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This paper utilizes fantasy football snake drafts to analyze risk tolerance of individuals who are trying to maximize their present and future utility, but are faced with unknown factors and only have limited resources. Fantasy football provides a unique perspective on risk tolerance, different than the commonly researched fields of auctions, financial portfolios, and lotteries. I examine mock draft data from Fantasy Football Calculator as well as rankings data from Fantasy Pros to gauge the amount of risk associated with each draft pick. I find that the more perceived uncertainty that is connected to an individual selection, the more likely the selection will exhibit risk averse characteristics.

There is a critical need for entrepreneurial action to stimulate the economy, this study aimed to investigate how entrepreneurs make decisions, how they perceive financial risk and how their decision-making linked to their risk profile translates into their firms’ financial growth. To do this study had to firstly, understand how entrepreneurs make decisions. Sarasvathy's (2001) seminal work in this field distinguished between entrepreneurs who follow an effectuation or a causation decision making process. Causation is compared to puzzle building where all the pieces are there, but needs to be assembled. Whereas effectuation is compared to patchwork quilting where the entrepreneur need to develop the opportunity while constantly changing direction as new information becomes available. The findings showed that causation logic is more common in terms of decision making with entrepreneurs, which is contrary to findings of Sarasvathy (2001). Secondly, this study set out to understand how entrepreneurs perceive financial risk by measuring their financial risk tolerance levels. This was measured independently for entrepreneurs following the effectuation as well as a causation approach. The results indicated that the majority of entrepreneurs were ranked in the moderate risk taking category according to the FinaMetrica model. Entrepreneurs who follow causation logic had a greater aptitude for risk than their counterparts who followed an effectuation approach. Thirdly, this study determined whether a statistically significant correlation existed between the decision-making approach, risk tolerance levels and the financial growth achieved by the entrepreneurial firm. This study did not find a statistically significant relationship between these constructs. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Forskning tyder på att faktorer som exempelvis personlighetsdrag, kön, ålder, relationsstatus och erfarenhet kan påverka en individs risktolerans. Det förekommer dock tvetydigheter om hur olika faktorer påverkar risktolerans. Denna studie undersökte vilka bakgrundsvariabler och personlighets­dimensioner som relaterade till risktolerans samt vilka variabler som var mest avgörande för att kunna förklara den totala variationen av risktolerans. Studien hade tre frågeställningar. I studien deltog 133 högskolestudenter. Deltagarna fick besvara en enkät bestående av Shafers personality scale som mäter de grundläggande personlighetsdimensionerna enligt femfaktorteorin samt 13-item instrument som mäter risktolerans. Studiens frågeställningar besvarades med Pearsons produktmomentkorrelationskoefficient och en stegvis multipel linjär regressionsanalys med forward selection. Korrelationerna visade att män, ekonomistudenter och privatsparande hade högre risktolerans än kvinnor, övriga ämnesområden och icke-privatsparade. Neuroticism korrelerade negativt med risktolerans. Samma variabler var mest avgörande och kunde förklara 28% av den totala variationen i risktolerans bland högskolestudenter. Det diskuterades att intresse och kunskap möjligen inverkade på risktolerans.

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No description available.

