Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-94). Also available via the Internet.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between masculine traits in males and the characteristic patterns of emotional responses which affect social adjustment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between identification with the teacher or musician role and intrinsic career satisfaction by college music teachers in doctoral degree granting institutions.

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In order to succeed in an intellectually, economically, socially, and politically controlled system, as México, one has to develop a sense of inner direction and empowerment, where critical thinking is vital yet patriarchy becomes an impediment to the development of an inner compass and empowerment when it shapes and controls the masses’ identity and behavior through different strategies, methods, and institutions. One of the most powerful and popular identity shaping strategies is film making. Film is considered by most as a source of entertainment portraying social interactions. Yet it is a powerful identity-shaping tool for the establishment. It has been used by the Mexican government and its associates, for a long time, in an effort to sustain the status quo and justify its existence and social performance. The selected methodology of this study allowed comparison and contrasting of messages transmitted about identity, behavior, role-identification, values, and life scripts, using films from three different periods of the development of México: agricultural (1920s-1950s), industrial (1950s-1990s), and neoliberal (1990s-today). Religion, social interactions, gender, ethnicity, and nation-states are some of the main themes that emerged from this exploration of identity and behavior shaping strategies used in the Mexican films analyzed. The Identity shaping strategies are an efficient way of dealing with conflict because controlling and constraining is done by the individuals rather than by the nation-state.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att belysa män och kvinnors egna upplevelser av medberoende. I studien har en kvalitativ ansats använts och det material som har studerats är åtta förinspelade samtal, podcastavsnitt, publicerade på internet. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats utifrån teori om familjeroller och ett genusperspektiv. Denna studies resultat visade att de som ingår i studien påverkats negativt av en uppväxtmiljö präglad av missbruk eller psykisk ohälsa och upplevde sig ha anammat en eller flera roller för att kunna hantera sin livssituation. Resultatet visade även att detta fått konsekvenser för deltagarna i det vuxna livet. Vidare visade resultatet att män och kvinnor i denna studie i lika hög grad utvecklar ett medberoende, dock fanns det skillnader i hur studiens män och kvinnor uttrycker sitt medberoende. Kvinnorna upplevde att de isolerade sig, blev tystlåtna och tillbakadragna och männen upplevde att de hade ett mer utagerande beteende. Studiens deltagare hade upplevelser av att i barn- och ungdomsåren behöva ta ett stort ansvar och att de egna behoven därför åsidosattes. Slutligen diskuterades de negativa konsekvenserna av medberoende och om detta hade en koppling till rådande könsnormer. / The aim of this study was to illustrate male and females own experiences of codependency. In this study has an qualitative approach been used and the material consists of eight pre-recorded conversations, podcast episodes, published on the Internet. The empirical material has been analyzed from a theory of family roles and a gender perspective. It showed that the participants in this study has been negatively affected by growing up in an environment characterized of abuse or mental illness and felt that they had embraced one or more roles to manage their life situation. The result also showed that the participants had experienced negative consequences in adult life. The result of this study also showed that developing codependency was equally common among both male and female in this study, though were there differences between how male and females express their codependency. The females experienced a feeling of isolation, became quiet and reclusive and the males experienced that they had a more externalizing behavior. The experience of taking a big responsibility in childhood and adolescence was equally common among the participants of this study and led to that their own needs were ignored. The negative consequences of codependency and their connection to the gender norms of today were also discussed.

Aesthetic labour means that a person with a certain physical aptitude is required. Previous researcher in this field has essentially been focusing on the business benefits from front-line employees as reinforcement to their image. Furthermore, researches have discussed how the employees experience the aesthetic requirements and have found negative effects. Motivation research have, on the other hand, shown that if a person can identify with the requirements it can create wellbeing, through the creation of role identification. Consequently, the research shows different effects of aesthetic requirements, which are this study’s starting point and the aesthetic labour will be illumine with motivations research. The purpose of this study is to illuminate aesthetic labour from a role identification perspective, to understand how the front-line employee is affected by the aesthetic requirements. In the theoretical framework the aesthetic labour will be explained and its negative effects, although also illumined by the research of motivation’s benefits. The method applied has a qualitative approach and the data has been collected by semi-structured interviews with seven employees in retail and the banking sector. The interviews have been transcribed and coded to enable interpretations of the data with the theoretical framework by categorizing and creating themes of the found phenomena. The result yielded four different levels on how the employees identified themselves in their role at work, which creates different reactions to behaviour (active identification, acknowledgment, acceptance and conflicting conciliation). In the discussion these levels where further developed in relation to and with the theoretical framework, concerning how result partially confirms previous research. Furthermore, the study’s findings in the field of aesthetic labour are discussed, which are that employees’ experience of aesthetic requirements is more complex and that additional levels of motivation in the role at work exists. The conclusion summarizes the main points of the study and outlines the study’s contribution of aesthetic labour, which is the understanding that additional levels of motivation in a role at work exists and that employees can be motivated without identification.

The problem of this study was to determine if the sex role identification, age, education, and income of employed married couples were related to their perception of who should and does perform household tasks. The forty-five couples were volunteers from organizations for working women. Each spouse completed a Bem Sex Role Inventory and a Household Task Inventory. Using Chi-square and t-tests no significant differences were found between sex role identification, education level, income level, and the sharing of household tasks. When a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used, age and sharing of household tasks were found to have an inverse relationship with the young sharing more tasks. The study concluded that couples expect household tasks to be shared but females tend to perform the traditional feminine tasks and males the traditional masculine tasks.

This study was designed to remedy the current lack of information on the causes of depression among Chinese women in the United States. It is based on an integrated understanding of depression, anger, female gender socialization, acculturation processes, and Chinese cultural values. More specifically, this study aims to investigate the depressive symptoms in this population using a psychoanalytic conceptualization of depression as anger "turn-inward." The researcher hypothesized that after controlling for the effects of female gender role identification and acculturation level, anger suppression has a direct positive effect on depressive symptoms. It was also hypothesized that female gender role identification has a direct positive effect on depressive symptoms. Statistically significant strong positive relationships were found for both relationships. Results also suggested that acculturation level has a direct negative effect on depressive symptoms. However, neither the Chinese culture orientation nor the European American culture orientation was found to have a statistically significant effect on depressive symptoms. It is worth noting that the results of this study revealed that 90% of the variance in depressive symptoms was explained by variables included the path model in this study. Recommendations for future research and clinical practice are also discussed.

Networks are sets of objects that are connected in some way and appear abundantly in nature, sociology, and technology. For many centuries, network theory focused on static networks, which are networks that do not change. However, since all networks transform over time, static networks have limited applications. By comparison, dynamic networks model how connections between objects change over time. In this work, we will explore how connections in dynamic networks change and how we can leverage these changes to make predictions about future iterations of networks. We will do this by first considering the link prediction problem, using either Katz distance or effective resistance to predict future connections, and relate these two metrics. Then we will look at using bipartite network connections to predict group transitions in professional sports teams. Lastly, we will investigate how to use network connections to identify and predict roles in social networks.