The aim of the thesis is to determine the relation between subjectively perceived and financially measured performance of a firm. The introduction of the thesis is focused on performance characteristics and measurement. Further, based on foreign and domestic researches, subjectively perceived performance is defined and comparison with objectively (financially) measured one is made. Results of the researches prove that between subjectively perceived and financially measured performance, there exists substantial to very strong statistical association. Following on an own research was carried out. As the tool for data collection serves a questionnaire sent to firms from the Czech and Slovak Republic. The data collected are compared with values of select financial measures: with ROA, ROE, ROS and Gross Sales. Said own research also confirmed a positive correlation between subjectively perceived and financially measured performance of the firm, albeit weaker than in foreign researches.

A. phagocytophilum, une bactérie transmise par les tiques, est responsable de l’anaplasmose granulocytaire, une maladie émergente qui infecte une large gamme de mammifères dont l’homme. Actuellement, la description des cycles épidémiologiques de cette bactérie est incomplète. L’objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser la diversité génétique d’A. phagocytophilum chez différentes espèces d’hôtes, afin de déterminer quelles espèces participent au même cycle épidémiologique. D’abord, nous avons caractérisé la diversité génétique d’A. phagocytophilum chez les animaux domestiques malades à l’aide d’une MLSA. Nous avons identifié trois groupes de génotypes infectant les bovins, dont un groupe est partagé avec les chevaux et les chiens, et un avec les chevreuils. Ensuite, nous avons recherché quelles espèces de tiques pouvaient transmettre la bactérie, et quels pouvaient être les réservoirs parmi les mammifères sauvages. En Camargue, un génotype au fort potentiel zoonotique a été identifié chez cinq espèces de tiques du genre Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor et Hyalomma. La prévalence chez des rongeurs suggère qu’ils peuvent être réservoirs, mais la présence de génotypes infectant les bovins chez les mulots est à vérifier. Enfin, la comparaison des génotypes obtenus chez les tiques et les chevreuils par séquençage 454, a montré que la contribution des chevreuils à l’infection des tiques était faible sur le site des Vallons de Gascogne. L’absence de rongeurs infectés sur ce site suggère que d’autres mammifères réservoirs sont présents. Cette étude montre la complexité des cycles d’A. phagocytophilum et l’intérêt des outils moléculaires. / A. phagocytophilum, a tick-borne bacterium, is responsible of the granulocytic anaplasmosis, an emerging disease that infects a large range of mammals including humans. Currently, the description of the epidemiological cycles of this bacterium is incomplete. The objective of this thesis was to characterize the genetic diversity of A. phagocytophilum in different host species to determine those involved in the same epidemiological cycle. First, we characterized the genetic diversity of A. phagocytophilum in sick domestic animals with a MLSA. We identified three groups of genotypes infecting cattle, including one group shared with horses and dogs, and another shared with roe deer. Then, we investigated what species of ticks can transmit the bacteria, and what wild mammals could be reservoirs. In Camargue, a genotype with high zoonotic potential was identified in five species of ticks of the genus Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor and Hyalomma. The prevalence in French rodents suggests that they may be reservoir hosts, but the presence of genotypes infecting cattle in rodents must be checked. Finally, comparing the bacterial genotypes in ticks and roe deer by 454 sequencing, showed that the contribution of the roe deer to tick infection was low in the site of “Vallons de Gascogne”. The absence of infected rodents in this location suggests that other reservoir mammals are present. This study demonstrates the complexity of the A. phagocytophilum cycle and the contribution of molecular tools.

