A discussion of the concept of worldview shows that how an artist conceives the world in his images is governed by his worldview - an amalgam of the worldview of the group of which he is a part modified by his own ideas, beliefs, attitudes, perceptions and upbringing. The author proposes that studying an artist's work can reveal his, and hence his group's, worldview and thus the attitudes prevalent when the work was produced. A brief historical sketch of the Eastern Cape to 1834 introduces the various settlers in the area. Though no known examples of Black, Boer or Khoi pictorial art are extant, both the Bushmen and the British left such records. A short analysis of rock art shows how the worldview of the Bushman is inherent in their images which reflect man's world as seen with the "inner" eye of the spirit. In white settler art, the author submits that spatial relationships changed in response to a growing confidence as the "savage" land was "civilised" and that the position, pose and size of figures - and the inclusion or exclusion of certain groups - reflect socio-political changes. The two foremost nineteenth-century Eastern Cape artists, Thomas Baines and Frederick I'Ons, succeeded in capturing the atmosphere of Frontier life but are shown to interpret their surroundings through the rose-tinted spectacles of British Romanticism. They also reveal individuality in approach - Baines preferring expansive views while I'Ons's landscapes tend to be "closed-in", strictly following the coulisse scheme of Picturesque painting. Perhaps, the author postulates, such differences result from the very different environments, i.e. Norfolk and London, in which the two grew up. I'Ons is shown typically to use generalised landscapes as backdrops for his foreground figures, while comparing Baines's scenes with modern photographs shows that he adjusted the spacial elements of the topography as well as the temporal sequence of events to suit aesthetic considerations. Lithographed reports of his work contain even further adjustments. The author concludes that the use of Africana art as historical records must be treated with great caution.

This volume represents the first systematic attempt to compare the rock paintings and rock engravings southern Africa. It demonstrates that these two categories have less in common than has hitherto been recognised. For example, whilst the majority of rock paintings show human beings, more than 90 per cent of the engravings consist of geometric motifs. / Dieser Band repräsentiert den ersten systematischen Versuch, die Felsmalereien und Felsgravuren des südlichen Afrikas zu vergleichen. Er belegt, dass diese beiden Kategorien weniger gemeinsam haben, als bis jetzt angenommen wurde. Zum Beispiel zeigt die Mehrheit der Felsmalerien Menschen, während mehr als 90% der Gravuren aus geometrischen Motiven bestehen.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (History of Art), March 2017 / Within this research report, I explore how the (re-)integration of writing and photography enhances an understanding of the role of the personal within documentary practices. I focus on a portion of the Frobenius Archive as my case study, specifically the documents produced during the five-week Natal leg of the ninth expedition in early 1929. The German Leo Frobenius (b.1873–d.1938) was a primarily self-taught Africanist ethnographer, who had an interdisciplinary practice that blurred the boundaries between anthropology, archaeology and history. He conducted a total of twelve expeditions within Africa between 1904 and 1935, and his objective on these expeditions was to record ways of life that he felt were vulnerable to changes due to modernity. The documents collected during the Natal leg consist of field notes, photographs, hand-drawn pictures and diary entries. The field notes comprise of a set of eleven rock art site descriptions that have been constructed by the three artists: Maria Weyersberg, Elisabeth Mannsfeld and Agnes Schulz. Weyersberg’s diary entries provide a more impressionistic set of notes, tracking the day-today unfolding of their journey (but with many gaps). The subject matter of the photographs ranges from the rock art sites and the landscapes these sites are a part of, to the people they encountered along the way. I engaging with the concept of writing, particularly through the example of Weyersberg’s personal diaries, and the ways in which these entries relate to the photographs, creating a space in between where the personal relationships would have played themselves out. Within this research report I demonstrate that writing and photography can be brought back together in order to restore something of the original encounter and that this (re-)integration offers an opportunity for a new dialogue and a new understanding to be achieved. / MT2018

