This government-to-government consultation between the Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office (DOE /NV) and the Consolidated Group of Tribes and Organizations (CGTO) focused on the interpretation of 10 rock art sites; seven on the Nevada Test Site (NTS), and three on the Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Office (YMSCO). The consultation entailed a systematic ethnographic study of petroglyphs, pictographs, and other rock art manipulations. The objective of the project was to gain an understanding of the cultural significance of rock art for contemporary American Indians and its place in their traditional cultural landscapes. Research activities involved visits to rock art sites by tribal elders and tribal cultural experts. During the field visits, Indian consultants responded to standardized interviews and provided observations, comments, and recommendations regarding each of the sites under study. The project involved 14 American Indian tribes and two Indian organizations that represent Indian people having aboriginal and historic ties to lands currently occupied by the NTS. The study was initiated as part of the overall DOE /NV American Indian Program, which includes a decade of project - specific and general consultation efforts. This study built upon previous efforts and contributed to DOE /NV's understanding of American Indian cultural resources on the NTS.

The first image depicted of sail are in Egypt and dated to the late fourth millennium BC. Around the third millennium BC the introduction of sail began in the eastern Mediterranean.Some researchers do not believe that sail have existed in Scandinavia until about 8th century AD. The reason for this is because of the lack of archaeological evidence. The question that may be asked is whether it is reasonable that it took about 3000-3500 years for the sail to getto Scandinavia from the eastern Mediterranean? The purpose of this essay is to examine and describe which indications that are available to support the occurrence of the sail in Scandinavia during the Bronze Age. Indications will be studied in trade contacts, rock art boats, and boat constructions.The study is relevant to gain a greater understanding of the Scandinavia´s movements on the open water, trade contacts and boat construction during the Bronze Age.The result reveals that Scandinavia probably had an indirect contact with areas that used sails. Indications for contact with areas in Europe are shown by imports and exports of amber,metals, artefacts and similarities between rock carvings depicting ships. Some of Scandinavia´s rock art boats seem to show attributes such as mast and sails, but it is difficult to get an understanding by looking at the pictures only. One idea is that a change is required in the keel of the boats for sailing. The result reveals that an alternative to keel may have been double steering oars. From an experimental archaeological survey of Bengtsson & Bengtsson (2011), it seems that Scandinavian Bronze Age boats have managed to get sailed. / Den första avbilden av segel finns i Egypten och dateras till ca år 4000 f.Kr. Runt ca år 3000f.Kr. uppkommer segel i östra Medelhavsområdet, Persiska viken och möjligen Indien. I Skandinavien anser en del forskare att segel inte har existerat förrän ca 700 år e.Kr., då inga arkeologiska bevis för mast eller segel förekommer. Frågan som kan ställas är om det är rimligt att seglet har tagit omkring 3000-3500 år att nå Skandinavien från östra Medelhavsområdet? Syftet med studien är att undersöka och redogöra för vilka indikationer som finns för att seglet kan ha förekommit i Skandinavien under bronsåldern. Frågeställningarna har varit: Var Skandinavien i kontakt med områden som nyttjade segel eller hade kunskap om dem under bronsåldern? Vilka belägg finns för att kontakter med områden i Europa harförekommit? Kan hällbilderna från bronsåldern i Skandinavien tolkas ha mast och segel? Vad krävs i en båtkonstruktion för att den skall kunna segla? Har skandinaviska bronsåldersbåtar haft en båtkonstruktion som klarat av segling? Teorin som antagits i föreliggande uppsats har varit Bengtsson & Bengtssons (2011) som antar att segel kan ha uppkommit tidigare i Skandinavien, möjligtvis redan under bronsåldern. Studien utfördes genom en litteraturöversikt och metoden var empirisk och komperativ då forskares åsikter, antaganden och resultat från deras undersökningar jämfördes och presenterades utifrån frågeställningarnai analysen. En avgränsning har funnits genom att undersökningen främst berört områden därmast och segel kan tolkas ha förekommit samt på platser där tidigare forskning behandlat Skandinaviens hällristningar. Ytterligare avgränsning har funnits genom att en ingåendebeskrivning av hur båtkonstruktionen hos bronsåldersbåtarna såg ut, ej har angivits i detalj, utan i stället har de funktioner som ansetts viktiga för en möjlig introduktion av segel i Skandinavien främst undersökts. Resultatet visar utifrån analysen och diskussionen kring frågeställningarna att indikationerframkommer för att möjligheten finns för att segel förekom i Skandinavien under bronsåldern.

Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is a novel technique which can be used to build up a 2D pseudo-section of resistivity distribution of a porous material. Here, it is used to visualise internal moisture regimes by measuring the resistivity distribution of transects within sandstone, inferring that high resistivity equals low moisture content and vice versa. This method was used to perform two intermediate complexity laboratory tests; the first one to determine high-resolution, multi-scale drying patterns of sandstone, the second to determine capillary ingress of moisture within a sandstone block and the influence of temperature on moisture distribution. It was found that moisture behaviour showed far more complex patterns than previously acknowledged. A new model is therefore proposed which describes the influence of increased near-surface temperatures on capillary rise. This series of tests bridge the gap between field observations and mathematical models, as well as confirm the validity of ERT as a geomorphological tool. This research was continued by investigating the role of internal moisture in sandstone weathering using the Golden Gate Highlands National Park (GGHNP), South Africa as a case study. The ERT data was correlated with Equotip (rock surface hardness) and Protimeter (rock surface saturation) measurements. Seven sites were investigated, which showed that there is a non-linear correlation between rock surface hardness and internal moisture patterns. In addition, annual change measurements confirmed that the fluctuating patterns of internal moisture can be correlated to strengthening or weakening of the rock surface. This research therefore proposes two new conceptual weathering models. The first correlates ‘optimal moisture content’ to rock surface strength. The second correlates the development of shelters and changing weathering patterns to the non-linear interaction between case hardening and internal moisture. This new approach to sandstone weathering can be incorporated into conservation methods, as rock surface loss is one of the main causes of the San Rock Art deterioration observed in the GGHNP.

Le présent travail s’articule autour de plusieurs thèmes. Il s’agit de l’étude archéologique de la région du Bas Mertoutek dans la Téfedest. Cette recherche s’intéresse à tous les documents archéologiques présents sur le terrain. L’analyse des sites d’habitat néolithiques et l’étude des vestiges récoltés lors des fouilles, ont permis de les situer parmi les cultures néolithiques de l’Ahaggar et du Sahara central. De même, l’étude des monuments funéraires, l’analyse de leur distribution géographique ainsi que la fouille de certaines formes architecturales, ont conduit à affiner nos connaissances sur ces monuments et à comprendre les différents rites funéraires et les diverses positions d’inhumation. L’étude de l’art rupestre, peint et gravé, se trouvant dans ce contexte funéraire et d’habitat préhistorique, à contribué grandement à la compréhension des modalités de mise en place et d’installation de ces groupes culturels, artisans de ces industries lithiques et céramiques, des monuments funéraires et des fresques rupestres dont regorge cette région. Cette recherche a aussi contribué à mieux connaître le peuplement holocène de ces régions désertiques, ses modes de vie, son évolution et les éventuelles relations entre tous les vestiges qui ont été pris en charge dans ce travail. / The present work focuses on several themes. It is the archaeological study of the Lower Mertoutek in Tefedest. This research deals with all archaeological materials present on the ground. The analysis of Neolithic settlement sites and the study of the remains collected during the excavations allowed to situate them among the Neolithic cultures of the Ahaggar and central Sahara. Similarly, studies of monuments, the analysis of their geographical distribution and the excavation of certain architectural forms, led to refine our knowledge of these monuments and understand the various funeral rites and different burial positions. The study of rock art, painted and engraved, located in the funerary context and prehistoric settlement, has contributed greatly to the understanding of the modalities of the establishment of these cultural groups, producers of these lithic industries and pottery, funerary monuments and cave paintings abounding in the region. This research has also contributed to better understanding of the Holocene settlement of the desert regions, its lifestyle, its evolution and possible relationships between all the remains that have been taken over in this work.

ABSTRACT The Rock Art of southern Africa represents the single most informative surviving artifact of the social and symbolic lives of many hunter-gatherers, herders, farmers and settlers who have lived and marked our land. Unlike many other forms of archaeology, rock art has always been in the public domain and of late has become a defining element of social identity. Farmer settlement engravings based on concentric circles joined by meandering lines are particularly intriguing images in southern African Iron Age rock art tradition. This study focuses on a large engraved Iron Age site on the farm Boomplaats 29 JT in Lydenburg District, Mpumalanga province, republic of South Africa. This site contains a variety of engravings ranging from concentric circles, animal motifs, drilled holes, spread-eagle designs and a Mhele/ Morabaraba game board. Although the general characteristics and overall distribution of this art are known, the issue of authorship of this art is till unknown. This research, therefore, goes deeper into both the historical and archaeological evidence from Mpumalanga province to investigate and ascertain the authors of these engravings. This study hopes to advance our knowledge of this art by focusing on the specific issue of authorship, and examining the relationship between the engravings and settlement ruins in the area.