Infant Feeding in HIV in Canada is an increasingly challenging and confusing aspect of clinical care for providers and patients due to differences in recommendations in Canada compared to low income countries. The frequency of breastfeeding occurring in Canada is not documented or known, and is shrouded in stigma because of fear of criminalization or child apprehension in the midst of a culture where ‘breast is best’ messaging dominates. Breastmilk transmission data comes from observational and randomized controlled trials completed in low resource settings, which may not be generalizable to Canadian clinical settings. Previous literature has not explored provider perspectives on this issue, especially in high resource settings. We developed a survey to explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices of adult and pediatric HIV care providers in Canada. This survey explores the provider knowledge levels, risk tolerance and perceived stigma pertaining to infant feeding in HIV. Using exploratory analysis including descriptive statistics and regression modelling, we developed scales on the above listed three subject areas. The overall opinions of providers were that formula feeding should remain the recommendation due to the potential risk to the infant; and that women should be supported to access formula and resources to overcome barriers to formula feeding. Providers varied in their risk tolerance and the degree of stigma they perceived associated with infant feeding for their patients. Providers did not feel that breastfeeding is a criminal matter, but in some circumstances they would consider involving child protection services. Focus group consultation with women living with HIV, provided insight into the experiences, and clinical and research priorities for women living with HIV on infant feeding. A provider meeting was organized to discuss the challenges and resources pertaining to infant feeding in Canada across the provinces. Providers described diverse patient populations with differing needs. Using a World Café model for discussion, priority needs were decided through consensus including the need for knowledge translational resources to convey information to women living with HIV on infant feeding, and the need for evidence based consensus clinical management guidelines was evident. Quantifying the frequency of breastfeeding occurring in Canada by women living with HIV will help to understand how often this issue is encountered. A preliminary qualitative approach to understanding infant feeding issues for women living with HIV using focus groups is described. However, further exploration in a community based approached is needed to explore the needs and challenges faced by families affected by HIV around infant feeding. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Infant Feeding in HIV in Canada is an increasingly challenging aspect of clinical care. Information on breastmilk transmission comes from studies completed in lower income countries, and this may not be applicable to the Canadian HIV setting. Previous literature has not explored provider perspectives on this issue, especially in high-income countries like Canada. In this knowledge, attitudes and practices survey of HIV care providers in Canada, the main findings were that formula feeding should remain the recommendation due to the potential risk of HIV infection occurring in the baby, however women should be supported to access formula and resources to overcome barriers to formula feeding. Providers do not feel that breastfeeding is a criminal matter, but in some circumstances may consider involving child protection services. We performed community consultation using focus groups to understand some of the issues women face with infant feeding, some of the clinical solutions they would support, and research questions and knowledge translation they would want undertaken. A provider meeting to discuss the challenges pertaining to infant feeding in Canada demonstrated that although populations differ, the need for knowledge translational resources to convey information to women living with HIV on infant feeding was universal. Furthermore, the need for evidence based consensus clinical management guidelines would improve the quality of care provided.

The purpose is to investigate whether there are any significant differences in risk                                                             tolerance in equity investments between the genders. Further, the study intends to                                                        investigate wether independent factors such as age, income, education and                                                                  confidence effects the risk tolerance of an individual.Method: The study has adapted a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The                                                      primary data has been collected through surveys and semi-structured interviews.                                                           The adopted research approach  is deductive and the study population consists of                                                                men and women in Sweden, which are or have been active equity investors. Theory: Describes the concept of risk tolerance in financial decisions. The theory further                                                             explains an individual’s descisionprocess in relation to risk, with its overvaluation                                                         to a positive probability and its undervaluation to a negative risk. Further, a                                                     several factors are explained and discussed that influence an individual’s risk                                                        tolerance. Conclusion: Differences in risktolerance between the genders has been proved. Furthermore,                                                             the influence of the factors age, income and education are statistically proved.                                                                Finally the impact of self confidence were proven through qualitative data. / Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka om det finns några signifikanta skillnader i riskbenägenhet                                                        vid aktieplacering mellan könen. Vidare ämnar studien undersöka om oberoende                                                           faktorer som ålder, inkomst, utbildning och självförtroende påverkar                                                                        riskbenägenheten hos en individ. Metod: Studien har antagit en kombination av kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod.                                                                         Primärdata har således samlats in via enkätundersökningar samt delvis                                                                           strukturerade intervjuer. Studiens sekundärdata består av tidigare forskning.                                            Forskningsansatsen som antagits är deduktiv och studiens population utgörs av                                                  män och kvinnor i Sverige, vilka är eller någon gång har varit aktiva                                                                         aktieplacerare. Teori: Beskriver begreppet riskbenägenhet vid finansiella beslut. Även teori som                                                                         förklarar en individs beslutsprocess i förhållande till risk, med dess                                                                                   övervärderingar till en positiv sannolikhet och dess undervärdering till en negativ                                                          risk. Vidare förklaras och diskuteras ett flertal faktorer som påverkar en individs                                                           riskbenägenhet. Slutsats: Skillnad i riskbenägenhet mellan könen har påvisats. Vidare har påverkan från                                                                faktorerna ålder, inkomst och utbildning statistiskt bevisats. Avslutningsvis                                             bevisades självförtroendes påverkan genom kvalitativ data.