L'émergence de l'éco-immunologie a permis une approche intégrative de l'étude des interactions hôtes-parasites allant des mécanismes moléculaires de la réponse immunitaire au rôle de l'immunocompétence dans l'évolution des traits d'histoire de vie. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a pour but d'étudier les variations de l'immunocompétence dans deux populations naturelles de chevreuils vivant en milieux contrastés. Cependant, les méthodes disponibles pour caractériser le système immunitaire dans les populations naturelles sont peu nombreuses et peu adaptées. Aussi les objectifs de cette thèse étaient i) d'identifier et mettre au point des méthodes permettant de caractériser le système immunitaire du chevreuil, ii) d'étudier le lien entre les différents déterminants de l'immunocompétence, et iii) d'étudier les variations de l'immunocompétence en lien avec la condition physique d'une part, et avec un caractère sexuel secondaire d'autre part. Nous avons mesuré plusieurs composantes de l'immunité prenant en compte les aspects descriptifs, comme la numération des leucocytes, et fonctionnels, avec le test d'hémagglutination-hémolyse, la prolifération lymphocytaire ou la phagocytose. Nous avons mis en évidence une corrélation négative entre les deux déterminants de l'immunité, la condition physique et le parasitisme. Nous avons également montré un déclin des paramètres hématologiques et biochimiques avec l'âge (sénescence). Ensuite, nous avons montré des relations entre l'immunocompétence et la condition physique ou la taille des bois. Ces travaux corroborent différentes hypothèses de l'écologie évolutive / Ecoimmunology focuses on an integrative approach of host-pathogens interactions from the molecular mechanics of immune responses to the role of immunity in shaping the evolution of life history traits. Here, we proposed to study the variation of immunocompetence in two natural contrasted populations of roe deer. However, available methods to characterize immune system in wild populations are still limited. Consequently, in this context, the goals of this work were i) to identify methods to investigate the roe deer immune system and to adapt these methods developed for other species to roe deer, ii) to study the relationships between potential drivers of immunocomptence, including body condition and parasitism, and iii) to study variation of immunocompetence with body condition on one hand, and in the context of sexual selection, with secondary sexual characters on the other hand. We measured simultaneously several components of immunity including descriptive measures, as numeration of leucocytes subsets, and functional measures with hemagglutination-hemolysis, lymphocyte proliferation by mitogens stimulation or phagocytosis. We found a negative correlation between body condition and parasitism and senescence patterns in haematological and biochemical parameters. Moreover, we showed variations of immunocompetence with body condition and secondary sexual characters. This work corroborates some hypotheses of evolutionary biology

Abstract I hela Europa har idegranen problem med återväxten. Olika återväxthämmande faktorer påverkar föryngringen i olika stadier, och det är aldrig bara en anledning till att föryngringen inte lyckas. Idegranen är skuggtålig men behöver ljus. Den gynnas av lövfällande bestånd då den drar nytta av vårens öppna krontak. I bristen på ljus stannar de yngre plantorna av i utvecklingen, dessa dör eller äts upp och föryngringen uteblir. Nästan alla naturligt förekommande äldre plantor (> 2 år) betas. Bete av idegran är idag ett stort problem för föryngringen då rådjurens matsmältning klarar av idegran. I Stockholms norra skärgård är det framför allt betet som hämmar plantornas utveckling. Idegranen har problem med sin återväxt och detta sägs vara ett karaktärsdrag för arten.

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Syfte: För tio år sedan lade EU-kommissionen fram ett förslag om direktiv gällande jämställdhet i börsnoterade företags bolagsstyrelser. 2020 återuppväcktes frågan och är idag högst aktuell. Följer man aktuell utveckling förväntas Sverige inte ha helt jämställda styrelser förens 2033, åtta år efter EU-kommissionens mål som är 2025. Jämställdhet förväntas påverka många delar av en organisation. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka om könsfördelningen i styrelsens sammansättning påverkar företagets lönsamhet.   Metod: I studien används en kvantitativ metod där studieobjektet är 65 bolag noterade på Small- och Mid Cap listan på Stockholmsbörsen. Data har samlats in med hjälp av Retriever Business och företagens årsredovisningar. En multipel regressionsanalys har genomförts för att besvara de framställda hypoteserna där RE och Tobin’s Q har använts som mått på lönsamhet.   