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 michel.pdf: 4347892 bytes, checksum: 7284dd2e7b792726651a9c18e5695833 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This paper intends to present a Brazilian past known by few people, engraved rock paintings throughout Brazil s territory. For that, we focused our research on rock paintings found in The Serra da Capivara National Park, close to São Raimundo Nonato city in PI, an abundant source of information. As part of the history of our ancient society, these rock paintings made thousands of years ago tell the story of hunters and gatherers groups. Voicing their wishes, needs, beliefs and feelings, the paintings speak for their people. These paintings show how people related among themselves and with other groups, they are similar to an instruction s manual because they taught people at that time how to live, and now, are part of our cultural patrimony. They show the place s fauna and flora. A strong dynamism can be seen in running, walking, hunting, sex and juggling scenes allowing us to know a little bit about their lifestyle. The paintings are divided in three rock traditions known as the Northeast, Agreste (dry land), and Geometric. Most of them are part of the Northeast group which has there its main point of propagation. The evidences studied are the trail of our own history and contribute to build our national identity. Exposed for millions of years, they were only shown publically about 30 years ago, thanks to the archeologist Niède Guidon who created The Serra da Capivara National Park and the American Man Museum Foundation, both known internationally to protect the history of our country. It is also maintained by the Foundation schools, workshops, training centers to instructors and teams to protect the Park. The paper shows that rock paintings inspired a number of artists in Art History, including some in the São Raimundo Nonato area. Current artists and buyers are mentioned. It is also presented a connection between pre-historical rock paintings and the mural art seen nowadays / Esta tese procura desvelar um passado brasileiro pouco conhecido, mas que se encontra inscrito em suportes rochosos espalhados pelo território nacional, ou seja, as pinturas rupestres. Para isso, focamos nossa pesquisa nas pinturas do Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, próximo à cidade de São Raimundo Nonato PI, uma fonte inesgotável de informações. Compondo parte da história de nossa sociedade mais antiga, essas pinturas, produzidas há milhares de anos, narram a história de grupos caçadores e coletores. Anunciando seus desejos, suas necessidades, suas crenças e seus sentimentos, elas são porta-vozes dos povos ancestrais. Mostram o modo como eles se relacionavam entre si e com os outros grupos, são um manual de instrução, pois ensinavam a lidar com a vida e constituem um acervo cultural. Apresentam a fauna e a flora da região. Um forte dinamismo é visto nas cenas de corridas, andanças, caçadas, sexo e malabarismos, permitindo conhecer o modo de vida dos grupos. As pinturas estão divididas em três tradições rupestres , a Nordeste, a Agreste e a Geométrica. A maioria, contudo, pertence à Nordeste, que tem ali seu principal foco de difusão. Os vestígios analisados são registros de nossa ancestralidade e contribuem para a formação da identidade nacional. Expostos há milhares de anos, só foram revelados ao grande público há mais ou menos trinta anos, graças a arqueóloga Niède Guidon, que se empenhou na criação do Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara e da Fundação Museu do Homem Americano, ambas de reconhecimento internacional, para resguardar a memória do país. A Fundação mantém escolas, oficinas, centros de treinamentos para guias e equipes para conservação do Parque. A tese mostra que as pinturas rupestres serviram de inspiração para inúmeros artistas plásticos na História da Arte, inclusive alguns da região de São Raimundo Nonato. São lembrados os produtores e os usuários atuais. Também é apresentada uma relação entre as pinturas rupestres da pré-história e a produção mural de hoje

