazil. The low or null application of this variable rule, particularly in the speech communities of Curitiba and some towns in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul, may be an indication that this behavior has been motivated by sociolinguistic factors such as geographic location, education, gender and / or age. The study is an analysis of the variable behavior of the mid-vowels in words such as: pedido, entende, moinho, domingo, expresso, etc...; clitics (que, se, do, com). It aims to understand which conditioning factors (social and linguistic variables) are part of this phenomenon. For this research all mid-vowel occurrences of 12 informants from Projeto VARSUL Data Bank (Variação Linguística do Sul do Brasil) have been taken into consideration. In order to build a balanced sample, which allows us to investigate the influence of social variables in linguistic behavior, we focused on the selection of an equal number of respondents, who were categorized by sex, age and education. The theoretical model used to explain the phenomenon studied was the Theory of Variation, also known as Quantitative Sociolinguistics, developed by Labov and colleagues, which postulates the existence of a relationship between the variants and the speech community. Based on results from previous surveys, this study examined the percentage of non uprising of the middle unstressed vowels, postonics and clitics. We note that this percentage is different, rates of non uprising of mid vowels are higher in postonics and clitics than in unstressed. These differences associate constraints to the role of language, for example, the occurrence of unstressed vowel harmony vowel. We also note that extralinguistic factors such as age, gender and education are important conditioners of the variation in both clitics, as in unstressed and postonics. The percentage of preserving middle unstressed vowels in our analysis are higher in the vowels /o/, than in vowels /e/ in unstressed and clitics, but not in postonics, in which the vowel / e / favors more the lack of elevation. In postonics, the vowel /e/ is responsible for 70% of non rise, against 62% of the vowel / o /, demonstrating that the preservation medium of the vowels in this position is greater than in unstressed and clitics. In the latter, the percentages do not differ much between /e/ and /o/ and these values allow us to infer that in this speech community, unlike what was observed in analyzes of other locations, clitics do not show a tendency to increase. We also noticed that the informants present a systematic behavior, in the sense that those who make the least amount in all contexts and those that raise more do as well in all contexts, which shows that there is a common denominator behind the processes considered of different nature.

The main purpose of this thesis was to propose and test a new approach that captures the features of single and multiple bubbles dynamics using the Shan and Chen-type lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Two dimensional bubbles motions were simulated considering the buoyancy effect for which the topology of the bubble is characterized by the Eötvös (Eo), and Morton (M) numbers. A qualitative and quantitative validation were performed using the Level set method. Bubble shape deformation was captured and analysis based on terminal Reynolds number and degree of circularity show very good agreement with the experimental results and with available simulation results. In sum, this study presents crucial preliminary information to further analyze multiphase fluid flows in various contexts.

Dagens klimatförändringar påverkar dagens samhälle liksom morgondagens. En av de stora effekterna av dem är de stigande havsnivåerna som på lång sikt kan komma att ha stora konsekvenser för den byggda miljön liksom människorna som vistas där. Den globala forskningen som sammanställs av FN:s klimatpanel IPCC redovisas i klimatrapporter som utkommer med några års mellanrum med den aktuell forskning. I dessa rapporter finns det ett antal scenarier, benämnda RCP, som också visar den troliga medelhavsnivåhöjningen till år 2100. Idag finns det globala liksom nationella åtaganden för att begränsa de utsläpp som sker för att lindra klimatförändringarna. För att kunna hantera de förändringar som oundvikligen kommer och redan sker, finns det ett brett arbete med klimatanpassningsåtgärder.  Denna uppsats syftar därför till att undersöka det arbete med klimatanpassning som görs på kommunal planeringsnivå i Sverige med hänsyn till den stigande medelhavsnivån med en tidshorisont till år 2100. Detta genomfördes genom en fallstudie av Värmdö kommuns planarbete där kommunens strategiska dokument och två detaljplaner studerades ingående. Kommunens arbete följer rekommendationen från Länsstyrelsen som baseras på regionala sammanställningar av den förväntade medelhavsnivåhöjningen utifrån äldre global forskning. Denna rekommendation överensstämmer med dagens aktuella forskning om den troliga medelhavsnivåhöjningen. Rekommendationen finns med i Värmdö kommuns detaljplaneprocesser i strandnära läge i de två fall denna uppsats studerar, liksom den kommande översiktsplanen som är under framtagande. / The current climate change affects today's society as well as tomorrow's. One of the major effects of climate change is the rising sea levels, which in the long run may have major consequences for the built environment as well as the people who live there. The global research compiled by the UNclimate panel, IPCC, is presented in Assessment Reports that are published every few years with the current research. In these reports there are four emission scenarios, called RCP, which also show the probable sea level rise by the year 2100. Today, there are global as well as national commitments to limit emissions to mitigate climate change. In order to be able to handle the changes that inevitably come and are already happening, there is substantial work with climate change adaptation measures.  This thesis therefore aims to investigate the work with climate change adaptation done at municipal planning level in Sweden with regard to the rising sea level with a time horizon to the year 2100. This was carried out through a case study of Värmdö municipality's planning work where the municipality's strategic documents and two detailed plans were studied in detail. The municipality's work follows the recommendation from the regional government branch, Länsstyrelsen, which is based on regional compilations of the expected sea level rise based on older global research. This recommendation works in accordance with current research on the likely rise in sea levels. The recommendation is included in Värmdö municipality's detailed planning processes in coastal locations in the two cases this thesis is studying, as well as the forthcoming master plan that is being prepared