Resultat & slutsats: Resultatet av den multipla regressionsanalysen tyder på att det inte finns något samband mellan jämställdhet i styrelsen och företagets lönsamhet. Detta gäller för bolag noterade på Small- och Mid Cap listan på Stockholmsbörsen. Resultatet indikerar att det inte spelar någon roll sett till lönsamhet hur könsfördelningen ser ut i styrelsens sammansättning.   Teoretiskt- och praktiskt bidrag: Vårt bidrag till forskningen är ett försök att täppa till den kunskapslucka som finns kring sambandet mellan företagets lönsamhet och jämställdhet i styrelsen utifrån ett svenskt perspektiv. Vårt bidrag till näringslivet är att lönsamhet inte bör vara en faktor som påverkar beslut om jämställdhet i styrelsens uppsättning.   Förslag på framtida forskning: Studien är begränsad till företag listade på Small- och Mid Cap på Stockholmsbörsen under en 5-årsperiod. Dessutom innefattar studien endast ett antal kontrollvariabler. Framtida forskning bör undersöka ett större urval under en längre tidsperiod. Dessutom kan fler kontrollvariabler tas med för att minska risken för felaktiga slutsatser kring ett samband. / Purpose: Ten years ago, the European Commission presented a proposal for a directive on gender equality in the company boards of listed companies. In 2020, the issue was revived and is today highly topical. If companies follow current developments, Sweden is not expected to have fully equal boards until 2033, eight years after the European Commission's target of 2025. Gender equality is expected to affect many parts of a firm. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the gender distribution in the composition of the board affects the company's financial performance.   Method: The study uses a quantitative method where the study object is 65 companies listed on the Small- and Mid Cap list on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Data has been collected using Retriever Business and companies’ annual reports. A multiple regression analysis has been performed to answer the hypotheses presented where ROE and Tobin's Q have been used as a measure of profitability.   Result & conclusions: The results of the multiple regression analysis indicate that there is no association between gender equality on the board and financial performance measured in profitability. This applies to companies listed on the Small- and Mid Cap list on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The result indicates that it does not matter in terms of profitability what the gender distribution looks like in the composition of the board. Contribution: Our contribution to the research is an attempt to close the knowledge gap that exists around the connection between financial performance and gender equality in the board from a Swedish perspective. Our contribution to the business community is that profitability should not be a factor that influences decisions on gender equality in the board of directors.   Suggestions for future research: The study is limited to small- and medium sized companies on the Stockholm Stock Exchange for a 5-year period. In addition, the study includes only a few numbers of control variables. Future research should examine a larger sample over a longer period. In addition, more control variables can be included to reduce the risk of erroneous conclusions about a relationship.

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The examination of the role of the state in the broader context of socio-technical entanglement within data governance has received less attention due to the emergence of other powerful corporate actors (e.g. Big Tech). This thesis utilizes quantitative content analysis to investigate and compare how state agencies (the White House, FTC, Congress) and CNN framed data governance in 2022, focusing on the role of the state amid growing data privacy concerns following the Roe v. Wade overruling. The ultimate aim is to pinpoint the sociotechnical imaginaries that gain traction, having a constitutive effect on the US data governance order. Empirical results indicate that framings between the two units rather align than differ, particularly in the wake of the overruling. The evidence points to the active and multiple roles of the state and the coexistence of multiple sociotechnical imaginaries within asymmetric power dynamics, with the vision of ensuring consumer trust rising as prominent at the expense of viewing data privacy as a sovereign right of citizens. Despite the emerging perspective of viewing data privacy as a right, CNN, as a significant place of mediation, has amplified rather than challenged the market-based approach. Lastly, evidence indicates that media is not only a significant place for elevating certain sociotechnical imaginaries but could be considered one of the crucial places of initially discursively negotiated policymaking.