Investerare har under en lång tid försökt reda ut huruvida det går att slå marknaden. Vilket perspektiv som investeraren har med avseende på möjligheten att slå marknaden blir aktuellt vid val av investeringsalternativ. Ett vanligt förekommande alternativ är fonder där flöden av kapital är beroende av faktorer på makronivå. Hur en investerare väljer att placera sitt kapital är även påverkat av den upplevda risknivån som innefattar diverse faktorer. Syftet med uppsatsen var att studera hur nettoflödet av investeringsfonder korrelerade med konjunkturläget, som en faktor på makronivå, under perioden 1999 till 2017. Därtill observerades vilka faktorer och risker som påverkade investerare vid val av investeringsfond. En kvantitativ forskningsstrategi användes och två undersökningar genomfördes, en analys av historisk data samt en enkätundersökning. Resultatet visade att det inte återfanns några starka korrelationer mellan investeringsfondernas nettoflöden och konjunkturläget. Därtill påvisades att de observerade faktorerna påverkade i högre- eller lägre grad, dock var spridningen mellan faktorerna jämna. Den risk som tolererades mest var risken som enskilda företag stod inför. Sammanfattningsvis noteras att nettoflöden till fonder är en komplicerad process som sannolikt är beroende flertalet variabler. Undersökningen resulterade därutöver i en förståelse att varken risk eller diverse faktorer sticker nämnvärt ut i en investerares val av fond. / Investors have for a long time tried to find out whether the market can be beaten. What perspective the investor has with regard to the possibility of beating the market becomes relevant when choosing an investment alternative. One commo alternative is funds where capital flows are dependent on factors at amacro level. How an investor chooses to place his or her capitalis also influenced by the perceived level of risk that includes various factors. The purpose of the paper was to study how the netflow of investment funds correlated with the businesscycle,as a factor at the macrolevel,during the period 1999 to 2017. In addition, it was observed which factors and risks influenced investors in the choice of investment fund. A quantitative research strategy was used and two surveys were conducted, an analysis of historical data and a questionnaire survey. The results howed that there were no strong correlations between the investment funds' netflows and the businesscycle. In addition, it was demonstrated that the observed factors affected to a higher-or lower degree, however, the spread between the factors was even.The most tolerable risk was the risk faced by individual companies. In summary, it is noted that netflows to funds are a complicated process that is probably dependent on several variables. In addition, the paper resulted in an understanding that neither risk nor various factors stands out in an investor's choice of fund.

O tema central deste trabalho é a influência da cultura nacional na tolerância ao risco individual. Os capitulo 1 aborda os objetivos, fases e justificativa da pesquisa, apresentando os aspectos principais acerca do objetivo e delineamento da pesquisa.. O capitulo 2 apresenta a revisão bibliográfica, onde se busca levantar os principais conceitos sobre as Finanças Comportamentais, as chamadas anomalias dos modelos de equilíbrio, e a psicologia aplicada a finanças e economia. Também é abordada a teoria de tolerância a risco e também as principais pesquisas sobre Cultura e suas conseqüências na administração de empresas O capitulo 3 apresenta a metodologia de pesquisa, onde se enfoca a metodologia de pesquisa deste trabalho, apresentando os questionários da pesquisa piloto e da pesquisa de campo. Apresentase, também os instrumentos de análise estatística que serão usados no trabalho e os modelos de regressão múltipla que serão efetuadas para se buscar os resultados da pesquisa. O capitulo 4 apresenta os resultados de pesquisa, quando são mostrados em detalhes os dados demográficos dos respondentes da pesquisa, e o cálculo das dimensões de Hofstede, dos scores RTS de tolerância ao risco, assim como os resultados principais dos modelos de regressão múltipla. O capitulo 5 apresenta as conclusões de pesquisa, focando os principais resultados, as limitações de pesquisa e sugestões para pesquisas futuras. O capitulo 6 apresenta a bibliografia consultada. O capítulo 7 apresenta os principais apêndices elaborados neste trabalho. O capítulo 8 apresenta alguns anexos deste trabalho. / The central theme of this study is the relationship between Culture and Risk Tolerance. On the chapter 1, we present the general objectives, main phases and the importance of this investigation. On the chapter 2, we present a review on the academic literature of behavioral finance, risk tolerance and culture. On the chapter 3, we present a discussion on the methodology that we would apply in the investigation, showing the questionnaires that we have applied. We also show the regression models that we have used on this study. On the chapter 4, we show the results of the investigations. On chapter 5 we discuss the main results, the main limits and suggestions for future investigations.