Mongomi wa Kolo is a hunter-gatherer rock art site within the Kondoa district of Central Tanzania. The site is part of a large group of rock art sites in Kondoa that were collectively declared a National Monument by the Antiquities Act of Tanzania, enacted in 1964 and amended in 1979. In July 2006, the World Heritage Committee inscribed the rock art of Kondoa as a World Heritage Site, acknowledging its international significance, its authentic beauty and living heritage. Mongomi wa Kolo is a focal point for regular ritual practices among the Bantulanguage speaking Warangi and Wasi/Waragwa communities in Kondoa District, Central Tanzania. The Warangi and Waragwa migrated to this area at the start of the third century. Since this time they have been using Mongomi wa Kolo for traditional ritual ceremonies. Currently, the management of Mongomi wa Kolo has sought to control the ritual ceremonies of Warangi and Wasi/Waragwa communities because some rites are damaging the archaeology and rock paintings of the site. This control has led to a conflict between local ritual practitioners and authorities responsible for heritage management. Management of living heritage is new to the Tanzanian cultural heritage authority. This study explores the implications of including living heritage in the management at the archaeological World Heritage Site of Mongomi wa Kolo. Examples are drawn from other World Heritage Sites that manage living heritage. Specifically this study considers how best to integrate living heritage within the management of the Mongomi wa Kolo rock painting site. It then discusses the challenges of adapting the Tanzanian Antiquities legislation to cover living heritage. This study will be achieved through a review of the history of the management of living heritage, international and national legislation protecting living heritage, and interviews undertaken with elders, traditional practitioners, communities around Kolo and nearby villages, and with staff of the Antiquities Department.

Ao longo de aproximados quarenta anos de pesquisas arqueológicas no Centro e Norte de Minas Gerais, nos quais os grafismos rupestres foram contemplados, criou-se um cenário de um quase contínuo de áreas pesquisadas. Nestas as pesquisas dos vestígios gráficos parietais foram organizados em conjuntos, utilizando-se das grandes unidades classificatórias usuais na Arqueologia, dialogando com os conceitos de estilo e tradição. Esta pesquisa comparou os conjuntos gráficos de algumas regiões do centro e norte de Minas Gerais a partir de análises tipológicas e de associação temática a fim de se discutir as atribuições dos conjuntos em categorias classificatórias amplas e o delineamento de possíveis territórios. Para tanto se utilizou de conjuntos de dados primários e secundários, os últimos disponíveis das dissertações, teses, artigos e acervos do Museu de História Natural da UFMG e de diálogos entre o conceito de estilo, e próprios da reflexão metodológica, buscando uma aproximação entre a produção bibliográfica arqueológica e antropológica. / In a forty years period of archeological researches in the Center and in the North of Minas Gerais, in which rock art was contemplated, a scenario of an almost uninterrupted researched areas was created. In these areas, the parietal graphics traces were organized in sets, using the great classificatory unities, usual in archaeology, communicating with the notions of style and tradition. This research compared the graphical sets of some regions of the north and center of Minas Gerais, making use of typological analyses and thematic associations, aiming to discuss the filiations of the sets in wide classificatory categories and the design of some possible territories. In order to achieve it, sets of primary and secondary data were utilized, the ones that are available in the dissertations, thesis, articles and collections of Museu de História Natural da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais and in dialogs between concept and style, and others associated to the methodological reflection, sighting an approach between the anthropological and archaeological bibliographic production.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:34:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vera Regiane Brescovici Nunes.pdf: 16979101 bytes, checksum: ebf8b1928d2044eb395f83b4abe6f09d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / This study has as objective make a descriptive analysis in graphics rock found in archaeological sites Morro do Sol and Pedras Brilhantes or Morro dos Tapuias, located in the São Desidério city, in Bahia. In the city, can be found four others sites with identification of paintings and rock carvings. The descriptive analysis of the images was performed from a macro understanding of the visual panel, to then through strategic cuts in the images, conduct analysis to achieve the objective. The description was based in studies conducted in other Brazilian regions, from authors who develop jobs in the area, like others deloped in state of Bahia, performed by researchers at the Universidade Federal da Bahia. Contributing to locating, identifying and cataloging the remains rock. The analysis was performed from the photographs produced on site and methodology proposal for Comerlato in 2007. / O estudo em questão apresenta como objetivo realizar uma análise descritiva em grafismos rupestres encontrados nos sítios arqueológicos Morro do Sol e Pedras Brilhantes ou Morro dos Tapuias, localizados no município de São Desidério no Estado da Bahia. No município, podem ainda ser encontrados outros quatro sítios com identificação de pinturas e gravuras rupestres. A análise descritiva das imagens ocorreu a partir de uma macro compreensão visual do painel, para em seguida, através de cortes estratégicos nas imagens, proceder a análise em busca do objetivo proposto. A descrição se baseou em estudos realizados em outras regiões brasileiras, a partir de autores que desenvolvem trabalhos na área. Como os que vêm sendo realizados em todo o Estado baiano pelos pesquisadores da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Contribuindo para localização, identificação e catalogação dos vestígios rupestres. A análise foi realizada a partir das fotografias produzidas no local e na metodologia construída por Comerlato em 2007.