This study uplifted the stories of formerly incarcerated and/or system-impacted students attending a California community college (i.e., “Rising Scholars”) to provide qualitative context to a growing literature following the state’s promotion of support programs at the University of California (UC), California State University (CSU), and California Community Colleges (CCC) systems. This study interviewed six formerly incarcerated/system impacted Rising Scholars using a narrative inquiry methodology with a theoretical framework of Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Desistance theory to inquire about their educational experiences before and during their enrollment at an urban California community college with reentry support. Key themes in the interviews include trauma in early educational experiences, dropping out of college, the gendered experiences of formerly incarcerated women, the role of pregnancy and parenthood as a turning point, and authentic care expressed by the support staff. The narratives of the participants are offered as a counter-narrative to the quantitative neoliberal practice of justifying reentry programs based solely on reductions in recidivism rates. Recommendations include increasing trauma-informed pedagogy in TK-12 and Postsecondary education, recruiting and educating more allies for Rising Scholars on campus, ensuring that campus reentry support programs fully meet the needs of female Rising Scholars, and uplifting successes and scholarship by Rising Scholars to build lasting structural support for the Rising Scholars Network.

<p> The Ontario shoreline of Lake Huron is one of the most populated areas, with reference to recreational purposes, in Ontario. However, with the rising water levels of the Great Lakes during 1972 and again in 1973, serious problems of beach erosion have resulted, particularly in the area of Grand Bend and Port Franks. This loss of sand has threatened cottages built on the dunes in addition to destroying breakwalls, steps, and boat launching ramps along the beach. It was with the idea of learning more about the beach, and possibly suggesting some methods of beach protection, that the research for this thesis was initiated. During the course of study, the author also became interested in the Ausable River and the associated flooding and erosion problems, with reference to past, present, and future attempts to solve or at least alleviate these difficulties. Thus, one section of the thesis is concerned with the Ausable River alone. </p> <p> The beach studied is actually the culmination of a series of raised beaches, formed during higher post-glacial lake stages. These raised beaches formed a bar separating the now non-existent Ausable Bay from Lake Huron, forming a lagoon eastward of the beach. This bar extends from Grand Bend, in a southwest direction, and culminates at Kettle Point. However, for the purposes of this thesis, that section between Grand Bend and Port Franks received the greatest amount of concentrated study. Over the years, the lagoon, formed by the growth of the bar has silted up, and is now drained for agricultural purposes. </p> <p> The modern beach was observed during the summer of 1972. This involved, profiling of a portion of the shore and offshore topography, procuring beach samples for later analysis, the use of sequential air photographs for observing changes over time, and the analysis of wind and wave data, along with many conversations with local residents and personal observations. </p> <p> The subsequent study of the above factors revealed several major conclusions regarding the beach. First, that it has good natural protection against erosion due to the abundance of sand s tored by the dunes. Second, the beach appears to be in an equilibrium state, however as lake levels fluctuate, so must the beach level, thus destroying the equilibrium for a period of time. With the lowering of the water level, the beach will become wider, exposing sand to the onshore winds, which will in turn rebuild the dunes with the blowing sand. Finally, because of the prximity of man-made structures to the beach, on the unstable dunes, some method of stabilizing the beach is necessary. That suggested is a groin system, designed and constructed by the local authorities. This would help prevent erosion and would eliminate the often vain and possibly dangerous, (to the natural environment), attempts by individuals to halt erosion. </p> <p> This is by no means a complete study of the area and its problems. Further consideration should be given to proposals which have been presented to the local conservation authority, and which were designed to alleviate some of these problems, particularly at Port Franks. The suggestions made here should also be given further thought. In addition to these practical problems, the actual growth of the original bar would provide an interesting subject for study. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Vårt samhälle står inför stora utmaningar när det kommer till klimatförändringarna. Inte minst i att anpassa samhället för att hantera konsekvenser som stigande havsnivåer och kusterosion. Denna studie kommer därför att undersöka hur arbetet kring stigande havsnivåer och kusterosion hanteras och samordnas i kommunal och regional fysisk planering. Den kommer också att undersöka vad nationella och regionala planeringsdokument har för betydelse för kustkommuners implementering av åtgärder i sin översiktsplanering. Syftet med studien är att undersöka fyra skånska kustkommuners arbete med frågan. I studien används teorier kring governance (nätverksstyrning), New Public Management, implementeringsteori, wicked problems och ett analysverktyg om skyddsstrategier: reträtt, försvar och attack. Uppsatsen har en kvalitativ ansats där fallstudier använts som metodologi, databassökningar med nyckelord samt dokumentstudie med närläsning som metod. Det empiriska material som studerats är kommunernas översiktsplaner och regionala planeringsdokument. Det har också skett en närläsning av nationella planeringsdokument som en viktig bakgrund i studien. Under uppsatsen har vi även haft kontakt med två tjänstepersoner inom kommunal förvaltning. Genom sin expertkunskap har de bidragit med vägledning i hur planeringsvärlden fungerar. Studien har visat på både likheter och skillnader i kommunernas strategier för upprättande av kustskydd. Länsstyrelsen Skåne anser dock att samtliga kommuner är för vaga i sin vägledning. Av både de nationella planeringsdokumenten och det empiriska materialet framgår det att flera aktörer anser att ansvaret för klimatfrågan är otydligt. Den nationella nivån kritiseras också för att ge för vaga riktlinjer. Nätverksstyrningen och lagstiftningen är två orsaker som ofta lyfts fram. Genom det empiriska materialet kan vi se att otydliga riktlinjer leder till problematik när länsstyrelsen och kommunerna gör olika bedömningar kring implementering av kustskydd. Vi har kunnat konstatera att det ofta sker en krock på grund av det kommunala planmonopolet. Kommunerna och i vissa fall även länsstyrelserna efterfrågar tydligare statlig styrning. Vår bedömning är att det kan finnas en fördel med att den statliga styrningen i klimatanpassningsfrågan förtydligas. Antingen genom tydligare lagstiftning eller bättre samordning av en myndighet. Vi bedömer också att kommunerna behöver låta klimatanpassningsfrågan ta större utrymme i översiktsplaneringen. / Our society is facing major challenges when it comes to dealing with climate change, not least in adapting society to deal with consequences such as rising sea levels and coastal erosion. This study will examine how the work on rising sea levels and coastal erosion is managed and coordinated in municipal and regional spatial planning. It will also examine how national and regional planning documents affect the implementation of coastal protection in the municipalities' comprehensive planning. The purpose of the study is to investigate four coastal municipalities in Skåne. The study uses theories of governance, New Public Management, implementation theory, wicked problems and an analysis tool on protection strategies: retreat, defense and attack. The thesis has a qualitative approach where case studies are used as a methodology, data base researches and document study with close reading as a method. The empirical material studied is the municipalities' comprehensive plans and regional planning documents. A close reading of national planning documents has also been used as an important background to the study. During the thesis, we have also had contact with two experts in municipal administration. Through their expertise, they have contributed with knowledge of how the planning world is functioning. The study has shown both similarities and differences between the municipalities and their strategies for establishing coastal protection. However, the County Administrative Board of Skåne believes that all municipalities are too vague in their guidance. Both the close reading of the national planning documents and the empirical material show that several actors consider the responsibility for the climate issue to be unclear. The national level is also often criticized for providing unclear guidelines. Governance and legislation are often identified as causes. In the empirical material, we can see that unclear guidelines lead to problems when the county administrative boards and the municipalities make different assessments regarding the implementation of coastal protection. We have found that there is often a clash due to the Swedish municipal planning monopoly. The municipalities, and in some cases also the county administrative boards, demand clearer state control. Our assessment is that there may be an advantage in clarifying the governmental management of the climate change adaptation issue, either through clearer legislation or better coordination by an authority. We also believe that municipalities have to prioritize the climate change adaptation issue better in their comprehensive planning.