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study aims to understand the role that 19th century photography can play in the reconstruction of an era and in the conservation of cultural heritage in the 21st century. The photo collection of William Roe, a photographer from Graaff-Reinet, is used as an example. The origin and development of Graaff-Reinet is used as background information and major events such as the Great Trek, the arrival of the railway, the Anglo-Boer War, the First World War and the Great Flu are touched upon. Aspects such as education, churches, the library and the hospital in Graaff-Reinet complement the study. An overview of the development of photography covers several early photo-making processes. These include the daguerreotype process, Talbot's paper negative process, collotype and the popular carte de visite photographs. Photography specifically in South Africa is also conferred, with particular reference to the first photographers working in the country. Reference is made to the important influences major events like the discovery of diamonds and gold as well as the Anglo-Boer War had on photography. The discussion of William Roe as human being and his legacy as a photographer forms an integral part of the study. The Victorian period is discussed since this was the period in which Roe worked and lived. It had a formative influence on his workmanship. An overview of the Victorian period in England is followed by specific focus on South Africa during this time. The rush to the diamond fields, issues with language and the trends of the times are pointed out. Many of these trends are specifically indicated and discussed as they appear in Roe’s photos. The photos have been categorized to clarify analysis of the different cultural phenomena. The architecture and historical background of Graaff-Reinet’s churches and public buildings are discussed. Streetscapes and images of the town as a whole show the development and daily activities that took place. Photos of clothing represent a reconstruction of the fashions of the concurrent Victorian era and those of public events such as sporting events, celebrations, plays and a gathering during the Anglo-Boer War, display the social life of the community. The role of human memory in the writing of cultural history is compared with the “memory” role of photographs. At the same time the ability of photographs to reflect not only physical culture, but also abstract concepts, receives attention. The use of these abilities of photography in the preservation of culture is a challenge for conservationists of the 21th century. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het ten doel om die rol wat 19de-eeuse fotografie kan vervul in die rekonstruksie van ’n era en in die bewaring van kultuurgoedere vir die 21ste eeu, aan te spreek. Die fotoversameling van William Roe van Graaff-Reinet word as voorbeeld gebruik. Die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van Graaff-Reinet word as agtergrond behandel en belangrike gebeurtenisse soos onder meer Die Groot Trek, die koms van die spoorlyn, die Anglo- Boereoorlog, die Eerste Wêreldoorlog en die Groot Griep word uitgewys. Aspekte soos opvoeding, kerke, die biblioteek en hospitaal is aanvullend bestudeer om ’n volledige beeld van Graaff-Reinet daar te stel. ’n Oorsig oor die ontwikkeling van fotografie dek verskeie vroeë fotoprosesse soos die daguerreoproses, Talbot se papiernegatief, die calotipe-fotoproses en die gewilde carte-devisite- foto's. Fotografie in Suid-Afrika word bespreek met spesifieke verwysing na die eerste fotograwe wat in die land werksaam was. Daar word verwys na die invloed wat belangrike gebeurtenisse soos die ontdekking van diamante en goud, asook die Anglo-Boereoorlog, op fotografie in Suid-Afrika gehad het. Die ondersoek na William Roe as mens sowel as sy nalatenskap as fotograaf vorm ’n belangrike onderdeel van die studie. Die Victoriaanse era word bespreek aangesien dit die tydperk was waarin Roe geleef en gewerk het, en dus ’n vormende invloed op sy werk gehad het. ’n Oorsig oor die Victoriaanse era in Engeland word gevolg deur ’n beskouing van dié era in Suid-Afrika. Die stormloop na die diamantvelde, taalkwessies en heersende modeneigings word uitgewys. Baie van die modeneigings word tydens die ontleding van die kultuurverskynsels op die Roe-foto’s opgemerk en bespreek. Die foto’s vir die ontleding van kultuurverskynsels is in kategorieë ingedeel. Die argitektuur en historiese agtergrond van kerke en openbare geboue word bespreek. Straat- en dorpsbeelde dui die ontwikkeling van en bedrywighede op die dorp aan. Kleredragfoto’s bied ’n rekonstruksie van die modes van die Victoriaanse era terwyl die foto’s van openbare geleenthede soos sportbyeenkomste, feesvieringe, toneelopvoerings asook ’n samekoms tydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog die sosiale lewe van die inwoners van die dorp aandui. Die rol van die menslike geheue in kultuurgeskiedskrywing word vergelyk met die rol van foto’s as “geheue”. Terselfdertyd word die vermoë van foto’s om nie net fisiese kultuur te weerspieël nie, maar ook abstrakte konsepte te verteenwoordig, behandel. Die aanwending van hierdie eienskappe van fotografie in kultuurbewaring is ’n uitdaging vir bewaringskundiges van die 21ste eeu.