Esta pesquisa constrói o argumento de que a indústria lítica de Abrigos Vermelhos não corresponde à falta de padronização técnica ou a degeneração das habilidades dos artesãos ocorridas a partir de repertórios tecnológicos líticos do início do Holoceno. Em interface com a Arqueologia de Lugar, a noção de contexto é utilizada para substituir esta argumentação, pela noção de intencionalidade de produção deste conjunto artefatual em meio à relação estabelecida com outros vestígios arqueológicos no sítio, preferivelmente à noção de informalidade, de oportunismo e de irregularidade dos procedimentos técnicos atribuídos habitualmente à produção lítica do período de transição entre horizontes caçadores-coletores e ceramistas. / This research builds the argument that the lithic industry from Abrigos Vermelhos does not correspond with a lack of technical standardization or with the degeneration of the ability of the craftsmen that occurred since the lithic technological repertories of the beginning of the Holocene. Interfacing with the Archaeology of Place, the idea of context is used to replace this reasoning with the idea of intentionality of production of this set of artifacts amidst the stablished relation with other archaeological remains on the site, preferably to the notion of informality, opportunism and unevenness of the technical procedures usually assigned to the lithic production of the transition period between the hunter-gatherer and potter horizons.

Esta pesquisa se propôs estudar os sítios arqueológicos com registros rupestres do Estado de São Paulo em dois aspectos: refletir sobre a razão da escassa bibliografia, documentação e registro deste tipo de sítio e analisar a razão da inexistência de áreas abertas à visitação para a sociedade. Busca-se dois objetivos principais: catalogar de forma sistemática os sítios rupestres do Estado, gerando dados consistentes para futuras pesquisas e interpretações da arte rupestre paulista, assim como propor um modelo de musealização baseado nos conceitos da Sociomuseologia. Nestes modelos, o processo museológico extrapola o edifício museu, e se apropria da perspectiva territorial, estabelecendo laços mais estreitos com a comunidade, priorizando a participação social e valorizando as diferentes dimensões da herança cultural. Para alcançar o primeiro objetivo foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico dos sítios já estudados e os dados foram organizados em Fichas Cadastrais que contemplam informações sobre o sítio, os registros, a localização, o contexto no qual está inserido, além de dados para a formulação de propostas de musealização. O levantamento foi complementado com etapas de campo para atualização e produção de documentação fotográfica. Desenvolver uma proposta de musealização associada ao levantamento e catalogação dos Sítios Rupestres do Estado de São Paulo proporciona um passo em direção à democratização desse conhecimento e, por conseguinte, a sua preservação. / This research is aimed at investigating the archaeological sites with rock-art records from the State of São Paulo in two aspects: reflect on the reason for the scarce bibliography, documentation and recording of this type of site and analyze the reason for the lack of areas open to visitation for society. We search two main objectives: catalog in a systematic way the rock-art sites in the State, generating consistent data for future research and interpretations of rock art in São Paulo, as well as propose a musealization model based on the concepts of Sociomuseology. In these models, the museological process goes beyond the museum building, and appropriates the territorial perspective, establishing closer links with the community, prioritizing social participation and valuing the different dimensions of cultural heritage. To achieve the first objective was accomplished a bibliographic survey of sites already studied and the data were organized in Registry Form that include information about the site, the records, the location, the context in which it is inserted, and data for formulation proposals for museatization. The survey was complemented by the field data and photo documentation. To develop a proposal for musealization associated with surveying and cataloging of Rock Art Sites in the State of São Paulo provides a step toward the democratization of knowledge and therefore its preservation.