Klimatförändringar är ett problem i dagens samhälle och förväntas öka i framtiden. En utmaning som Sveriges kommuner, inte minst Göteborgs stad och Helsingborgs stad, står inför är stigande havsnivåer till följd av klimatförändringar. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur Göteborgs stad och Helsingborgs stad hanterar översvämningar vid stigande havsnivåer samt vilka riktlinjer som ligger till grund för arbetet. Med hanteringen följer även utmaningar i planeringsprocessen, som i studien undersöks. Med hjälp av ramverket Urban Climate Risk Framework samt begreppen risk och sårbarhet visar studien att olika förutsättningar påverkar hur kommuner planerar för risken att utsättas för översvämning. En dokumentanalys och kompletterande kvalitativa intervjuer ligger till grund för studiens genomförande. Resultatet av studien visar att det finns likheter i de båda kommunerna med hur de hanterar stigande havsnivåer med hjälp av åtgärder och strategier, dock krävs det en förändring i lagstiftningen i takt med att ny kunskap framkommer. / Climate change is a problem in today’s society and is expected to increase in the future. A challenge that Gothenburg and Helsingborg are facing is rising sea levels as a result of climate change. The purpose of the study is to investigate how these two municipalities handle floods in the event of rising sea levels and which guidelines are used in the work. The managing of floods poses challenges for the planning process, which are examined in the study. Using the Urban Climate Risk Framework and the concepts of risk and vulnerability, we acknowledge that different conditions affect how municipalities plan for the risk of being exposed to flooding. The study's methods are document analysis and supplementary qualitative interviews. Results from the study show that there are similarities in the two municipalities with how they deal with rising sea levels, however, change in legislation is required as new knowledge emerges.

Women have been part of modern revolutions since the American Revolution against Great Britain. Most descriptions and analyses of revolution relegate women to a supporting role, or make no mention of women's involvement at all. This work differs from prior efforts in that it will explore one possible explanation for the successes of three revolutions based upon the levels of women's support for those revolutions. An analysis of the three cases (Ireland, Russia, and Nicaragua) suggests a series of hypotheses about women's participation in revolution and its importance to revolutions' success.

Cette thèse s’attache à comprendre les rapports sociaux qui se jouent dans les pratiques de journalisme dit participatif dans l’objectif d’appréhender l’évolution du monde de la presse écrite en France. Pour saisir le sens du phénomène dans sa globalité, nous proposons un modèle qui s’inscrit dans les approches de la complexité (Morin, 1990), du systémisme (Watzlawick, 1972) et du constructivisme (Le Moigne, 1995). Le modèle d’analyse est construit sur trois niveaux inspirés par ceux définis dans la construction sociale des usages (Proulx, 2005) : le micro-social pour l’étude des pratiques sur les sites web de journalisme dit participatif, le méso-social pour l’étude de l’émergence du phénomène dans le monde de la presse écrite, et le niveau macro-historique pour l’étude de formes d’amateurisme récurrentes dans l’histoire du journalisme. Ce découpage de la situation s’opère autour d’un canevas méthodologique qualitatif qui prend appui sur des méthodes adaptatives parmi lesquelles la sémiotique situationnelle (Mucchielli, 2008), l’analyse institutionnelle (Lourau, 1969) ou encore l’analyse de l’imaginaire technique (Flichy, 2001). / This thesis is bound to the comprehension of social links taking part in the applications of the journalism called participative tending to apprehend the french evolution of the written press. In order to grasp the meaning of the phenomenon in all its entirety , an example is proposed in terms of the approaches concerning the complexity (Morin, 1990), the systemism (Watzlawick, 1972) and the constructivism (Le Moigne, 1995). The analytical pattern is built on tree levels inspired by those defined in the social construction of applications (Proulx, 2005): the micro-social usage particive journalism on web-sites, the meso-social concerning the research on the brought-up phenomenon in written press, and the macro-historical level tending to the amateuriscal recurrent forms in the history of journalism. The cutting situation rises out around a canevas of qualifitative methodologies resting on suitable methods amongst which the situational semiotic (Mucchielli, 2008) the institutional analysis (Lourau, 1969) or the analysis of the technical conception (Flichy, 2001).