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:56:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 michel.pdf: 4347892 bytes, checksum: 7284dd2e7b792726651a9c18e5695833 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This paper intends to present a Brazilian past known by few people, engraved rock paintings throughout Brazil s territory. For that, we focused our research on rock paintings found in The Serra da Capivara National Park, close to São Raimundo Nonato city in PI, an abundant source of information. As part of the history of our ancient society, these rock paintings made thousands of years ago tell the story of hunters and gatherers groups. Voicing their wishes, needs, beliefs and feelings, the paintings speak for their people. These paintings show how people related among themselves and with other groups, they are similar to an instruction s manual because they taught people at that time how to live, and now, are part of our cultural patrimony. They show the place s fauna and flora. A strong dynamism can be seen in running, walking, hunting, sex and juggling scenes allowing us to know a little bit about their lifestyle. The paintings are divided in three rock traditions known as the Northeast, Agreste (dry land), and Geometric. Most of them are part of the Northeast group which has there its main point of propagation. The evidences studied are the trail of our own history and contribute to build our national identity. Exposed for millions of years, they were only shown publically about 30 years ago, thanks to the archeologist Niède Guidon who created The Serra da Capivara National Park and the American Man Museum Foundation, both known internationally to protect the history of our country. It is also maintained by the Foundation schools, workshops, training centers to instructors and teams to protect the Park. The paper shows that rock paintings inspired a number of artists in Art History, including some in the São Raimundo Nonato area. Current artists and buyers are mentioned. It is also presented a connection between pre-historical rock paintings and the mural art seen nowadays / Esta tese procura desvelar um passado brasileiro pouco conhecido, mas que se encontra inscrito em suportes rochosos espalhados pelo território nacional, ou seja, as pinturas rupestres. Para isso, focamos nossa pesquisa nas pinturas do Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, próximo à cidade de São Raimundo Nonato PI, uma fonte inesgotável de informações. Compondo parte da história de nossa sociedade mais antiga, essas pinturas, produzidas há milhares de anos, narram a história de grupos caçadores e coletores. Anunciando seus desejos, suas necessidades, suas crenças e seus sentimentos, elas são porta-vozes dos povos ancestrais. Mostram o modo como eles se relacionavam entre si e com os outros grupos, são um manual de instrução, pois ensinavam a lidar com a vida e constituem um acervo cultural. Apresentam a fauna e a flora da região. Um forte dinamismo é visto nas cenas de corridas, andanças, caçadas, sexo e malabarismos, permitindo conhecer o modo de vida dos grupos. As pinturas estão divididas em três tradições rupestres , a Nordeste, a Agreste e a Geométrica. A maioria, contudo, pertence à Nordeste, que tem ali seu principal foco de difusão. Os vestígios analisados são registros de nossa ancestralidade e contribuem para a formação da identidade nacional. Expostos há milhares de anos, só foram revelados ao grande público há mais ou menos trinta anos, graças a arqueóloga Niède Guidon, que se empenhou na criação do Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara e da Fundação Museu do Homem Americano, ambas de reconhecimento internacional, para resguardar a memória do país. A Fundação mantém escolas, oficinas, centros de treinamentos para guias e equipes para conservação do Parque. A tese mostra que as pinturas rupestres serviram de inspiração para inúmeros artistas plásticos na História da Arte, inclusive alguns da região de São Raimundo Nonato. São lembrados os produtores e os usuários atuais. Também é apresentada uma relação entre as pinturas rupestres da pré-história e a produção mural de hoje

The rock engraving site of Driekopseiland, west of Kimberley in the Northern Cape is distinctively situated on glaciated basement rock in the bed of the Riet River, and has a wealth of over 3500 engravings, preponderantly geometric images. Most other sites in the region have greater proportions of, or are dominated by, animal imagery. In early interpretations, it was often considered that ethnicity was the principal factor in this variabilty. From the 1960s the focus shifted more to establishing a quantative definition of the site, and an emperical understanding of it within the emerging cultural and environmental history of the region.

The rock engraving site of Driekopseiland, west of Kimberley in the Northern Cape is distinctively situated on glaciated basement rock in the bed of the Riet River, and has a wealth of over 3500 engravings, preponderantly geometric images. Most other sites in the region have greater proportions of, or are dominated by, animal imagery. In early interpretations, it was often considered that ethnicity was the principal factor in this variabilty. From the 1960s the focus shifted more to establishing a quantative definition of the site, and an emperical understanding of it within the emerging cultural and environmental history of the region.

No description available.

The majestic mountains of the uKhahlamba Drakensberg, formed many millennia ago were home to the Bushmen[footnote 1] or San people. They lived at these mountains for thousands of years before they were colonised by the Bantu speakers and the Europeans. Academic writings for many years have perpetuated the thinking that Bushman people were largely extinct. The dominance of this view in the academic writings was encouraged by historical evidence that Europeans and Bantu speakers hunted and killed Bushmen over the last several centuries. Researchers argue that the extermination of the Bushmen was because they were less human in the eyes of the foreigners, due to cattle raiding. There is still some element of this thinking amongst today’s academics, although research in the last decade is questioning this thinking. The question of whether descendants do exist is relevant to issues of rights of access to ancestral sacred sites, in particular rock art sites. At present, access to rock art sites is granted on qualification as an authentic fee-paying tourist (or affordability) rather than on group rights to a cultural heritage resource (cultural rights). Based on this, I argue that access to rock art sites is based on qualification rather than by right. This is largely driven by an approach that emphasises the physical conservation and financial sustainability of a site, rather than its spiritual maintenance. It has become clear that the interests in rock art by tourists and Bushman descendants are distinct from each other. Tourists have an aesthetic significance for rock art while Bushmen descendants have a spiritual significance for the paintings. Beyond any doubt, the physically based and financially driven approach has brought new challenges to today’s Bushmen descendants, whom in reaffirming their identities now have a new challenge to overcome. Not only are the rock art sites physically threatened but also they have lost much of their spiritual powers. Their fate lies in the hands of heritage officers who must determine access rights to the painted shelters. Both the National Heritage Resources Act and the KwaZulu-Natal Heritage Act acknowledge living heritage. However, the existence of this heritage is judged against the physical approach to rock art management. If the practises of descendants are perceived to be a threat to the rock art, they will not be approved. The case of the Duma is a classic example. Prior to the ritual ceremony at Game Pass Shelter, Kamberg, they were informed of the minimum standards for opening a rock art site to public and rules of how people should behave while visiting painted shelters. While it was evident that there are problems with the two approaches, the spiritual and physical approach, discussed in the thesis, it is important that solutions are identified. I do not believe that one approach on its own will be good enough, for reasons discussed in the thesis. Instead, the two approaches should be implemented together to compliment each other by identifying common grounds. I provide strategies as to how I believe that such a common ground can be reached. In addition, I provide my own analytical thinking as to how these strategies can be achieved. There is no general consensus over which term is appropriate. Both terms are considered by some academics to be derogatory or pejorative (Chennels 2003). San means vagabond and was given to the Bushmen by Khoi-Khoi people, because they considered themselves of a better social class, as they had domesticated animals and were more sedentary than Bushmen. However, according to WIMSA (Thoma 2003) the word San is derived from the Hai||om language meaning “people who gather”. It is normally written Saan but it has been accepted to write San. In 1993 the San requested to be called San when referred to as an entire group. If one refers to individual people/groups they like to be called by their language and cultural name i.e. Khwe, !Kung, !Xun, Ju|’hoansi, ‡Khomani, N|u, |’Auni, Hai||om, etc In this thesis, Bushmen is a preferred term, because it is a better-known term among the people who are central to this study. It is used without any insulting connotations attached to the term.

Bibliography: pages 134-166. / Southern African archaeology has experienced several changes in theoretical perspectives over the past few decades. More recently there have been renewed calls for a more social and theoretical approach to the analysis of the prehistoric past, especially the Late Stone Age. This thesis is an account of the last 4000 years in the southwestern Cape, where material culture is analysed in terms of contextual meaning. Contextual meaning is used in conjunction with social identity theory to analyse the interaction between Khoi herders and San gatherer-hunters. I use the active processes of identity formation and maintenance to argue that both the isolationist and revisionist arguments have simplified the concepts of identity, where identity is seen to have a passive role in interaction. I argue that identity is dynamic and changeable, and that individuals have several social identities which are made salient according to the context of interaction. I use specific fine line images in the rock art to argue that these images, in conjunction with scraper styles, were used as strategies by San males to increase their self-esteem. I further argue that interaction would result in unequal gender relations and San females used specific adzes to reassert their gender identity within San society. I further argue that finger paintings and handprints may have been painted by Khoi females as part of their menstruation and/or menarche rituals. I use both the gender and social identities from the Khoi and the San to argue that these are interrelated and cannot be separated. I argue that interaction would result in unequal gender and social practices and these practices would be expressed in the material culture of that group.